Throughout his life, the great Chairman Mao loved to study, and whether in his youth, when he was pursuing revolutionary truth, in the years of revolutionary war, or in the period of building socialism, Chairman Mao never stopped studying and studying, even when he was seriously ill in his old age and his life was dying.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="81" ></h1>
Chairman Mao's study is extremely extensive, and it can be said that it is all-encompassing, and literature, history, philosophy, military, and natural sciences are all over the world, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.
The Book of Jin is a book that Chairman Mao read many times in his lifetime.
Photo – Chairman Mao
Until the last two years of his old man's life, he still read the Book of Jin, and wrote with a trembling hand on the cover of several volumes of the Book of Jin with a red pen: "Read again in 1975, August" and "Read again in September 1975".
In 1975, Chairman Mao was already 82 years old, but his old man was still reading the Book of Jin.
Chairman Mao not only read it himself, but also sent the contents he felt were more meaningful to Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Peng Dehuai, and other central leading comrades to read.
In the Book of Jin, Chairman Mao is particularly interested in the biographies of Xie An, Xie Xuan, Huan Yi, Liu Gaozhi, and others who had made meritorious contributions in the Battle of Shuishui.
After reading the large-character copies of the Book of Jin, "The Biography of Xie Xuan," the "Biography of Xie An," the "Biography of Huan Yi," and the "Biography of Liu Jiao," Mao Zedong proposed that these four large-character editions should be combined into one volume. After the bound version was delivered, Mao Zedong read it twice, and personally approved the eight words on it: "Please read it by the comrades of the Politburo."
According to Lu Di's recollection, Chairman Mao read the Book of Jin and held a negative attitude toward the Jin Dynasty's Gate Valve Clan, but he spoke highly of Xie An, saying that he won a beautiful battle with fewer victories and more in the Battle of Shuishui, and later dragged down Huan Wen, an ambitionist engaged in separatism, and both of these meritorious deeds were contributions to the maintenance of reunification.
He also drew many circles and lines on the Biography of Xie An and Huan Wen and made annotations.
In 1975, Chairman Mao had just removed his gauze after cataract surgery and began to read the history books again, including the Book of Jin.
He also wrote an appendix in the seal of the Book of Jin that he read at that time: "In August 1975, read the fiftieth to fifty-sixth volumes, then read the thirty-fourth volumes of "The Biography of Yang Hu" and "The Biography of Du Pre-Zhuan"; in September read the seventy-ninth volume of "The Biography of Xie An", "The Biography of Xie Yan", and "The Biography of Xie Xuan". ”
After the 1970s, Chairman Mao repeatedly read the Book of Jin and was particularly interested in the Biography of Xie An and The Biography of Xie Xuan, which reflected the mentality of Chairman Mao in his later years who was worried about the domestic situation after the Lin Biao incident.
Photo - Chairman Mao reading
When Chairman Mao read the Biography of Guo Xiang in volume 50 of the Book of Jin, he annotated the words "Guo Xiang Wuxing" next to a passage quoted in the original text quoted above.
[Chairman Mao's Comments and Comments and Conversation Tips] Guo Xiang has no line.
(Excerpt from Chairman Mao Zedong's Criticism of The Book of Jin, Vol. 50, "Biography of Guo Xiang" (see Page 167 of the Collected Criticisms of Mao Zedong's Reading of Literature and History Books)
The reason for this is that the text records two manifestations of Guo Xiang's indiscretion:
The first is to advocate clean talk and pretend to be high, but in the end it is still "holding office in power", the momentum is tilted inside and outside, and the theory of indifferent merit and fame is changed, which shows that his words and deeds are inconsistent;
The second is plagiarism of Xiang Xiu's "Zhuangzi Notes". Having these two points is enough to make people think that Guo Xiang is a person without virtue.
So, what is the situation of Guo Xiangqi and his relationship with Xiang Xiu's "Zhuangzi Notes"?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="97" > two</h1>
If in chronological order, the Book of Jin should be after the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, but its age is far after the historical books of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was written in the Tang Dynasty.
After the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the history book developed into an independent discipline, and the four parts of the classics, history, sub-books, and collections were formally established.
From the Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many people wrote the Book of Jin, and there were eighteen others that were popular in the early Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Book of Jin compiled by Zang Rongxu, a Qi man of the Southern Dynasty, is the most complete, including 110 volumes of zhi, ji, records, and biographies.
