Photographed in the Forbidden City "Ten Thousand Purples and Thousands of Reds" exhibition
Today is the nine-nine sun, let's talk about chrysanthemums. Why do you drink chrysanthemum wine on the day of Chongyang Festival? Why is the flower god of September a chrysanthemum? How are chrysanthemums represented in various utensils? How did Cixi carry forward the chrysanthemums, let's look down
In September, the autumn wind gradually rises, the grass withers, and the chrysanthemums often bloom at this time, attracting literati and scholars to compete for songs. Or praised as the party of longevity, known as "longevity prolonger"; or used in the art of cultivating immortals, with the reputation of "eaters of the gods"; or considered to be a reclusive gentleman, with "integrity and thickness", "qingyi chong mu light". In the Qing Dynasty, chrysanthemums were revered as the goddess of the September flower and were revered by the royal family. People are named after Chrysanthemum, and Chrysanthemum is weighted by people. From the hidden to the gods, from the shou to the immortal, the various images of chrysanthemums are intertwined and sung for people to this day.
In the consciousness of the ancients, numbers often had mysterious meanings. The ancients adopted a decimal system, and nine was the largest number before the advance, "The Yellow Emperor Neijing Su Qing": "The number of heavens and earth begins with one and ends with nine." So "nine" is often used to describe the extreme of things.
Numbers are divided into yin and yang, even numbers are yin, odd numbers are yang, and nine is the largest yang number. The number of two anodes on September 9 corresponds to the day of the month, so it is called "Chongyang". The anode declines, and the two yangs merge, although the present people call it a festival, in the eyes of the Han people, it is really the limit of the year. In the event of a big limit, we always want to think of a way to restrain and avoid. In the midst of a depression, only chrysanthemums flourish. Ancient books before the Tang Dynasty recorded that chrysanthemums were only one kind of yellow, and yellow was regarded as the color of the post-earth, representing "Zhongzheng", the September season and autumn, the five elements belonged to gold, gold and earth were born together, and chrysanthemums became the only comfort for people in the autumn scenery of Xiao Ser, so it had the meaning of warding off evil and dispelling evil. The "Miscellaneous Records of Xijing" records that on September 9, the imperial palace in the early Han Dynasty was to drink chrysanthemum wine, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a custom of ascending to avoid misfortune.
Bonsai Yu Appreciation Picture Scroll Ming Shen Zhou Liaoning Provincial Museum Collection
On both sides of the pavilion are placed several pots of chrysanthemums, the chrysanthemums in the pots bloom, red and white flowers, the fire is beautiful; the three people in the pavilion drink each other, and one servant holds a pot to stand, a high and refreshing mood in autumn.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, the country was divided, the society was in turmoil, and the yin-yang five elements of the idea of interpreting everything in the world under the unified system gradually faded. Shiren noticed that "nine" and "long" are harmonious, and "heavy nine" has become a good name with a long meaning. The tradition of drinking alcohol and ascending to the top because of taboos has become a feast to celebrate the festival.
"Holding a Table to a Chrysanthemum" of "Yin Chan Wei Ping Beauty Figure" Collected by the Palace Museum
"Tokyo Dream Hualu" records that Kaifeng Chongyang chrysanthemums, famous chrysanthemums are evergreen chrysanthemums, peach blossom chrysanthemums, wood chrysanthemums, golden bell chrysanthemums, Xi Rong chrysanthemums, etc., in order to attract customers, "restaurants are tied with chrysanthemums into caves" . And the chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum, smell chrysanthemum, hairpin chrysanthemum, pin chrysanthemum, wing chrysanthemum, painting chrysanthemum, in China has a long history, as a representative of autumn, a symbol of longevity, and the character of a gentleman, for thousands of years, chrysanthemums have been used by people in literature, calligraphy, painting, craftsmanship and other forms to express and praise.
