During the great changes and great wars and chaos of the Ming and Qing dynasties, a number of people with lofty ideals and benevolent people who worried about the country and the people emerged in China, and Fu Shan was one of them. Fu Shan (1607 ~ 1684), the character Qing Lord, the number of Gong Ta, Qiao Huang, Cloth Dao people, wine Dao people, etc., the ancestral home moved from Datong to Xinzhou Dun Village, and finally settled in Taiyuan Yangqu West Village. Fu Shan's life is quite legendary, and his friend Bi Zhenji commented on him: "He is strange in his history, strange in his deeds, and strange in poetry and painting." At that time, some people called him "words are not as good as poetry, poetry is not as good as painting, painting is not as good as medicine, and medicine is not as good as people." "I praise him for his noble character and his bones. Looking at Fu Shan's outstanding and erudite life, Fu Shan can indeed be called a cloth soldier in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Fu Shan lived in the Ming Dynasty before the age of 38 in the first half of his life, and the second half of his life in the Qing Dynasty. Their lives are intertwined and interpenetrating. The young Fu Shan has a heroic and uninhibited personality. The formation of this character has a lot to do with the education he received from a family of scholars since childhood. According to Fu Shan's recollection, his great-grandfather Fu Chaoxuan was a polite and handsome young man in the fifteenth year of Zhengde (1520), and he moved to Xicun, Yangqu County, Taiyuan Province, and was somehow favored by the Jin Dynasty. One day, Fu Chaoxuan rode past the gate of the lieutenant of the palace, and was suddenly pulled off his horse by a group of people from the palace and rushed into the palace. Then he was forced to marry the lady of the royal palace and became the son-in-law of the royal palace. After getting married, Fu Zhaoxuan was strictly controlled in the palace, and he was not allowed to enter and exit freely, and "he could not sit without orders." This kind of personality violation made him extremely miserable inside, until he was still sad at the end of his life. Fu Chaoxuan left a suicide note: "Those who dare to marry the royal palace again, on the basis of filial piety, the clan will beat and attack them." Fu Shan said that this will, "Rin is also in the eyes and ears of the children and grandchildren." It can be seen that the matter of entering into the rich stimulated Fu Chaoxuan deeply, and Fu Shan was also taught and did not dare or forget, which inspired him to despise the arrogant and powerful people all his life. Fu Shan's education was a traditional classic, And Fu's family, who had been a scholar from the age of 7 to 15, received strict discipline, and he later recalled in a poem: "When I was fifteen years old, my family was strictly scrive. The small courtyard of the Vision Bureau has to go out of the courtyard. Later, he read a copy of "Biography of the Divine Monk", thus receiving a lot of Buddhist knowledge, after the age of 20, Fu Shan tried to go to a higher level, ate a lot of food, became an official student, so he vigorously studied the Thirteen Classics, the History of the Sons and the Buddhist Taoist classics, and studied calligraphy and painting diligently, which greatly increased his knowledge accumulation, broadened his horizons, and formed his later style of study that was not exclusive to the family and was eclectic. Fu Shan was gifted and had an excellent memory, and during a morning class, he and his classmate Ma Sheng competed to endorse, and the fifty-three articles circled by the teacher were actually caught and recited. Throughout his life, he was deeply influenced by Lao Zhuang's thoughts, but he still strictly adhered to Confucian norms in his daily actions, and the concept of loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, and righteousness was deeply rooted in his heart and embodied in his life.
The time when Fu Shan's name shook Hainei was a period of political corruption and decline in the Ming Dynasty. Fu Shan had a strong desire to be loyal to the king and worry about the country, and in view of the Ming court's high-pressure exploitation of the people, combined with natural disasters, the people's rebellion was aroused, and the revolt of large-scale peasant armies such as Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong broke out, and the Manchu and Mongolian armies repeatedly disturbed the capital, and the court had quite a public opinion suggesting moving the capital. To this end, Fu Shan indignantly composed "Yu Du Fu", put forward the idea of opposing the relocation of the capital, taking internal stability as the top priority, and demanding that the Ming court "forgive" "slow the levy" and "remove the envoys who are removed from the collection". These political views are to the point of being a flaw in the times and safeguard the interests of the broad masses of peasants who are struggling in the midst of war and hardship. However, Fu Shan's strategy to save the time proposed by Yi Jie Cloth was not heeded by the Chongzhen Emperor and the Ming court's power at all, and the Ming Dynasty regime had already been in turmoil, and it was finally completely destroyed by Li Zicheng's peasant army in March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), and then the Qing army entered the customs to replace the Ming dynasty regime and enter the Central Plains. This greatly stimulated Fu Shan's thinking and turned to the struggle against national oppression. He once wrote a poem expressing his regret that he could not repay the country with death: "Thirty-eight years old can die, and what is the word about perching and not dying?" ("Jia Shen Shou Nian") also said, "The Central Plains use swords and swords, and it is also shameful to steal life" ("Seven Machine Rocks"). In August of that year, Fu Shan, holding the hatred of the orphaned sons of the remnants of the fallen country, worshiped the famous Taoist monk Guo Jingzhong as a teacher at wufeng Mountain in Shouyang, Shanxi, joined Taoism, called himself a cloth Daoist, and began a secret anti-Qing activity of "fighting with the intention of rising and dying".