The rest of the Jin dynasty books are only a few emperors or divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and are not complete historical books of the Western Jin Dynasty. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644 CE), Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Fang Xuanling, Chu Suiliang, and Xu Jingzong to rewrite the Book of Jin; Laiji, Lu Yuanshi, Liu Ziyi, Lu Chengji, Li Chunfeng, Li Yifu, Xue Yuanchao, Shangguan Yi, Cui Xinggong, Xin Qiuyi, Liu Yinzhi, Yang Renqing, Li Yanshou, and Zhang Wengong were assigned to write; Andhu Dedi, Jingbo, Li Anqi, and Li Huaiyu participated in the revision of the regulations and examined the texts.
Figure│ Book of Jin
Among them, the "Treatise" at the end of the four chapters of "The Chronicle of Emperor Xuan", "The Chronicle of Emperor Wu", "The Biography of Lu Ji", and "The Biography of Wang Xi" was composed by Tang Taizong. Therefore, the old book is generally titled "Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty." The revision of the Book of Jin began in the eighteenth year of Zhenguan (644 AD) and was written in the twentieth year of Zhenguan (646), and it took only three years to complete a huge work of one hundred and thirty volumes.
The Book of Jin is based on Zang Rongxu's Book of Jin, and is compiled with reference to the history of Jin and the history of the Jin Dynasty and various historical materials of the time. Its historical time includes the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Western Jin Dynasty began in the first year of Emperor Wu's reign (265 CE) when Sima Yan destroyed Wei and established himself, and finally in the fourth year of Emperor Jianxing's reign (316 AD), the Xiongnu Liu Yan broke Chang'an, a total of fifty-two years, and was unified. The Eastern Jin Dynasty began with Sima Rui ascending the throne of Jiankang in the first year of Emperor Jianwu (317 AD), and finally in the second year of Emperor Gong's reign (420 AD), Liu Yu destroyed the Jin Dynasty, a total of 104 years, which were separate.
The Western and Eastern Jin Dynasties lasted a total of 156 years. The Book of Jin has 130 volumes, including 10 volumes of the Imperial Chronicles, 20 volumes of Zhi, 70 volumes of Liechuan, and 30 volumes of Zaiji.
The Book of Jin, originally known as the Book of Jin, was originally called the Book of New Jin, but was later changed to the Book of Jin because Zang Rongxu's Book of Jin was lost. This book made a choice between Zang Rongxu's "Book of Jin" according to the needs of the rulers at that time, and there were many flaws, but it was relatively strictly organized and arranged, and important historical facts could be properly preserved.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="99" > three</h1>
Guo Xiang (252–312 AD) was a famous philosopher of the Western Jin Dynasty. Zi Xuan, a native of Luoyang, Henan. When he was a teenager, he had a literary talent and a clear idea. Like the old Zhuang zhizhi, good at talking.
At that time, Wang Yan, the Grand Lieutenant of the Western Jin Dynasty, often said: "Listening to Guo Xiang's conversation is like a hanging river pouring water, gushing endlessly. ”
The prefecture summoned him as an official, but Guo Xiang did not go. Often idle at home, entertaining himself with essay arguments. Later, he was summoned as Situ Tuan, and later to the Yellow Gate Waiter. The King of the East Sea also made him the master of the Taifu, which was very important. Guo Xiang then took office in power, and the weight was temporary. The old talks are gone. Yongjia died of illness in the last year, and wrote twelve epitaphs.
Figure│ Guo Xiang
Guo Xiang is a person who is very fond of Lao Zhuang's learning and advocates clean talk. Later, he was promoted to the Yellow Gate Waiter And Taifu Master Book.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, when philosophy debated around "having or not", He Yan and Wang Bi put forward the "Gui Wu" theory, Ji Kang had the tendency to "chongyou", and Pei Gu explicitly used the "chongyou" theory to oppose the "guiwu" theory.
Guo Xiang, however, advocates "existence and non-existence" and "isolation from the realm of the underworld", that is, the theory of "unity of existence and non-existence", which is actually the use of relativism against metaphysical ontology.
As for Guo Xiangshangqing's talk, Good Old Zhuang has its social background. Qing tan and metaphysics were a trend of thought in the landlord class during the Wei and Jin dynasties, and it was a very prominent ideology at that time. Qing talk is holding the tail of the hand and talking about xuan.
Metaphysics refers to the study and interpretation of the "three xuans" of Lao Tzu, Zhuangzi, and Zhou Yi. Metaphysics is the main basis and content of the qing tan, and the qing tan is the exposition and expression of metaphysics. Qing Tan and Metaphysics arose at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, the chapter and verse exhortation came to an end, and the atmosphere of evaluating political affairs and characters arose.
In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, this kind of qing talk and metaphysics was completely in the Xuan Dynasty.
