Text / Li Houqiang
Professor and doctoral supervisor of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences
In the Chinese Table Mountain Black Stone Park in Yingjing County, Ya'an, Sichuan, there are many basalt stones, which are engraved with "Book of Heaven", some scholars believe that this may be the work left by the ancient Shu prince Shu Pan to fight against the Qin army here, and the "Book of Heaven" such as the tadpole Wen cliff stone carving in Xianju in Zhejiang, the ancient source stone carving in Guangchang in Jiangxi, the stone carving of Zhang Feiyu in Pengshui in Chongqing, and the cliff carving of Baojingyan in Aba Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan have not been cracked so far. Using the methods of historical materialism and dialectical materialism, we find that the "Book of Heaven" in Blackstone Park may be a "Bashu symbol", a "transitional graphic character", which is neither a pure graphic nor a pure text, and is in a state of transformation from a picture to a character. Figuratively speaking, the "Bashu symbol" is equivalent to a six- or seven-month fetus, which was stillborn because of the destruction of Shu by the Qin State, and is a mixed product of the Central Plains culture, Chu culture, and Ba culture. Many scholars have recently discovered a large number of ancient copper smelting sites in Ebian County, Yingjing County, Hongya County and other places near Table Mountain, which may be evidence that the ancient Shu prince Shu Pan minted money, which happens to corroborate with the "Bashu symbol".
"Water Classic Note" and other historical books record that when the Qin army invaded Chengdu in 316 BC, Shu Pan led 30,000 Shu people, chose to fight a decisive battle with the Qin army in the area of Table Mountain in Yingjing China, broke through the siege, fled to northern Viet Nam, established the Ouluo Kingdom, called himself "King of Anyang", and built its capital in Guluo, which is Dongying County near present-day Hanoi. According to the Viet Nam official history books "The Complete Book of the History of the Great Viet Nam" and the "Compendium of the King James History of the Yue Dynasty", King An Duong (Viet Nam: An Dương Vương) or "Enlightened Pan" (Viet Nam: Thục Phán) or "Enlightened Pan" was a descendant of the turtle spirit and the son of the Shu king Shu Pan during the Warring States period (476 BC to 221 BC) in China. Viet Nam scholar Tran Trong Kim believes that when the Qin Dynasty sent Zhao Tuo to attack Baiyue in 227 BC, the King of Anyang also submitted to the Qin Dynasty, and the Qin Dynasty set up Xiang County in the northern region of Vietnam. The France scholar Rousseau argues in the History of the Champa in the Early Qin Dynasty (Feng Chengjun's translation) that the prince of Shu (蜀曮) took advantage of the death of Qin Shihuang in 210 BC to seize the Xiangjun region and claim the title of King of Anyang. Viet Nam historical sources record that during the reign of Shu Pan, he made a spirit crossbow to resist several attacks by the Qin Dynasty. Viet Nam historians call King An Duong a great monarch.
▲ The color map of Bashu symbols comes from the Yingjing County Museum
▲ The black and white diagram of Bashu symbols comes from Yan Zhibin and Hong Mei's "Bashu Symbol Integration"
Yi Xudong, a well-known documentary writer, once vividly wrote that along the "Tibet-Qiang-Yi Corridor", Shu Pan led 30,000 troops, 20,000 craftsmen, anxious officials, sorcerers specializing in sacrifices, workers in charge of building cities, craftsmen who made bronze objects, and ...... people who escaped from Chengdu City. Wearing a high vertebral bun, the nobles also wore a high crown of lotus flowers. Meat is cooked in a three-legged clay bowl and bottled in a jar-shaped clay cup. Seashells are bought and sold as legal tender, collected, and buried. The sergeants wore more uniforms, with obvious protruding patterns on their clothes, cloud and thunder patterns on the front and back of the upper body, and deformed dragon patterns on the elbows. Whether the sergeant shoots the bow or wields the sword, he is physically and mentally united, handy, and can advance and retreat freely. ..... From Chengdu to Ya'an, the greater Xiangling, to Hanyuan, and then over the small Xiangling, to Lugu, Huili, through Kunming, Chuxiong, Yunnan, to Tonghai, along the Panlong River (Qingshui River)...."Shupan" fought bravely with the Qin army on the one hand, and fought wits with the indigenous tribes along the way, and allied with many tribes along the way, and was elected as the leader by many Yueyue tribes. Together with the tribesmen who joined one after another along the way, there were 100,000 people. This army-led group of migrants arrived in northern Viet Nam around late 315 BC. Along the way, the city of "Panxi" was built, leaving tombs and bronzes in Yuexi, Xichang, Yanyuan, Zhaojue, Huili and other places.
