Bai Juyi's first fan: the late Tang Dynasty poet Pi Rixiu

Pi Ri off

Zhao Hanqing Liu Xinhua

Pi Rixiu (c. 834-883 CE) was a Tang dynasty scholar. Xiangyang (Xiangyang City, Hubei Province) people, the character Yi Shao, later changed to the United States, also known as Mr. Drunk Yin, also known as Drunkard, also known as Drunkard. In the early years, he lived in Lumen Mountain, called himself Lumenzi, and also called himself An air cloth. Sexual depression, can article, the end of the middle school, move home Suzhou of the fu away. Xiantong entered the soil, served as a Taichang soldier, and after avoiding the difficulties of Guangming, lived in seclusion in Suzhou, died of illness in his later years, and was buried in Suzhou, Anhui Province, on the north bank of the Jili River in The East Shun River, the tomb still exists today.

Pi Rixiu admired Bai Juyi very much and could be said to be the first fan of Bai Juyi. The "Xiangyang Character Chronicle" records that "in the spring of the fourth year of Xiantong (863), he left Xiangxiang for a trip," and he first went to the Luoyang Grottoes to see the site of Bai Juyi, "Tang Kai Luo Shui, Shejie Xiangshan". Pi Rixiu "Xiantong sixth year (865), he went to Chang'an to take the entrance examination, the following year fell to Shou Prefecture (present-day Shou County, Anhui), compiled his own collection of poems "Pi Zi Wen Xue", and the following year (Xiantong eight years), he took the exam again, with the last and first place. The Xiangyang Chronicle records that "in the following year (the ninth year of Xiantong), he traveled to Suzhou, was a military judge of The Assassin Shi Cui pu, often sang peace with the tortoise Meng, and called Pi Lu, and once entered the dynasty as a writer Lang, Dr. Taichang, and was made the deputy envoy of Biling (present-day Changzhou, Jiangsu)." During his term of office, he showed great compassion for the people, such as handing over the imperial grain "how to make more than one stone, only five buckets", he asked for the people's life, and from then on the officials and the people fought together and weighed the same scale. The History of Ancient Chinese Literature records that Pi Rixiu: "Around the fifth year of Qianfu (878), he joined the Huangchao peasant rebellion," as a staff member of huangchao. After the Southern Expedition and the Northern War, the rebel army entered Chang'an, and the General History of China records that the Huangchao peasant rebel army "established the Daqi regime on January 16, 881 (December 13, the first year of the Guangming Dynasty), the year name Jin Tong, and awarded Pi Rixiu the title of Hanlin Scholar, "drafting proclamations and pardons for the rebel army." "Due to the internal division of Huangchao," Li Keyong led 40,000 cavalry into Chang'an, and the rebel army of 150,000 people fought, but suffered a major defeat, so they had to withdraw from Chang'an, move to the middle reaches of the Huai River, attack Chen Prefecture (Huaiyang), fight for three hundred days and did not capture, and suffered heavy losses, Huangchao had to order the retreat. On June 17, 884, the Huangchao rebel army was surrounded by Li Keyi's army in the Wolf tiger valley of Shandong, and Huang Chao committed suicide because he worshipped Bai Juyi, and Pi Rixiu quietly came to Suzhou Fuli with his family. The General History of China commented: "The peasant revolt led by Huang Chao ultimately failed. However, they fought in twelve provinces and regions and established the Daqi regime. Moreover, for the first time, he put forward the ideas of 'soaring into the sky' and 'equalizing the peace', pushing the revolutionary struggle of the peasants in our country to a brand-new stage. The political ideas of "soaring to the sky" and "equal peace", Pi Rixiu is the main advocate. It is remarkable that he was able to advocate such a political proposition in the Tang Dynasty of the feudal dynasty.

When Pi Rixiu was young, his family was cold, and the young people were discouraged, and they had some understanding of the people's suffering. In terms of literary creation, such as the poem "Oak Sigh", Yun: "... Crying out for the oak, I don't feel the tears stained", full of sympathy for the tragic fate of the poor people. Pi Rixiu was a realist writer and poet after Bai Juyi. His works include ten volumes of Pi Zi Wen Xue, seven volumes of Xutai Collection, seven volumes of Bei Ji, ninety volumes of Lumen Jia Banknote, ten volumes of Songling Singing and Collection, and one volume of Hanging River Dufu. His lofty demeanor as a teacher has always been admired by the people. His works have been widely praised. The salient features of his works are: "Pay attention to the rules, focus on lyricism, close to life, and keep pace with the times." For example, "The Nine Elders of the Two Mountains": "Regard wealth as a floating cloud, tired of hearing about the Liang Hao of the Twilight Age Denko; he was subjected to the monstrous chaos of the Japanese Kou, and the rest of his life was left." Compared with the year of Ziya Fishing, it is not old; Ren Youyou has a long time and reads how many heroes are eliminated. It can be seen that the cultural heritage of Pi RiXiu is very deep.