"Wang Yuan Qi Yi Ju Tu" volume, Qing, Yu Zhiding
This is a portrait of Wang Yuanqi painted by Yu Zhiding, which depicts Wang Yuanqi tasting tea and admiring chrysanthemums in the courtyard to show his literati elegance
Late Tang Dynasty five dynasties period has been recorded in the painting of chrysanthemums, before the Northern Song Dynasty chrysanthemums have not become an independent subject, but in other birds and flowers together, after the Yuan, with the rise of literati flower and bird painting, chrysanthemums began to enter the field of painting in large numbers, and more with the wind, bamboo, orchid, bottle, hedge, rabbit, bird, butterfly, bee, insect and other combinations appeared.
Yuan Wangyuan's "Flower Book" collection of the Palace Museum
Wang Yuan, a giant of flower and bird painting in the Yuan Dynasty, is known as "Huang Quan of the Yuan Dynasty" and "The Painter of Flowers and Birds in the Yuan Dynasty". The Floral Album consists of twelve openings, two of which depict chrysanthemums, the first of which is bamboo chrysanthemums and the second of which is chrysanthemums
Qing Ren Xiong Yao Damei's poetic intention book of "Beggar Ju" page
This picture is based on the poem of Yao Xie (Yao Damei): Erhua is cold and bitter when complaining about autumn, turning into a spring beard column, painting various chrysanthemums
Guiju Mountain Bird Diagram Ming Lü Ji Collection of the Palace Museum
Picture a laurel tree, flowers and leaves are luxuriant, laurel trees in front of and behind each piece of Taihu lake stone, blooming chrysanthemums after the lake stone, a faint fragrance comes to the nose; there are 4 red birds and 3 pelicans among the flowers and trees, cheering and jumping, lively and vivid.
The decoration of flowers and wood grains on various utensils can better reflect the palace characteristics of the palace collections, whether it is exquisite porcelain, lustrous jade, or rich carving lacquer, luxurious enamel, and various flowers and wood patterns are timeless themes.
The pattern of chrysanthemums combined with other solar terms and seasonal flowers appears on the works of arts and crafts, and can express the artistic mood of the literati. There are also chrysanthemum craft bonsai carved from precious materials, chrysanthemums decorate all aspects of people's food, clothing, housing and transportation, bringing people the enjoyment of beauty at the same time, they also carry the good wishes of everyone.
Qing Yongzheng (ten years) Enamel color yellow chrysanthemum white ground tea bell
Qianlong Qing Dynasty Pine Flower Stone Chrysanthemum Yan Collection of the Palace Museum
Bronze tire painting enamel chrysanthemum pattern holding pot, Qianlong Qing palace museum collection
The mouth and lid of the pot are made of chrysanthemum petals, the lid surface is painted with chrysanthemum petals, and the handle and flow are painted with small chrysanthemum patterns. On all four sides of the pot, there are raised chrysanthemum petals, and the opening light is painted with large blooming chrysanthemum patterns.
The pot is a novel chrysanthemum motif, with a lid, mouth, and foot made of chrysanthemum petal-shaped edges, and four chrysanthemum-shaped openings, which are exaggeratedly decorated with large chrysanthemum patterns. The shape design, painting technique and firing process of this pot are all superior, and it is a superb product of the painting enamel process in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty.
Song embroidered chrysanthemum curtain diagram
Qing copper gilded inlaid painting enamel pot coral chrysanthemum bonsai photographed in the Treasure Hall of the Forbidden City
Coral branches are used to show the dark orange-red color of carmine, and the coral branches are dendritic, very similar to the multi-petaled form of chrysanthemums
Qingqianlong pastel chrysanthemum quail figure porcelain snuff bottle
People give auspicious meanings to chrysanthemums through harmonic sounds. For example, the chrysanthemum has been painted next to it, the grasshopper harmonic official, the chrysanthemum harmonic residence, the chrysanthemum is a pint of flowers, collectively known as "official residence a product". More common in the old collection of the Qing Palace is the combination of chrysanthemums and quails, and the harmonic sound of quail is an, which together means "anju". If it is only quail, it has the meaning of "long peace".
The whole body is glazed with white glaze, and the abdomen is painted with a chrysanthemum quail figure, and the pattern means "long-term peace and stability". The layout of the picture is sparse, the colors are elegant, and the use of blue, red, yellow, green, and ochre colors is used to draw, using the method of first outlining the outline and then filling in the color.
