Briefing on the second excavation of the Han tomb in FangxinCun, a northern suburb of Xi'an
"Wenbo", 1998, No. 02, Xi'an Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology
From October to December 1992, when the Real Estate Development Company of Weiyang District of Xi'an City built a tomb again in the residential community of Fangxincun in the northern suburbs, 6 Han tombs were found, and the Municipal Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology Institute cleaned up with the cooperation of the tomb construction unit, which is now briefed below.
A Twilight burial system
According to their shape, the 6 Han tombs can be divided into two categories: vertical cave tombs and slope tombs.
The first category, vertical cave tombs, a total of 5 tombs, according to their shape can be divided into two types.
The type A burial passage is equal in width to the burial chamber, and only M, one. The cemetery is located to the west of the burial chamber, 275 degrees in the direction. The tomb is 2.60 long, 0.80 wide and 5 meters deep. The burial chamber is an earthen cave and an arc roof, 3 meters long, 0.80 wide and 1.20 meters high, with a floor of mother-daughter bricks, which are 0.30 long, 0.22 wide and 0.06 meters thick. The adobe sealed the door and collapsed. The burial items include Pottery 5, Small Clay Pot 1, Pottery Pot 1, and Five Baht 14. (Figures 1 and 1)
The B-type tomb is smaller than the width of the burial chamber, a total of 4, divided into two types.
The BI-style tomb plane is "convex" in shape, and there are three seats: M3, M, and Ms. Example M" tomb is located in the north of the burial chamber, in a direction of 6 degrees, 2.60 long, 0.90 wide, and 6 meters deep. The burial chamber is an earthen cave with an arc roof, 3 meters long, 1 wide and 1.30 meters high. The adobe sealed the door and collapsed. The burial items are mainly placed inside the sealed door and on the east side of the coffin, and only the bronze mirror and copper coin are placed in the coffin. Excavations include Tao Ding 1, Clay Box 2, Pottery Warehouse 5, Clay Pot 4, Small Clay Box 2, Copper Mirror 1, and Five Baht 33. (Figure 1, 2)
The BII tomb plane is "knife" shaped, and there is only one one. The cemetery is located in the south of the burial chamber, 185 degrees in the direction. The tomb is 2.60 long, 0.80 wide and 5.20 meters deep. There is a row of brick coupons between the tomb passage and the burial chamber, 11.60 meters wide, 1.36 high, and 0.40 meters deep, with long bricks, and the parent bricks are 0.40 long, 0.18 wide, and 0.09 meters thick, and the mother-daughter bricks are 0.30 long, 0.23 wide, and 0.06 meters thick. The burial chamber is an earthen cave with an arc roof, 3 meters long, 1.35 wide and 1.36 meters high. There is a small niche on the west wall of the burial chamber 0.40 meters from the closed door, which is 0.76 wide, 0.35 high and 0.15 meters deep. On the inside and east sides of the closed door, a wooden coffin has a brick bottom with a staggered bottom. The blocked brick is staggered and flat brick, and the closed door is 0.80 meters wide and 1.50 meters high. With the burial items unearthed glazed pottery Ding 1, glazed clay pot 2, glazed pottery pot 1, clay pot 1, pottery bean 1, copper mirror 1, copper crossbow machine 4, copper belt hook 1, iron knife 1, bone containing 2, five baht 77 (Fig. 1, 3)
The second category, the slope tomb passage cave tomb, only M & one. The tomb plane is in the shape of a "knife", which is composed of three parts: the tomb passage, the Yongdao and the burial chamber. The tomb is located in the south of the burial chamber, 184 degrees in the direction, 8.4 degrees long, 0.96 wide, 9.25 meters long on the bottom slope, and 5.60 meters from the surface at the bottom. The upper part of the bottom of the yongdao is sloped, 1.36 meters long, and the lower part is flat with the bottom of the burial chamber, and is 1.20 meters long. The burial chamber is an earthen cave and a lone roof, 3.80 meters long, 1.35 wide and 1.80 meters high. There is a small niche in the north-central part of the east wall of the burial chamber, which is 0.60 wide, 0.32 deep and 0.37 meters high. The closed door is 0.88 meters wide and 1.50 meters high, and the bricks are 0.38 long and 0.18.09 meters thick. With the theft of burial items, pottery 1, clay pot 1, clay pot 3, pottery pot 1 were unearthed. Fragments of pottery stoves, clay pots and other fragments were unearthed in the cave. (Figure 2)
The burial tools are all wooden coffins, decayed, only coffin ash and iron coffin nails are found.