One of China's important historical figures, Pi Rixiu's works are simple and robust, exposing the brutal decay of the ruling class at the end of the Tang Dynasty and reflecting the suffering of the working people from oppression and exploitation. This point is very similar to Bai Juyi, whose essays such as "The Hidden Book of Lumen", "Reading Sima Fa", and "Original Slander" have a relatively strong fighting nature. Most of them adopt the method of satirizing the past and the present, and vigorously attack the ruling class. Mr. Lu Xun called the late Tang Dynasty "the brilliance and sharpness of a muddy pond in a mess." The influence of Pi Rixiu's work is extremely far-reaching. For his life deeds, there have been studies and studies, such as: Sun Guangxian's "Testament of the Northern Dream", Qian Yi's "New Book of the South", Yin Su's "Epitaph of Dali Temple", Tao Yue's "Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties", Chen Zhensun's "Explanation of the Records of zhizhai Books", Ji Yougong's "Chronicle of Tang Poetry", Xin Wenfang's "Biography of Tang Caizi", "Suzhou Zhi" and so on. Recently, some people have examined Miao Yu's "Thoughts on the Deeds and Deeds of Pi Rixiu and His Works", Li Jutian's "Examination of Pi Rixiu's Life and Deeds", Xiao Difei's "On The Questions Concerning Pi Rixiu", and Zhang Zhikang's "How Pi Rixiu Died". During the feudal dynasty, the rebel army failed, it was called "Kou", "Thief", etc., during the Song Dynasty, the famous scholar Pi Zi Liangzi Gongbi, was the fourth grandson of Pi Rixiu, in order to avoid suspicion, there may be Pi RiXiu buried in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Wrote an "Epitaph": "When Wu Yue was isolated, the Central Plains was isolated, but there was a delusional slander, which was called a nest thief who attacked the United States and fell." Song Jingwen liked to take the novel into the history of the right, and gongbi wanted to discern it. "The official history has recorded that in the feudal dynasty of the Song Dynasty, officials had to avoid suspicion. According to the analysis of the "Epitaph", Jiangsu and Zhejiang were buried with Pi RiXiu's clothes and crowns.

Lu Xun spoke highly of Pi Rixiu, praising him as "a brilliant edge in a mud pond of mud." Indeed, Pi Rixiu did not lose his luster because he was born in that "mud pond" like the late Tang Dynasty, nor did he lose his rightful place in the history of literature because of the ban of the ruling class. He was later called "the writer of poetry and history between Xiantong," and was "the last brilliant of late Tang poetry." ”

Pi Rixiu is one of the important historical figures in our country, who can keep pace with the times in politics and literature, and is happy to drum and shout for the people. He believes: "The ancient officials will also drive out thieves; Now the officials will think that they are thieves. He also said, "The officials of the past are also tired of the world, so they are worried; the officials of today are also tired of themselves for the world, and the people of the past are worried." It is precisely on the basis of this understanding that while writing many political theories that profoundly expose the dark reality, he personally participated in the peasant uprising that many intellectuals often did not dare to "commit rebellion", and became a "thief" and became an "outlier".

The early years of exile, coupled with the later defeat of the HuangChao army, brought a bump in the life of Pi Rixiu. But After experiencing the vicissitudes of the incident, Pi Rixiu lived in seclusion in Suzhou, his spirit did not live in seclusion, and after more than ten years of his life, the beautiful Suihe Plain nurtured him, pampered his trauma, and also inspired him to give him an endless source of creation. His mind became sharper and deeper, like a tempered shotgun and arrow.

The "Chronicle of Suzhou" records that Pi Rixiu "lived in Suzhou to the end, and the tomb was on the north bank of the River". After investigation, it has been verified that the tomb of Pi Rixiu is on the north bank of the Dongli River in Fuli Village, Fuli Town, Suzhou, Anhui Province, and the Stone Gate still exists, with the inscription "Tomb of Pi Rixiu".