In the collection of the Tokyo National Museum, there is a southern Song Dynasty Li Anzhong's "Quail Diagram", which depicts two quails and a butterfly plus a chrysanthemum.
Qingqianlong model red chrysanthemum picture box
Some chrysanthemum-themed artifacts are directly combined with Tao Yuanming. The Palace Museum has a Qing Dynasty Qianlong style red chrysanthemum picture box, the box surface is carved is the East Fence Chrysanthemum Map: between the mountains and rivers, an old man stands under the pine, watching two boys moving chrysanthemums, behind a boy holding a piano to follow, the mountain stone in front of the pot chrysanthemum cluster.
The box is also embellished with small chrysanthemums
This box of paint layer is thick, the paint color is thick smoke, the engraving is round, the image is accurate, the layout is appropriate, and it is a fine product for the Qianlong period. Song Ju, Nanshan, Dong Hedge, Servant Servant, Child, etc. Tao Yuanming are all displayed in the poems, and they are very attentive.
Kangxi Style December Flower Cup
Although some artifacts do not appear in the image of Tao Yuanming, they use related allusions. For example, in the Kangxi Model December Flower Cup, the inscription poem of the September Chrysanthemum Cup is "Qianzai Baiyi Wine, A Lifetime of Green Girl Fragrance", and the white liquor comes from the story of Tao Yuanming.
Qingqianlong pastel chrysanthemum figure teapot
Clear material flower tin
The tungsten is a characteristic headdress for flag women after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, and the tungsten is equipped with various ornaments called "tungsten flowers", which can be removed and can be replaced according to popular customs. It is generally worn when wearing a kimono or a regular dress. This piece is fitted with chrysanthemums made of tourmaline.
Count the chrysanthemum flower pattern flowers
This head flower uses kingfisher feathers to bond chrysanthemums and leaves. Chrysanthemums are one of the styles commonly used in the jewelry of concubines in the Qing Dynasty.
Qing Guangxu product moon color satin flat gold and silver nugget mori chrysanthemum flower cotton shirt
Pinyue satin on the flat gold and silver embroidered dragon claw chrysanthemum, tiger head chrysanthemum, pearl chrysanthemum, hair chrysanthemum, pine needle chrysanthemum, marigold, peony chrysanthemum, dahlia and other nine kinds of chrysanthemums, interspersed with flat gold tuan shou characters. Chrysanthemums in traditional Chinese auspicious motifs imply longevity, and the harmonic sounds of the nine chrysanthemums mean "long-lived longevity". Empress Dowager Cixi, because she liked chrysanthemums that meant longevity, it became fashionable for the court to decorate casual clothes with chrysanthemums.
Cixi's original chrysanthemum hot pot is based on chicken soup or broth as the bottom of the pot, plus other ingredients. When boiling, the carefully selected chrysanthemum petals are put into the soup, the taste is fragrant and delicious, it is said that eating chrysanthemum pot can clear the heart and lungs, nourish the skin, which is probably the biggest reason why Cixi loves this taste. Although Mr. Tang Lusun was a relative of Empress Dowager Cixi's mortal enemy, Princess Zhenfei, he was very excited about Empress Dowager Cixi's love of chrysanthemum hot pot.
The biggest highlight of chrysanthemum hot pot is of course chrysanthemum, Tang Lusun said that ordinary white chrysanthemums "petals are mostly crab claw-shaped, the flower heart is green, and its taste is bitter and astringent", and the edible white chrysanthemum, the petals are all pure white.
When eating chrysanthemum hot pot, the western dining room will also prepare a small silver hot pot, which contains broth, with sashimi, raw chicken slices, and a sauce plate containing sauce and vinegar, and then put the chrysanthemum petals into two silver plates and place them on the dining table. When it was time to eat, the little eunuch opened the lid of the pot, Qing qing carefully waited in his hand, Cixi used silver chopsticks to put some fish fillets and chicken slices into the soup, and the little eunuch hurriedly covered the lid of the pot. After a few minutes, he went forward to open the lid, and Cixi put in the chrysanthemum petals, just waiting for the chrysanthemum fragrance to seep into the soup, wrapped in fish fillets and chicken slices and cooked together, delicious and delicious.
