Speaking of the modern new-democratic revolution, there is a figure of the elderly level who has to mention it.
106 years ago today (July 8, 1913), he took the lead in supporting Dr. Sun Yat-sen's "Second Revolution" to oppose Yuan Shikai's dictatorship, and on July 12, he established the "Anti-Yuan Headquarters" and fired the first shot of the "Second Revolution", but he also opposed and refused to join the "Chinese Revolutionary Party" established by Dr. Sun Yat-sen after the reorganization of the League on July 8, 1914; it was he who recommended Chiang Kai-shek to be the first president of the Whampoa Military Academy when Sun Yat-sen had already determined cheng qian to be the first president of the Whampoa Military Academy. He also let Chiang Kai-shek get his wish, but on the issue of anti-Japanese resistance, he offended the old Chiang Kai-shek, and finally he was depressed and could not be reused. It was also he who rushed to Beiping to accompany Dr. Sun Yat-sen when he was seriously ill, and presided over Sun Yat-sen's funeral, but shortly after Dr. Sun Yat-sen's death, he sent a telegram to support the right wing of the Kuomintang, openly opposed Sun Yat-sen's three major policies, and carried out anti-communist Qing Party activities.
Who is this person? Why did Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Deng Yingchao, and others personally go to mourn after his death?
Let's take a look at the ups and downs of the life of this Kuomintang elder who has not attracted much attention from future generations.
His name was Li Liejun, and he was a second-class general of the National Revolutionary Army who was not very successful in his later years.
(Li Liejun)
Li Liejun (1882 – February 20, 1946), courtesy name Xiaru, was a native of Luoxi Pingyuan Village, Wuning County, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province.
Li Liejun's father, Li Junxing, served in the Taiping Rebellion of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. After the defeat, he returned to his hometown, farmed and self-sufficient, and often told him about the history of the Taiping Rebellion and the failure of the joint attack of imperialism and the Manchu Qing army.
Influenced by his father, Li Liejun learned literature and martial arts from an early age, loved fencing, and especially liked calligraphy. Slightly longer, wide-ranging, uninhibited. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), after Wuning's new Zhixian Wang Jundao took office, he extorted the villagers to pay the land endowment, and the people of the whole county complained, Li Liejun was indignant, and gathered the crowd to secretly discuss the expulsion of the king. One day, when wang returned to Ya, he led the crowd to rush up, beat the guards, smashed the official car, and after returning to the palace, the king immediately dispatched troops and generals to arrest the perpetrators, causing the anger of the people of the whole county, and the crowd rose up in solidarity, and finally drove Wang ZhiXian away.
In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (1901), Li Liejun was admitted to the Jiangxi Wubei Academy by the new Wuning Pengxian Order with his large stature and straightforward personality, and became Wu Jiezhang's proud protégé, and later was selected by the academy to take the Beijing examination with two academic subjects and thirty years better than Guangxu. After passing the examination, he was selected by the Beijing Military Training Office to study the Army in Japan and studied in the sixth phase of the Artillery Department of the Japanese Army Non-Commissioned Officer School. During his study abroad in Japan, he and Huang Xing and others jointly organized the "White Group" with the purpose of opposing Western imperialist aggression.
In August 1905, when Sun Yat-sen arrived in Tokyo, Huang Xing and others introduced Li Liejun to the first meeting with Sun Yat-sen, listened to Sun Yat-sen's speech on overthrowing the Manchu Qing government and establishing a democratic republic, and the idea of subjugating the revolution suddenly arose.
In 1907, he joined the League and became a senior figure in the League. In 1908, Li Liejun returned from Japan and served as the pipe belt of the 54th Standard 1st Battalion of the Jiangxi Mixed Formation Association, and was ordered to be arrested for carrying out revolutionary activities in the New Army. Through the introduction of Feng Guozhang and Li Jingyi, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, he went to Kunming in the spring of 1909 to serve as an instructor and military personnel of the Yunnan DaowuTang. Soon after, he took over as the general office (principal) of the army primary school and secretly carried out revolutionary activities.
In the autumn of 1911, when Li Liejun was ordered to go north, passing through Wuhan, Fang knew that the Wuchang uprising had been three days long and supported the Wuchang uprising. He was also appointed commander of the heavy artillery of the rebel army.
