Inscription: There are many rumors about the Yuan Dynasty, the root of which lies in the fact that some histories in the West do not recognize the existence of the Chinese nation, the most typical rumor of which is that the Yuan Qing Dynasty is not China. Since its establishment in 1271, the Yuan Dynasty has been undergoing political "Confucianization" and customary Sinicization. It is only for various reasons that this "Confucianization" of the Middle Way collapses. Above, I have already introduced the more tragic experience faced by Emperor Yuanshun. This article is formed with the "prince system" and tells the hundred-year process of "Confucianization" of the Yuan Dynasty.
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The "Confucianization" of the Yuan Dynasty began to expand on a large scale from the time of Kublai Khan, and gradually fixed the system of dingguo, the prince system, and the imperial examination system. However, because kublai khan believed in Buddhism and the contest between the four civilizations in China, Kublai Khan was both the biggest driving force and the biggest obstacle to the implementation of Confucian culture. For example, the competition between Buddhism and Confucianism.
In this regard, the great monk Liu Zicong (Liu Bingzhong), as a vassal of the Yuan Dynasty, was deeply trusted, and he set the name of the country and established the capital for the Yuan Dynasty, and played a great role in the implementation of the prince system and the imperial examination system. But Liu Bingzhong was not an emperor after all, and as a Han courtier facing the victorious Mongols and the heavily valued Semites, he himself had inherent weaknesses. Therefore, the Confucianization of the Yuan Dynasty has always been on the road from Kublai Khan to the yuan dynasty.
The Prince's Succession System under Failure: Kublai Khan and Prince Zhenjin
Yuan Shizu's eldest son Zhenjin was more Confucian than Kublai Khan, and at the suggestion of Han aides, in order to prevent status competition, Yuan Shizu made him crown prince in March of the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1273), and chose Wang Gong, Li Qian, He Wei, Xu Yan and other Confucian ministers as officials. Because Zhenjin was influenced by Han culture a lot, it also accepted Confucian governance in terms of governing the country. For this reason, there was a serious disagreement between Zhenjin and Kublai Khan on the concept of governing the country.
Zhenjin had serious policy differences with Kublai Khan's close minister Ahma, because Ahma was the queen's dowry slave, so Zhenjin dared to beat his courtiers in front of Kublai Khan. But it is clear that this will also have a bad impact on the relationship between Kublai Khan and real gold.
In 1285, a Nantai Yushi (an official of the Jiangnan Xing Yushitai) asked Kublai Khan to take the throne of Zhenjin because he was older (70 years old), and at the same time asked Empress Nanbi not to interfere in the harem.
Crown Prince Zhenjin's uncle, the fourth grandson of Mu Huali, and The Right Hand man of Zhongshu, An Tong, were very frightened when they learned of it, and Shangwen, who was recommended by The Han ministers such as Liu Bingzhong and Zhang Wenqian, hid the fold. Ahma's remnants seized the opportunity to overthrow the crown prince and search for him with the approval of the Yuan Dynasty.
In this case, An Tong and others, at the suggestion of Shangwen, confessed to Kublai Khan and denounced the actions of the Ahmayu party. Yuan Shizu was furious and ordered a thorough investigation. This incident is the famous "Zen Storm", because of the relationship with his father, Zhenjin is worried about it. After the death of Yuan Shizu, the pro-Jin side tried to establish Zhenjin's third son, Tiemur, as emperor.
The four civil wars not only hindered the formation of the "princely system", but also hindered the process of Confucianization
Although the "princely system" has emerged in the Yuan Dynasty, the traditional Mongol inheritance system still exists. Why? The first is that in the Yuan Dynasty, there have always been four major civilization ideas in this world city. That is, Buddhism, Confucianism, Wuer, Mongolian civilization.