The burial style is all upright limb burial, and the joint burial tomb can be confirmed to have M1 and M3, both of which are buried together, inferred to be couples buried together.
Burial artifacts
Burial items include pottery, bronze, iron, bone, stone, bronze mirror, currency and so on
Pottery is divided into two kinds of clay pottery and sand red pottery according to quality, mainly clay gray pottery, pottery color has gray pottery, glazed pottery, of which glazed pottery is mainly green glaze.
Ding 2 pieces, of which 1 piece is residual, is clay gray pottery. Specimen M: 3, sand-filled red pottery, green glaze. The first mouth, without a lid, withdrew from both appendages, deep abdomen, abdomen with a septum, wind bottom nearly flat, three animal-shaped feet. Height 16, caliber 16.5, abdominal diameter 10.5, foot height 3 cm (Figures 3, 1).
Box of 3 pieces, clay pottery, divided into two types.
Type A 1 piece, chanting mouth, bowl-shaped lid, top with handshake, deep abdomen, flat bottom, all-over vegan surface. Specimen M.: 4, height 13.6, diameter 14.4, bottom diameter 10.8 cm (Figures 3, 3).
Type B 2 pieces, sleeve, bowl-shaped lid, top with handshake, deep abdomen, low circle foot, cover, body decorated with two concave string patterns. Specimen M, 15, height 15, diameter 15, bottom diameter 11.2, lap foot height 0.6 cm (Fig. 3, 4).
1 piece of skeleton, clay gray pottery, cover is covered with bucket shape, body luxury mouth, square lips, high neck, neck, drum abdomen, abdomen corresponding to the second ring, high circle foot. Specimen M&: 1, pass height 33, caliber 7.8, abdominal diameter 16.8, hoop foot height 4.8 cm. (Figures 3 and 2).
Pot 1 piece, sand red pottery, green glaze. Cup mouth, pointed lips, corset of neck, bulging abdomen, false circle foot. Shoulder bas-relief hunting scene, corresponding to the animal head street ring. Specimen Ms: 1, pass height 30.8, caliber 12.2, abdominal diameter 25.2, false circle foot height 2.3 cm. (Figures 3 and 7)
There are 28 pieces of jars, including 3 pieces of glazed meat pots, which are divided into five types according to their different shapes, in addition to barrel belly pots and small clay pots.
Type A 3 pieces, all of which are clay pottery, divided into two types.
AI type 2 pieces, extravagant mouth, flat edge, square lip, neck, shoulders, bulging abdomen, bottom concave. The shoulders and abdomen are decorated with several concave chord patterns. Specimen M, 8, height 30, caliber 9.6, abdominal diameter 25, bottom diameter 9.8 cm (Fig. 3, 6).
AII type 1 piece, extravagant mouth, along the inverted oblique, round lip, corset neck, round shoulders, bulging abdomen, flat bottom, shoulders and abdomen decorated with several concave string patterns. Specimen Ms: 4, pass height 8.1, caliber 3.9, abdominal diameter 7.2, bottom diameter 2.7 cm (Fig. 3, 5).
Type B 12 pieces, all of which are clay gray pottery, extravagant mouth, double lips, corset neck, round shoulders or shoulders, bulging abdomen, flat bottom or bottom concave, shoulder decoration two groups of equal concave string patterns. There are three types.
BI type 3 pieces, round shoulders, bottom concave. Specimen Ms: 2, pass height 13.6, caliber 8, abdominal diameter 16.4, bottom diameter 8 cm (Fig. 3, 9).
BII type 6 pieces. Round shoulders, flat bottom. Specimen M,:8, height 15.7, caliber 8.5, abdominal diameter 17, bottom diameter 8•8 cm (Fig. 3, 8).
BIII type 3 pieces, shoulder,concave bottom, specimen M3:2, pass height 18.3, caliber 9, abdominal diameter 19.3, bottom diameter 11 cm (Fig. 4, 1)
Type C 6 pieces, all of which are clay pottery, divided into two types.
CI type 2 pieces, extravagant mouth, along the inward slope, square lip, corset neck, round shoulders, drum belly, bottom concave, shoulders and abdomen decorated with concave string patterns. Specimen M2:4, height 12.7, diameter 7, abdominal diameter 20.7, bottom diameter 7.9 cm (Fig. 4, 2).