After the victory of the Wuchang Uprising, Jiujiang also responded to the Wuchang Uprising on October 23, 1911, under the instigation of the members of the League, Lin Sen, Jiang Qun and others, and established the Jiujiang Military and Political Branch, and elected Ma Yubao, the commander of the Fifty-three Standards, as the governor of the Jiujiang Military and Political Branch. Li Liejun returned to Jiujiang from Wuhan, and Jiang Qun, chief of the general staff of the military and government sub-governments, sincerely gave in, and Li Liejun could not resign, so he set up the office of the chief of the general staff in the office of Zhou Yu, a famous general of the Three Kingdoms, and formally took up his post.
After that, it not only prevented the Qing navy from sailing east from Wuhan to Shanghai with eleven warships and two torpedo boats, but also instigated the Qing navy to declare an uprising. Afterwards, Li Liejun was promoted to commander-in-chief of the Navy and Army, and the revolutionary forces in Jiujiang were greatly encouraged.
Later, Li Liejun was known for his strict management of the army and for democratic affairs, and was not elected as the governor of Anhui.
Shortly after the victory of the Wuchang Uprising, Feng Guozhang sent heavy troops to attack Wuchang, and Li Yuanhong sent an urgent telegram five times a day to ask Li Liejun for help, and Li immediately ordered the navy and army to assemble and lead the ships to the west, arrive in Wuchang, and quickly deploy the navy and army to control the important areas of Wuchang. Li Yuanhong appointed Li Liejun as the commander-in-chief of the five-provincial coalition army, so that Feng Guozhang did not dare to cross the Yangtze River, and Wuchang was able to turn the crisis into safety.
On March 19, 1912, Li Liejun returned to Jiangxi and became the governor of Jiangxi. During Li Liejun's reign, he vigorously carried out military, political, and economic reforms: reorganizing the governor's office, laying down departments and departments, reducing the number of personnel, selecting talents and appointing talents, and refreshing the administration of officials; sorting out finances, opening banks, straightening out taxes, building railways, building river embankments, developing transportation, and prospering the economy. After rectification, Jiangxi has become a province with great military, political, and economic development.
In March 1913, before the National Assembly was convened, Yuan Shikai sent people to assassinate Song Jiaoren, the chief of agriculture and forestry of the Provisional Government of Nanjing, and then signed an aftercare loan of 250 million yuan to the Bank of the Five Countries to prepare to extinguish the revolutionary forces. On May 5, Li Liejun sent a telegram with Tan Yanmin, the governor of Hunan, Hu Hanmin, the governor of Guangdong, and Bai Wenwei, the governor of Anhui, opposing Yuan Shikai's signing of a large loan with the Bank of the Five Kingdoms, and publicly pointing out that Yuan Shikai was a criminal who killed Song Jiaoren. Yuan Shikai was embarrassed and angry, and ordered Li Liejun to be relieved of his post as governor of the Jiangxi government.
Li Liejun went to Shanghai to meet with Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing, and others to discuss anti-Yuan matters. At the meeting presided over by Sun Yat-sen to woo Yuan, Li Liejun was elected commander-in-chief of Yuan. On July 8, Li Liejun returned from Shanghai to Hukou, and the provincial council unanimously elected Liejun as the commander-in-chief of Jiangxi Yuan, and on July 12, he set up the Yuan Commander-in-Chief in Hukou, and immediately declared the independence of Jiangxi, issued a letter to Discuss Yuan, and telegraphed the whole country. Subsequently, The provinces and cities of Xiang, Hubei, Anhui, Suzhou, Fujian, Shanghai, and Chongqing successively declared independence, and Yuan Shikai sent a large army to encircle and suppress them. Due to the disparity in strength and the lack of reinforcements, the revolutionary army retreated from Jiangxi, and the "second revolution" failed.