Pi Rixiu's poem "Bian River Huaigu" composed in Suzhou is one of the representative works of poetry in this period:

The Sui Dynasty died in this river, and it is still thousands of miles away from Tongbo.

If there is no Water Temple Dragon Boat Matter, there is not much Gongyu Theory.

That is to say, although the Sui Dynasty died in the Battle of the Canal, after all, it still built the Grand Canal that stretched for 4,000 miles through the north and south, if there was no incident in which the Sui Emperor was extravagant and extravagant and cruised jiangnan, then the merits of the Sui Emperor and the benefits brought by the Grand Canal to future generations could even be compared with the Dayu who ruled the water. The dialectical evaluation of the ancients not only revealed the merits of the Sui Emperor, but also pointed out the objective fact that although the excavation of the Grand Canal was a laborer for the people, it was beneficial to future generations and the nation. This is a completely new point of view, as a citizen of the Tang Dynasty, dare to overturn the case for the Sui Emperor, Pi Rixiu is bold, a little crazy. Another of his "Bian River Nostalgia" is also full of praise for The River:

Ten thousand ships between the green silks of the dragon ship were carried to Yangzhou and did not return.

It should be the Heavenly Sect that opens up the water, and there is no mountain for more than a thousand miles.

What the people of Suzhou are proud of is that Bai Juyi and Han Yu, who had the greatest influence on Pi Rixiu, had lived in Suzhou for a long time, living on the shores of the muddy waters where Pi Rixiu lived in seclusion. Living in the same land provides a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for Pi Rixiu, who likes Bai and Han. "Seeking the same breath and attracting each other with one voice", wandering in the places where Bai and Han lived, contemplating the works of great poets, Pi Rixiu must have received a lot of information from his predecessors.

In Suzhou, Pi Rixiu also wrote many poems that sang about the customs of Suzhou, and the "Bai ju poems of Yu Suzhou and Lu Luwang (Tortoise Meng)" was written beautifully:

It has passed the middle of the sun and half a day, and the flowers are shining on the cold smoke at a thousand points.

The incense is also like a floating gold, and the pattern is also like a wisp of jade thread.

Playing shadow Feng Fei is comparable to fresh, refining Xiao Shi is good for contending.

In the tooth box for no reason, fly above Nagisa to give the immortals.

Pi Rixiu was buried in Suzhou Bridge, and was buried on the shore of the muddy water. The people of Suzhou not only appeased Pi Rixiu's miserable old age, but also integrated the poet's works into the spiritual homeland of regional culture, which was passed down from generation to generation. Like Bai Juyi, Han Yu, and Wang Ji, he will always live in the hearts of the people of Suzhou. The local government is building gardens, scenery and pavilions to commemorate the great poets of the Tang Dynasty, such as Bai Juyi, Han Yu and Pi Rixiu, who have been in the annals of history in the literary building tree.

bibliography:

Ming Hongzhi edition of "Suzhou Chronicle"

Qing Guangxu Edition of Suzhou Chronicle

Pi Zi Wen Xue (Pi Ri Xiu Anthology) Four series of two volumes

Author: Pi Rixiu

Publisher: The Commercial Press

Era: Republic of China (1912-1948)

Pi Zi Wen Wei

Author: (Tang) Pi Rixiu by Xiao Difei Zheng Qingdu Finishing

Publisher: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House

Published: 1981

Selected Poems of Pirgehu

Author: Shen Baokun et al

Published: 1991

About the Author:

Zhao Hanqing: Male, Han ethnicity, native of Suzhou, Anhui, ancestral home of Huaibei, senior journalist, writer of literature and history, cultural scholar, doctor. Since 1992, he has successively served as the director of the Suzhou Reporter Station of Anhui Economic Newspaper, the deputy editor-in-chief of China News Magazine, and the editor-in-chief of Tianxia Times Network. President of Suzhou Baijuyi Research Association. He has published nine works, including the 200,000-word military historical novel "The Battle of Xiaxia".

Liu Xinhua: Female, Han ethnicity, native of Suzhou, Anhui, ancestral home of Bengbu, English translator, cultural scholar, doctor. He once served as the principal of a city middle school, the president of Lulu Publishing House in the United States, and the president of the Anhui Branch of the Yancheng Urban Planning Municipal Design Institute. Executive Vice President of Suzhou Baijuyi Research Association. More than 1,000 essays, essays, travelogues, and translations have appeared in various media at home and abroad. Representative works include: Autumn leaves in Maine, USA, Yuanmingyuan in the autumn wind, love for the sea, Xitang and other cages of smoke and rain.