Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique symbols for it

Newton 132, Newton, and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique symbols for it

Isaac Newton (Baidu Encyclopedia): ...

Newton was the discoverer of the law of universal gravitation.

... The Law of Universal Gravitation: See Newton 20-74...

He began to think about this problem in 1665-1666.

The Law of Universal Gravitation was published by Isaac Newton in 1687 in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

... law (English): n. law (system); statute; (one for an offence, agreement, etc.) law...

... Universal: adj. universal; universal; universal; universal; common; universal; widely applicable...

... Gravitation: n. Gravity...

...The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy: see Newton 1-77...

In a letter to him in 1679, R. Hooke proposed that gravity should be inversely proportional to the square of distance; that the orbit of the projectile higher on the Earth should be elliptical, and that if the Earth had a seam, the projectile would return to its original place (rather than the spiral toward the center of the Earth, as Newton had envisioned).

... R. Hooke: See Newton 17...

... Inverse, inverse ratio: see Newton 19...

Newton did not reply, but adopted Hooke's insights.

On Kepler's law of planetary motion and the results of others' research, he mathematically derived the law of universal gravitation.

... Kepler's Laws: See Newton 22-37...

... Research, research, research: see Euclid 42...

(...Euclid: Novel title... ）

... Mathematics, Learning, Mathematics: See Euclid 49...

... Fang, Method, Method: See Euclid 2, 3...

Newton unified the mechanics and celestial mechanics of objects on Earth into a basic mechanical system and created the classical mechanical theory system.

... Base, Ben, Basic: See Euclid 2...

... Force, Learning, Mechanics: See Galileo 49, 50...

(...Galileo: Novel title... ）

... Body, System, System: See Euclid 27...

... Theory, Theory: See Euclid 5...

(Classical mechanics theory system) correctly reflects the macroscopic motion law of low-speed motion of macroscopic objects, and realizes the first great unification of natural science.

This is a leap forward in human understanding of the natural world.

... Anti, Reflection, Reflection: See Euclid 22...

... Movement, Movement: See Galileo 9...

... Rules, Laws, Laws: See Euclid 43...

... Spontaneous, Natural: See Euclid 128...

... Science, Learning, Science: See Euclid 4...

... Natural Sciences: See Euclid 159...

... Recognize, recognize, know: see Euclid 51...

Mathematical achievements

Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz independently developed calculus and created their own unique symbols for it.

... Create, Create, Create: See Euclid 152...

... Symbols, symbols: see Euclid 160, 161...

According to those around Newton, Newton came up with his method a few years before Leibniz, but he published almost nothing until 1693 and did not give his full account until 1704.

In the meantime, Leibniz had published a complete account of his method in 1684.

... Contents, contents, contents: see Euclid 66...

In addition, Leibniz's notation and "differential method" were fully adopted on the European continent. After about 1820, the British also adopted this method.

Leibniz's notebooks record the development of his ideas from infancy to maturity, and in the records known to Newton, only his final results are found.

... Thoughts, Thoughts, Thoughts: See Euclid 154...

... Development, Development: See Galileo 21...

... Passing, Process: See Euclid 194...

... Fruit, Fruit, Result: See Newton 105...

Newton claimed that he had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he was afraid of being ridiculed.

Newton was closely associated with the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, who was drawn to Newton's law of gravitation from the outset.

... Connections, Departments, Connections: See Euclid 149...

In 1691, Dürer intended to write a new edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, but never completed it.

Some biographers who studied Newton believe that there may be an element of love in their relationship.

... Relationships, Systems, Relationships: See Euclid 75...

In 1694, however, the relationship between the two men cooled down.

At that time, Dürer also exchanged several letters with Leibniz.

In early 1699, other members of the Royal Society (of which Newton was a member) accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton's work.

The controversy broke out in full force in 1711.

Newton's Royal Society announced that an investigation had shown Thataton was the real discoverer, and Leibniz had been denounced as a liar.

But later, it was discovered that Leibniz's epilogue to leibniz was written by Newton himself, and the investigation was questioned. This led to a fierce calculus controversy between Newton and Leibniz and ruined The life of Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716.

The controversy drew a chasm between mathematicians in Britain and continental Europe and may have hindered the development of British mathematics for at least a century.

One of Newton's widely accepted achievements is the generalized binomial theorem.

... Broad, literal, generalized, bipolar, binomial theorem: see Euclid 81...

"At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, with the development of astronomy, navigation, engineering, trade, and the military, improving the methods of numerical calculation became a matter of urgency. J. Napier Napier (1550-1617) invented the logarithm in the course of studying astronomy in order to simplify its calculations.

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