After the failure of the "Second Revolution," Sun Yat-sen decided to rebuild the Chinese Revolutionary Party and raise another revolution in view of the complexity, fragmentation, and ineffectiveness of the original League. It is stipulated that those who join the party must cover their fingers, make an oath, and absolutely obey the prime minister. Li Liejun, unlike many revolutionaries, did not understand this and refused to join this organization, but left Japan in January 1914 to investigate the political situation of various countries in Europe. In July, after the outbreak of the First World War, he returned to China and often contacted Chen Jiongming and Cen Chunxuan to discuss Yuan's grand plan and carry out revolutionary activities in Nanyang.
In early 1915, Yuan Shikai announced the restoration of the imperial system. On May 9, he openly accepted Japan's twenty-one articles aimed at "destroying China," betrayed national sovereignty, and aroused the resolute opposition of the people of the whole country. Li Liejun was also very angry, realized that he could not leave the revolutionary organization, and resolutely went through the formalities according to Sun Yat-sen's regulations and joined the Chinese Revolutionary Party.
Sun Yat-sen organized the "National Guard Army" with the aim of opposing Yuan Shikai's restoration of the imperial system and defending the republican system. Cai Yi served as the commander-in-chief of the First Army and sent troops to Sichuan; Li Liejun served as the commander-in-chief of the Second Army and marched into Liangguang; and Tang Jiyao served as the commander-in-chief of the Third Army, sitting in Yunnan.
On June 6, 1916, Yuan Shikai died in despair after serving as emperor for 63 days, and succeeded him as president, Li Yuanhong, announced the restoration of the Provisional Law and the National Assembly, and the end of the Patriotic War.
On June 16, 1922, Chen Jiongming rebelled in Guangzhou, besieging the presidential palace, sun Yat-sen took refuge on the Yongfeng ship, and sent a telegram ordering Li Liejun to return to the division to quell the chaos. In January 1923, the Yunnan-Guizhou coalition defeated Chen Jiongming. In February, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou, re-established the Grand Marshal's Office, and became the Grand Marshal of the Navy and The Army, and Li Liejun was appointed chief of staff.
In 1924, Li Liejun attended the first national congress of the Kuomintang held in Guangzhou, was elected as a member of the Central Executive Committee, he initially supported Sun Yat-sen's "three major policies of uniting with the Soviet Union, uniting the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers."During the meeting, Sun Yat-sen ordered the preparation of the "Whampoa Military Academy." Under the condition of determining Cheng Qian as the first principal, Li Liejun vigorously recommended Chiang Kai-shek as the principal, and said: "The principal seat is none other than Chiang Kai-shek", and finally Chiang Kai-shek was able to serve as the first president.
During Sun Yat-sen's visit to Shanghai, Li Liejun once served as a grand marshal.
In January 1925, Li Liejun overheard in Shanghai that Sun Yat-sen was critically ill in Beijing, and he rushed to Beijing to accompany Sun Yat-sen. On March 12, 1925, Sun Yat-sen died of illness in Beijing. Li Liejun presided over the funeral and personally planned to tie the knot: "Cai Yue Tang Wu, Gong Gai Huan Wen, Ninety Thousand Li Zhen Wei Name, Heaven Grant Rusi!" There are no ancients before, and there are no people who come after; out of the festival, into the praise of the machine, twenty years of common suffering, the mountain decadence and peace! The top is mourning for the country, and the bottom is private mourning. ”
After Sun Yat-sen's death, the Guangzhou government was acting grand marshal by Hu Hanmin, and Li Liejun, with a narrow-minded hu heart, did not return to Guangzhou, arrived in Zhangjiakou, met with Feng Yuxiang, and Feng immediately hired Li Liejun as the general counselor of the Nationalist Army. In December 1925, the Right Wing of the Kuomintang held an illegal Fourth Plenary Session of the Central Committee in Xishan, Beijing, openly opposing Sun Yat-sen's three major policies and engaging in anti-communist activities. Li Liejun sent a telegram to express his praise and became one of the kuomintang's right-wing figures, such as Xie Zhi, Lin Sen, Zou Lu, and Qin Zhen, who opposed Sun Yat-sen's three major policies. In August 1926, the Nationalist Army was defeated by the Feng Army, and he left the Nationalist Army to go south.
In October 1926, the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Jiangxi and captured Nanchang in November. The Nationalist government summoned Li Liejun and appointed him chairman of the Jiangxi provincial government.