Wu Ren was granted: From the succession to the throne, it can be seen that Chengzong was Kublai Khan's grandson and had no heirs; the third emperor, Emperor Wuzong, was the son of Zhenzong's son, Emperor MaBala, that is, The nephew of Chengzong, because his younger brother Aiyu Li Bali Bada made great contributions in his struggle for the throne, and Emperor Wuzong actually named his brother the crown prince, and the two brothers: brothers and brothers, uncles and nephews.
Nanpo's change: After Emperor Renzong's death, the throne was not passed to Emperor Wuzong's son, but to his own son. In 1316, Shuode Bala was made crown prince. In 1323, Yingzong, who had been promoting Confucianism, was assassinated at Nanpodian (Nanpo Change) by Temudi'er's righteous son Tie lost.
Battle of the Two Capitals: After Tie Lost killed Emperor Yingzong, he immediately went north to hand over the jade seal to the King of Jin, Who also sun Timur, who later called him emperor and his son the crown prince.
After the death of Emperor Taiding in 1328, Yan Timur was named after Emperor Wuzong's will, and Emperor Wuzong's second son was Emperor Wenzong, and Ahzogi Ba, the son of Emperor Timur, was proclaimed emperor in Shangdu, and the two sides broke out in the "Battle of the Two Capitals", and a month later Emperor Wenzong won.
After Emperor Wenzong succeeded to the throne, because he believed in Confucianism, he gave the throne to his brother after sitting on the throne for more than four months. However, shortly after Emperor Mingzong ascended the throne (FengWenzong was made crown prince), he died violently on the fourth day after his reunion with Emperor Wenzong. Emperor Wenzong succeeded to the throne again, and in 1329, he made his eldest son, Atenadala, crown prince, and died the following year.
When he died in 1332, only the second son of the children was alive, because he was only 6 years old, and Emperor Wenzong was afraid that he would not be able to die well in the future, and hoped that Emperor Mingzong's eldest son, Tuohuan Timur, would become emperor, and at that time, Tuohuan Timur was already 12 years old, which was also a kind of compensation for what he had done that year.
However, emperor Mingzong's second son, Yi Xuanban, was made emperor, and he died violently within two months of reigning.
Father-son civil war: Yan Timur had no choice but to establish Yuan Huizong, and Yuan Huizong also established the prince Ai Youzhi Lidara according to the Han system, but under the clamor of Empress Qi, Yuan Huizong and the prince still fought a "father-son civil war" from 1363 to 1365 in the smoke of the peasant uprising, and the melee between the two great warlords of Polo Timur and Kuoku Timur (Wang Baobao, who only took a Sinicized name, was actually still a Mongol, Zhu Yuanzhang called it "The Strange Man of the World"). The wars between the great warlords led to wars between the warlords of various places under the great warlords of the Yuan Dynasty, between the small warlords and the big warlords.
Confucianism ushered in the demise of the civil war: the Great Yuan became the Northern Yuan
This kind of civil war did not begin to subside until Xu Da's army invaded Dadu and Yuan Huizong's father and son fled north. Only then did the father and son begin to ease up, and ai Zhili Dala and Wang Baobao no longer fought. It turned out that in July 1365, after killing the great warlord and former supporter Polo Timur, Emperor Yuanhuizong asked the crown prince to return to Dadu. In September, when Wang Baobao was about to arrive in Beijing with the crown prince, he received an order from Empress Qi, asking Wang Baobao to coerce Emperor Huizong to abdicate.
Wang Baobao heard that when he was more than thirty miles away from the city, he refused to let the army follow the prince into the city, and thus turned against him. Under the pressure of the peasant uprising, Wang Bao kept his old nest Zhangde (Anyang, Henan) to protect himself. In desperation, in August 1367, Emperor Huizong appointed the crown prince as the "Grand Marshal of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses", but he sent troops to attack Wang Baobao.
In the civil war, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Xu Da to go on the Northern Expedition and retake Dadu in one fell swoop, and Dayuan became Northern Yuan.
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