The reason lies in the social politics of Wei and Jin: in the process of establishing the Cao Wei regime, the clan was attacked, kong Rong, Yang Xiu and other famous people of the clan were killed; when the Wei and Jin regimes changed, the intrigue between the cao and Sima clans intensified, and many celebrities who were enthusiastic about politics were killed one after another, and He Yan, Xiahou Xuan, Ji Kang, etc., all died.
As a result, some big bureaucratic and large landlords who were in full position, took the xuan talk as a matter, and completely fell into the realm of xuan. In this way, qing tan metaphysics has become an embellishment of idle people such as the gaomen clan, or it is vain and exaggerated, deliberately acting in a state of attitude; or it is mysterious and vain, and it is necessary to fish for the name of merit.
For example, Wang Yan, a great clan of Lang evil, does not pay attention to political affairs, "Miaoshan Xuanyan, only talk about Lao Zhuang for things." Each catch of the jade handle is the same color as the hand. The righteousness was uneasy, and then changed, and the world number was female and yellow. Asagiri, the king is called The King I Youmen.".
Thus, "Condescending and floating, it became a custom." ”
For example, Ruan Xian's son Ruan Zhan, who was also good at XuanXuan, asked him: "The saint Guiming Sect, the old Zhuang Ming nature, its purpose is the same?" Zhan Yue: "There will be no same." ”
Wang Rong consulted for a long time, and he was ordered to be dismissed. So Ruan Xian became Situ Tuan with a three-word answer, which the world called "three languages". From this, it can be seen that by the Western Jin Dynasty, the study of Qing Xuanzhi had completely flowed into fiction and had become the capital of the scholars' magnates as officials.
Living in this social background, Guo Xiang first became famous for his qing gao, and then became a high-ranking official, and it is not a strange thing to change the theory of indifference to the supremacy of merit. Therefore, Guo Xiang's "no action" was a common social phenomenon at that time.
As for Guo Xiang's plagiarism of Xiang Xiu's "Notes on Zhuangzi", it was a public case of the Western Jin Dynasty when he advocated metaphysics.
Figure- "The > of Guo Xiang < the Book of Jin"
Xiang Xiu (c. 227–272 CE) was a philosopher of the Wei and Jin dynasties. Zi Zi period, Hanoi Huai (present-day southwest of Wuzhi, Henan) people, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. Officials to the Yellow Gate Waiter, scattered riding regular waiter. He is the author of "Zhuangzi's Notes".
Was "Zhuangzi's Notes" written by Guo Xiang or by Xiang Xiu?
According to the "Biography of Guo Xiang in the Book of Jin", after Xiang Xiu's death, Guo Xiang stole Xiang Xiu's "Zhuangzi Notes" for himself, and he annotated two articles of "Autumn Water" and "Zhile", and Yi "Horseshoe", and the rest were all written by Xiang Xiu. ”
However, the "Jin Shu Xiang Xiu Biography" says that Guo Xiang is on the basis of Xiang Xiu's note, "further described and widely described". The Eastern Jin Dynasty scholar Zhang Zhan authored the Commentary on Liezi. Comparing the Xiangxiu Notes and Guo Xiang Notes he quoted with the extant Zhuangzi Notes, it can be seen that the Jin Shu Xiang Xiu Biography is more in line with the facts.
Because the Guo Xiang Notes cited by Zhang Zhan are not in the above three parts, and the Notes to the Xiu That Are Cited are mostly preserved in the current "Zhuangzi Notes". Therefore, the current "Notes on Zhuangzi" should be regarded as the joint work of Xiang and Guo.
There were dozens of people who had previously commented on Zhuangzi, but none of them could get the gist of it.
Xiang Xiu wrote a new solution in addition to the old note, reasoning wonderfully, so that the wind of xuandao flourished for a while. Only the two parts of "Autumn Water" and "Zhile" died without completion. Xiang Xiu's son was still young, and his manuscript could not be continued. However, other editions circulated. Guo Xiang was light in his conduct, believing that Xiang Xiu's manuscript was not popular in the world, so he took the content as existing, annotated two articles of "Autumn Water" and "Zhile", and rewrote "Horseshoe", and the rest of the articles were only read in fixed sentences.
Later, there was a version based on xiangxiu content. That's why today there are two commentaries on Zhuangzi by Xiang Xiu and Guo Xiang, and their contents are the same.
Judging from the quotations in the "Liezi Notes", Guo Xiang did indeed try to quote Xiang Xiu's notes, but he also made a transformation and developed his ideas.
Chairman Mao's spirit of living to the old age, reading to the old, learning to the old, and reading and studying more than once again is worthy of our eternal study.
Resources:
1. The Book of Jin
2. "Mao Zedong's Collection of Criticisms on Reading Literature and History Books"