In September 1927, the Kuomintang forces of Ning, Han, and Shanghai achieved unity on the basis of the Anti-Communist Party of the Qing Dynasty and organized the Central Special Committee, which was attended by six people from each of the three parties, and Li Liejun was one of the representatives of the Ning side.
In October 1928, the Nationalist government was reorganized, and Li Liejun, because of some political views that did not conform to the authorities, was left with only the false names of members of the Kuomintang Central Committee and members of the Nationalist Government, and did not hold real posts anymore, so he left Nanjing and went to Shanghai to recuperate.
In 1931, when the "September 18" incident was in serious danger, Li Liejun repeatedly telephoned Chiang Kai-shek to advocate a war of resistance against Japan, demanding that politics be reformed and that speech be respected freely so as to maintain the will of the people and unanimously insult the people. And sent all five of his boys to join the army. He traveled north and south, calling for unity and resistance against Japan.
In the summer of 1932, he went to Mount Tai to visit Feng Yuxiang and advised him to go out of the mountain to "help the crisis" and resist Japan to save the country. In October, he persuaded Yan Xishan to participate in the Battle of the Great Wall and fight against Japan together.
(Li Liejun had seven boys and three daughters, and sent 5 of his adult sons to the anti-Japanese battlefield)
In May 1933, after leaving the mountains, Feng Yuxiang organized an allied army in Zhangjiakou, and within a month, drove all the Japanese puppet troops out of Chahar, and Chiang Kai-shek was greatly annoyed, mobilized the army to recognize, and put pressure on the anti-Japanese allied forces. Li Liejun supported Feng Yuxiang and sent a telegram to the Kuomintang Central Committee to explain that Feng was "brazen in his righteousness and aimed at recovering the lost land," and proposed that "please grant great power and assume great responsibility." In order to resist foreign insults and go to the country together, he took illness to nanjing, Shanghai, Zhangjiakou, Lushan and other places many times, but he never said that Chiang Kai-shek gave up the idea that "foreign countries must first be safe inside".
In 1937, when the "July Seventh" War of Resistance broke out, Li Liejun, after a long illness, helped him to beijing, went to the country to suffer, and sent five of his seven sons to the front line of the anti-Japanese war. Later, due to hypertension, he returned to Wuning. In his hometown, he took the illness to Zhongshan Hall and Xiehe Middle School to give lectures, encouraging young people to exercise their physique, absorb new knowledge, and prepare them for national use. In December, he also insisted on going to Wuhan to meet Chiang Kai-shek and put forward the idea of resolutely resisting Japan, but due to the development of the war situation, he moved to Kunming, and later moved to Chongqing, the capital of the company, where he has been recuperating.
On February 20, 1946, Li Liejun, who was unsuccessful in his later years, died of depression in Chongqing due to hypertension myocardial infarction, at the age of 64.
The National Government ordered state funeral treatment. In view of Li Liejun's resolute anti-Japanese resistance and the awe-inspiring righteousness of sending his five sons to the battlefield, despite his anti-communist exclusion of the Communists, the CPC leaders proceeded from the great national righteousness and sent Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Deng Yingchao, and others to Chongqing to personally mourn. Expressing condolences and reverence for Li Liejun.
(Tombstone of Li Liejun and his wife)
(Statue of General Li Liejun)
Subsequently, his coffin was transported back to Wuning County, where he was buried in the town of Zhenxi and the reading desk on the edge of the Xiujiang River. In 1962, he was buried in Feifengshan, a suburb of Wuning County, due to the construction of the Garlin Reservoir. After the death of Mrs. Li, in November 1980, Li Liejun and his wife were buried together in the left halfway of the Wuning County Martyrs' Cemetery.
The cemetery of Li Liejun and his wife is now a key cultural relics protection unit in Jiangxi Province, and has been declared as a national cultural relics protection unit.
(Produced by One Point "Festival Research", Qilu Evening News - Qilu One Point Reporter Zhai Hengshui, References: The Beginning and End of the Second Revolution, The Life of Li Liejun, the Beginning and End of the Establishment of the Chinese Revolutionary Party, etc., Picture from the Internet)