Fu Shan was determined to oppose the Qing dynasty and become an ethnographer who rebelled against the tyranny of the Qing court because when the Qing soldiers entered the Guannan With a policy of national high-handedness of bloody massacres. This provoked a revolt struggle among the broad masses of the people in the Central Plains. This struggle is just and should be affirmed. At that time, the vast peasant army that had originally overthrown the Ming dynasty regime was also involved in this anti-Qing torrent, so that even Fu Shan, who had a hostile attitude toward the peasant army, changed his political stance. At the beginning, Fu Shan, like many scholars and intellectuals, opposed the peasant army, and there is a theory that Fu Shan had assisted Cai Maode, the governor of Shanxi in the Ming Dynasty, in plotting to hold taiyuan and resist Li Zicheng's attack, and participated in the compilation of the nursery rhyme "Horses are difficult to walk inside the gate (meaning 'breaking' is difficult), and this year it is Bow Ma Wen", cursing the peasant army. This matter may be misinformed and difficult to implement, but Fu Shan once wrote a biography for Cai Maode, and it is a fact that the rumors accuse Li Zicheng's Dashun army of being a "thief" in many places, indicating that Fu Shan was indeed loyal to the Ming court and hostile to the peasant army. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, when engaging in anti-Qing activities, Fu Shan took the anti-Qing peasant army as the teacher of the king, expressing his expectations and even welcome. On the eve of the Ming Dynasty, the Dashun army entered the Jin Dynasty, and the Chongzhen Emperor ordered Li Jiantai, a scholar of the University, to assist Jin, and hired Fu Shan as a former military zanhua (staff officer), and Fu Shan gladly wanted to go to Beijing to accept the order. However, the Dashun army captured Li Jiantai's hometown of Quwo in jinnan, Shanxi, and Li had no intention of marching, but retreated to Baoding, and Fu Shan was deeply disappointed by it and returned on the way. Soon, the Qing army entered Beijing, quickly moved south, and entered Shanxi like a bamboo. Fu Shan immediately entered the Dao and actively opposed the Qing.
The Fenzhou army failed to oppose the Qing, and Fu Shan was active in the Jinzhong area, during which time he secretly contacted Song Qian, who was sent by the Southern Ming to Shanxi to organize the people to oppose the Qing. Song Qianshi was arrested, Zhulian Fushan, fushan was arrested and imprisoned. Quan Zuwang 's Strategy of Mr. Yangqu Fu' Yun: "Jia Wu (1654) was tortured with continuous dyeing, resisted the words unyieldingly, died in nine days, and the doormen had saved those who were saved by strange tricks." Because Fu Shan was already sure that Song Qian had been "corrected by the Law", Fu Shan insisted that he would not admit to conspiring with Song; and the strange scheme of the disciples was that his disciples secretly lobbied some sympathetic Fu Shan's power in the Qing court who participated in the finalization of the case, such as Gong Dingzi, Ji Bozi, Wei Yi'ao, and others, to excuse them and let Fu Shan go. In the end, Fu Shan, who had been tortured and had the will to die, was acquitted.
After Fu Shan was released from prison, he was not happy to feel lucky and get out of danger, but he felt deeply guilty, thinking that he should have repaid the country with death, and he used a poem Mingzhi: "Death has a grudge, and it is shy not to die." "Self-feeling" gives birth to prison door shame" and "no face to god" ("Yamamoto's illness in the village of Qiao Zuo"). Therefore, he did not fear the evil and continued the anti-Qing cause. In the following years, the anti-Qing struggle in the south was quite powerful, and Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Cangshui led their divisions to attack Nanjing, and soon after, the march lost and retreated. When Fu Shan heard the news, he did not hesitate to suffer from the wind and dust, "Travel south to the Fuhuai River, south to Jinling, and cross the river to the north, to Haizhou." ”
After returning to the north, Fu Shan was still worried about the great cause of restoring the Ming Dynasty, but he was always disappointed. His footprints mainly stayed in the land of the Three Jins, and lived in his hometown of Taiyuan, and his main energy was devoted to academic research, engaged in the inheritance and development of traditional culture. Just as Gu Yanwu proposed a debate between the fall of the country and the death of the world, Fu Shan believed that the ming dynasty of the old country was dead, but it could not destroy the world and the culture. In this way, Fu Shan, the widow of the late Ming Dynasty, finally became a master of learning alongside Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, and Wang Fuzhi, and people at that time had the reputation of "learning the sea", and Liang Qichao commented that "he could not reach the north of the Great River of Learning" ("Introduction to Qing Dynasty Scholarship").