Qing Guangxu silver shou character hot pot
The closed fire cover of the hot pot is carved with a hollow "swastika" character pattern, and the pot body is covered with gold and silver circles "shou" characters, long "shou" characters, bat patterns, etc., alluding to the meaning of "fu shou longevity". This pot was a hot pot often used by Empress Dowager Cixi in the late Qing Dynasty. I don't know if Cixi used it to make her favorite chrysanthemum pot
Empress Dowager Cixi's admiration for the chrysanthemum pot made the female guests in the capital also want to move. At that time, women were not allowed to eat roast beef, and in the winter restaurant, only shabu-shabu and mutton could be selected, so whether it was everyone's bridesmaid or the wind and moon woman, they were the same as Empress Dowager Cixi, and a bird faded out of her mouth in winter, thanks to the chrysanthemum pot, which was delicious and elegant and interesting.
In the early years, there was a famous Kunling Liu Xikui of the red fruit Mei Lanfang, whose favorite was the chrysanthemum pot, and even as long as she attended the social occasion, the owner called a chrysanthemum hot pot in advance whether she wanted it or not.
During the Spring Festival this year, the Forbidden City Corner Tower Restaurant also launched this chrysanthemum hot pot for a while, but unfortunately it did not last long before it stopped selling.
After reading the chrysanthemum culture in the utensils, let's look at the chrysanthemums in the paintings. Among them, there are both freehand flowers with pen and ink and chrysanthemum flowers with realistic brushwork. And chrysanthemums are rich in color, not blindly cold, the generations of painters of chrysanthemums, mostly for coloring paintings, no more than momei, mozhu, molan. Although the chrysanthemum is known for its gentleman's character, it has never rejected people thousands of miles away, rich colors, upright posture, exuberant vitality, chrysanthemums are popular ornamental flowers and decorative flowers for the people. Through it, people come close to nature, express blessings, pin their feelings, and decorate their lives.
Tutu clusters of chrysanthemums bloom. The flowers are divided into yellow, white, blue and purple colors, and the composition is complex and brilliant. Although it is a wild scenery on the edge of the fence, it is rich and elegant. Bees come one by one, and butterflies fly up and down, adding a sense of movement to the picture. The dyeing of the petals and leaves is extremely exquisite, and the flower center is dyed with white powder dots, which has a strong three-dimensional sense and seems to be protruding from the silk. The history of painting says that the author is "exquisitely depicted, far more than the currents", and the letter is not false.
The "Moon Man QingYou Tu" book depicts the deep palace life of the concubines of the court for 12 months a year, and this painting of the Chrysanthemum appreciation in The Chongyang in September depicts the scene of the noblewomen in the Golden Autumn Palace appreciating the chrysanthemum. In traditional Chinese culture, chrysanthemum is a symbol of nobility and purity, and it also gives the meaning of auspiciousness and longevity.
In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), the "Lion Forest" in Suzhou was built in the Changchun Garden of the Yuanmingyuan, and forty-four kinds of foreign chrysanthemums were displayed on the Taihu Stone on both sides, where the Qianlong Emperor ascended to admire the chrysanthemums and wrote forty-four five-word sentences of Yongju. Qian Weicheng, Wang Chengpei, Guan Huai, and the royal family Hongxun, who was good at painting flowers, all drew yang chrysanthemums to invite grace. This time, Wang Chengpei's "Forty-four Kinds of Maps of YangJu" was exhibited on the Forbidden City's "Ten Thousand Purples and Thousand Reds".
Qing Wang Chengpei 44 kinds of picture scrolls of Yangju - Bixia scissors, photographed in the Forbidden City "Ten Thousand Purples and Thousands of Reds" exhibition
Qing Wang Chengpei Forty-four kinds of picture scrolls of Yang Chrysanthemum - Cirrus Cloud Silk
Qing Wang Chengpei Forty-four kinds of picture scrolls of Yang Chrysanthemum - Jade Yan Ling
(Written before, interested students can take a look)
Golden Buddha seat, rubbing powder makeup, ribbon purple, crane head dan, 44 kinds of chrysanthemum names recognized at once
At a chrysanthemum reward, Qianlong received four assignments, one of which was set as superior, and also entered the Hall of Tibetan Yangxin