CII type 4 pieces, straight mouth, flat edge, pointed lip, corset neck, round shoulders, bulging abdomen, bottom concave. The shoulders are decorated with concave string patterns. Specimen M3:3, height 18, caliber 8, abdominal diameter 19.7, bottom diameter 10.7 cm (Fig. 4, 3).
D type 2 pieces, sand red pottery, green glaze. Straight mouth, flat edge, low neck, round shoulders, bulging abdomen, hypocoinal oblique adduction, concave bottom, bas-relief wavy pattern between two convex chord patterns on the shoulders. Specimen M"1, height 13.2, diameter 6.4, abdominal diameter 16, bottom diameter 7.2 cm (Figures 4, 8).
E-type 1 piece, sand red pottery, green glaze. Straight mouth, oblique edge, pointed lip, round shoulders, folded abdomen, obliquely straight adduction under the abdomen, concave at the bottom. Between the two convex chords on the shoulders are bas-relief fairy birds and beasts. Specimen Ms: 3, height 12, caliber 8, abdominal diameter 16, bottom diameter 7.2 cm (Fig. 4, 10).
2 pieces of barrel belly jar, clay gray pottery, divided into two types.
Type A 1 piece, extravagant mouth, round lip, corset neck, shoulders, barrel belly, undercoat, all-over voxel surface. Specimen M,:10, height 29.2, caliber 12, abdominal diameter 27.8, bottom diameter 22.5 cm (Fig. 4, 5).
Type B 1 piece, extravagant mouth, flat edge, a groove on the lip, a tunic neck, round shoulders, barrel belly, flat bottom. Specimen Mi: 5, height 14, caliber 4.8, abdominal diameter 16, bottom diameter 11.2 cm (Fig. 4, 9).
Small clay pot 2 pieces, clay gray pottery, divided into two types.
Type A 1 piece, straight mouth, square lip, low neck, round belly, short circle foot. Specimen M3:9, height 7.2, caliber 4.2, abdominal diameter 9, bottom diameter 3, hoop foot height 0.4 cm (Fig. 4, 4).
Type B 1 piece, mouth, round lip, low collar, round belly, slightly pointed base. Specimen M"2, height 6.8, caliber 6, abdominal diameter 10 cm (Fig. 4, 7).
1 piece, red pottery with sand, green glaze. Straight mouth, square lip, straight barrel belly, flat bottom, three-animal-shaped foot. Between the two convex chord patterns on the abdomen, bas-reliefs are decorated with mountains, and between the mountains are decorated with animals such as tigers and leopards, and decorated with flowing cloud patterns, and the abdomen corresponds to the head ring of the beast. Specimen Mr2, height 15.5, diameter 18, bottom diameter 20 cm (Fig. 5, 1).
Warehouse 5 pieces, clay gray pottery. The umbel roof is slightly shaded, and there are tile edges, barrel-shaped abdomen, three animal-shaped feet, and three sets of equal convex chord patterns decorated with the barn. Specimen M4:1, height 29.5, caliber 6.2, abdominal diameter 16.1, bottom diameter 15.6 cm (Fig. 5, 10).
Stove 1 piece, clay pottery, M. unearthed, mutilated.
3 small clay pots, clay gray pottery, divided into two types.
Type A 2 pieces, mouth, flat rim, round lip, folded abdomen, flat bottom, abdomen decorated with three concave string patterns. Specimen M" 12, height 6, caliber 10.6, bottom diameter 5.6 cm (Fig. 4, 6).
Type B 1 piece, open, flat edge, oblique lip, shallow abdomen, abdomen with a folded edge, bottom concave. Specimen Mz: 8, pass height 3, caliber 6, bottom diameter 2.4 cm (Fig. 5, 2).
2 pieces, clay pottery, divided into two types.
Type A 1 piece, open, flat rim, pointed round lip, shallow abdomen, flat bottom, bottom with 3 counting holes. Specimen M.: 5, pass height 3, caliber 5.2, bottom diameter 1.6 cm. (Figures 5 and 3).
Type B 1 piece, open, flat edge, pointed lip, shallow abdomen, abdomen with a folded edge, concave bottom, with 3 calculation holes. Specimen M7, height 3.1, diameter 6, bottom diameter 2.3 cm (Fig. 5, 5).
2 pieces of beans, divided into two types.
Type A 1 piece, clay red pottery, glaze. Shallow disc, column shank, empty shank seat in the shape of a trumpet. Specimen Ms: 6, pass height 9.5, disc diameter 9.4, seat diameter 6.5 cm (Fig. 5, 4).