Fu Shan, who became a hermit, lived in Songzhuang at the foot of Taiyuan's East Mountain. In the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), his close friend Dai Tingyi built the Danfeng Pavilion in Qi County, and fu Shan also traveled to study many times, and wrote the title "Danfeng Pavilion Record". In these two residences, Fu Shan befriended a group of famous scholars, who gathered to discuss their knowledge, discuss with each other, and enjoy it, which was the happiest day in Fu Shan's life. Because of his early fame and integrity, Fu Shan was highly regarded by Shilin at that time, so there was no shortage of like-minded friends. On his way back to the north, Fu Shan visited the Confucian master Sun Qifeng in Hui County, Henan, and the two met happily, Fu Shan asked Sun to write the "Epitaph of the ZhenXian JunChen Clan" for his mother, and Fu Shan also left a calligraphy work "Hundred Zong Ti" here.
Fu Shanben intended to immerse himself in his studies and stay away from politics. Helpless politics did not let him go. During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing court unified China, consolidated its political power, and began to change the original bloody national repressive policy, focusing on civil rule and striving to stabilize the world. In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Qing court implemented excellent measures to promote excellence, opened up erudite and macrociseology, and recruited a large number of Han scholars and doctors to serve as officials in order to whitewash the Taiping. Fu Shan, Gu Yanwu, and a group of other people who embraced the hatred of their homeland and the idea of their homeland were naturally unwilling to accept them as the widows of the Ming Dynasty, and many expressed their non-cooperation attitude with the Qing court. In the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1678), Fu Shan was 72 years old at the time, recommended by others, and was asked for erudite hongzi. Fu Shan used old age and illness as a pretext, but "repeatedly resigned". The following year, the magistrate came to the door to urge, which was a mandatory order of the Qing court. Under persecution, the magistrate ordered his servant to carry him to Beijing, and Fu Shan was only accompanied by his son Fu Mei and his second grandson Lian Su and Lian Bao. After Fu Shan arrived in Beijing, he stayed at the Yuanjue Temple outside Chongwen Gate, so he was bedridden on the grounds that he was seriously ill and did not take the exam. The visitors kept coming to the door, and Fu Shanjun leaned on the bed to greet him, saying that he was sick and weak and could not be polite. The Shangshu Wei Xiangshu of the Punishment Department played with his old illness, and the Kangxi Emperor expressed his understanding and issued an edict: "Fu Shan's articles are written in plain writings, read his old age, specially granted the cabinet secretary, and wrote local officials to ask questions." It means that he was conferred the official position of Zhongshu Sheren and agreed to release it. At that time, Feng Pu and other important officials forcibly ordered people to carry Fu Shan into the Chao Xie'en, and when they reached the noon gate, Fu Shan burst into tears, Feng Pu went forward and forcibly pulled Fu Shan to kneel, and Fu Shan could not help but fall to the ground. At this time, Wei Xiangshu rushed forward to help him up and said, "Stop, stop!" Yes and no thanks! "That's just Shane. The next day, Fu Shan immediately boarded the journey to return to Jin, and he sighed: "From now on, he is not tired!" Then he said, "In the hereafter, Liu Yin will be wise to me, and death will not be blind!" The smeller is stunned. "He showed that he was definitely not willing to be a figure like Liu Yin, who entered the Yuan Dynasty." Fu Shan pretended to be ill and refused to enlist, but the high wind and bright festival of the new dynasty shook the government and the opposition, and there was a poem written by Sun Chuan of the three Han Dynasties, "Sending Mr. Fu Qing Lord back to Li": "The spring color of the emperor is prosperous, and Xiao Ran is outside." It is difficult to suppress the tears, not to stain a trace of dust. Side seat Lord Laoming, also the mountain old Yimin. After Fu Shan returned to his hometown, some officials congratulated him, but he called himself a "min" character, and some people asked, "Junfei Renhu?" He turned around and refused. The plaque of "Fengge Pulun" was given by the county order, which was also categorically rejected by him, indicating that zhengzheng feng bones that did not do things and did not have a different surname.
This is Fu Shan, an arrogant old man who is proud but close to the commoners, Who Holds Jade and despises the powerful, who is simple and elegant, humorous and funny, and cute.
In this way, Fu Shan "wrote books in poverty" and spent his old age peacefully, passing away in the twenty-third year of Kangxi (1684) at the age of 78.
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