Type B 1 piece, clay pottery. Shallow plate, column handle, round cake shaped seat, column handle molded mesh pattern, seat molded cloud pattern. Specimen Mi: 17, height 10.4, disc diameter 11.6, seat diameter 9.6 cm (Fig. 5, 7).
There are 5 pieces of bronze with hooks and crossbows.
1 piece with hook, "S" shape, hook hand in the shape of a snake's head, specimen Mi: 11, length 12 cm (Fig. 5, 6).
There are 4 pieces of crossbow machines, and the whole machine is composed of wangshan, spoon, teeth, etc., and the suspension knife is not long. Specimen Mj: 13, length 5.4, front end width 1 rear end width 1.3 cm, Wangshan height 0.8 cm (Fig. 5, 9).
1 piece of iron knife, ring head handle, straight back, straight blade, triangular section, oblique blade at the end of the knife. Specimen M*12, length 95 cm.
Mouth contains 2 pieces, bone, cicada-shaped. Specimen M"9, length 5.5, width 3, thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 5, 9).
Stone stone 1 piece, blue lime sand stone, the body is rectangular sheet-shaped, polished on the front, and the back is the original surface. Specimen M"7, length 11.7, width 4.7, thickness 0.7 cm.
Copper mirror 2 sides.
White mirror 1 side, round, high semi-circular button, persimmon leaf shaped button seat, outer seat a convex circle belt, outer four "(1)" between the clip ornaments "'' shape symbols and "e" shaped ornaments, etc., the outside is introverted sixteen consecutive arcs, between the two circles of ctenophores there is an inscription tape: "Clean and white things Junzhi pollution of the capital (?) Ming Xuan Xi No Ze Han Ri forget the beauty of the outside to accept (say) lingkou", wide edge. Specimen M"5, diameter 15, rim width 1.2, rim thickness 0.5 cm (Fig. 6).
ZhaoMing mirror 1 side, round, round button, round seat, the outside of the seat is an inward eight arc pattern, the outer two circles with tooth pattern between the inscription belt; "The Inner Qing is clear, the Moon of Light." Wide edges. Specimen M; 6, diameter 10.5, rim width 1.2, rim thickness 0.4 cm (Fig. 7).
126 pieces of five baht, the diameter of the coin is 2.3-2.6 cm, and the width of the wear is 1-1.1 cm. Some wear one horizontal or wear the next star or wear one horizontal through the next star. The left and right seals worn have the words "five baht", the "five" characters in the qianwen script are curved, the "Zhu" character is folded squarely, and the "jin" character is in the shape of a yagua or isosceles triangle, which was the previous one. Specimen M<:16, the "gold" prefix is isosceles triangular, wearing a star, 2.5 in diameter and 1.1 cm in width (Fig. 8, 2). M2:5, the "gold" prefix is sagittal, 2.5 in diameter and 1.1 cm in width (Fig. 8 and 3). Mi: 7, the "gold" prefix is in the shape of a scythe, worn on a horizontal, diameter of 2.5, wearing a width of 1 cm (Fig. 8, 4).
epilogue
There is only one set of Broken Relations in this batch of Han tombs, "except for M4 and M2, which have not been stolen and disturbed, the remaining tombs have been excavated and damaged seriously." The excavated artifacts are mainly plain gray pottery and glazed pottery, and there is no painted pottery, according to the characteristics of the tomb shape system and the burial products, combined with the broken relationship, this batch of Han tombs is divided into two phases.
The first phase includes two blocks, M6 and M4. Me tomb shape is a sloped tomb with a Yongdao tomb, the plane is "knife" shaped, and the side of the burial chamber has a small niche; M, the tomb shape is made of vertical cave tomb road earthen cave tomb. The two tombs are all adobe sealed doors, and the utensils are combined with a set of gray pottery: bronze, box, pot, stove; Ding, box, warehouse, pot, no painted pottery, copper mirror out of the innocent mirror. These all have the characteristics of the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, when the era was in the Zhao and Xuan periods.
The second phase, including M1, M2, M3, M5 four, the tomb shape system is a vertical cave tomb tunnel tomb, M3, Ms tomb chamber for brick chamber, each tomb has a mother and child brick. The burial products are characterized by glazed pottery, and the combined forms are mainly ding, pot, and pot; pot, pot, bean; pot, pot, pot, and koshiki. The bronze mirror has a bright mirror. The currency is not found in the new Mang qian and the Eastern Han Dynasty five baht. Its era was from the Yuan Emperor to the Cheng Emperor.