In any case, Shu Pan is a remarkable figure, and it is a fact that he bravely killed the enemy in the area of Table Mountain in China. In recent years, a number of military tombs have been found near the ancient city of Yingjing (Yandao), and the coffin cover has been unearthed, as well as a large number of Bashu-style weapons, copper ge, copper spears, copper swords, carved with the head of a tiger and the tail of a snake. In addition, many symbols are engraved on bronzes and seals. These symbols are called "Bashu symbols", "Bashu Tuyu" and "Bashu characters", and they mainly appear on Bashu weapons, tools and seals from the Warring States period to the early Han Dynasty. The excavation sites are mainly in Sichuan, Chongqing, western Hubei, Xiangxi, southern Shaanxi and other places, but the center is in Yingjing Table Mountain, Ya'an. Some scholars speculate that Shu Pan wanted to express his respect and nostalgia for the ancient Shu kings through the "Bashu symbol". The copper spoon unearthed from the Warring States site of Chengdu Sandong Bridge is engraved with five Bashu runes, the upper row is the bird inscription, the fish inscription, the lower row is the turtle inscription, the heart inscription. Yuwen, referring to the fish; Bird text, referring to Du Yu; Turtle text, referring to the turtle spirit; The heart, like an insect, is suspected to be a silkworm bush. It seems to be explaining that the ancient Shu ancestors lived forever, with the meaning of prayer.
In April 2019, we published an article entitled "The World Problem "Bashu Symbol Seal" Solved in Sichuan Yingjing", which has been cited a lot. We answered a series of questions that the academic community is concerned about, such as, why are the Bashu symbols mainly found in the coffins of the Warring States period? Why are there these symbols on Sengoku weapons? Why do many Bashu symbolic seals have the word "king"? Why is it mainly concentrated in Yingjing County, Sichuan Basin? What exactly does the Yingjing Bashu symbol seal contain? and so on. Symbolic seals are a cultural feature of China. The Bashu symbol seal is the most mysterious, known as the "Ninth Wonder of the World" or the "Goldbach Conjecture" in the archaeological community, and no one has cracked it so far. The most striking feature of this type of seal is that the seal surface is mainly cast with tiger stripes, palm patterns, pedicle patterns, cirrus clouds, water waves, animals and plants, etc., rather than Chinese characters (a few are mixed), which is very different from the seal of the Central Plains. Since 1954, the Bashu symbol seal was unearthed in Zhaohua Baolun Institute in Sichuan, and there are more than 20 places in Sichuan that have unearthed more than 100 peculiar seals of this kind of Warring States period, and the locations are all over the east, west, north, south and middle of Sichuan. More than 80 pieces have been unearthed near the Chinese Table Mountain in Sichuan, which is the most concentrated and abundant, so the Yingjing Table Mountain has become a breakthrough and the main battlefield for cracking the Bashu symbol seal.
In order to crack the Bashu symbolic seal, we use the "reduction method" (to return to the economic and social conditions of the Warring States period to think) and the "combination method" (to combine weapons and seals, symbols and Chinese characters to study), in fact, we use historical materialism and dialectical materialist methods. We found that the Bashu symbol is a "transitional graphic character", neither pure graphics, nor pure words, is in the process of transformation from pictures to words, equivalent to six or seven months of fetus, because of the Qin State to destroy Shu and stillborn, is the Central Plains culture, Chu culture, Ba culture mixed products, by no means a kind of text, so the printed graphics are similar to "Japanese", as if to know but do not know its meaning, both Chinese characters, and foreign words, "hiragana", "katakana". The only Japanese language in the world is a hybrid. From this, it seems that the "Japanese characteristics" originated from the graphic symbols of Sichuan, especially the Yingjing Table Mountain. We found that the "Bashu symbol seal" means to engage in a certain occupation or have a certain skill, which is equivalent to today's "driver's license", "accounting certificate", "engineer certificate" or "work permit" and other documents, the seal with the word "Wang" is issued by the official, and the seal without the word "Wang" belongs to the private seal carving, similar to the idle seal and Xiao Xingxi. Most of the pre-Qin ancient seals that can be confirmed today belong to the Warring States Period, and there are about 6,000 ancient seals remaining, which are divided into two categories: official seals and private seals. There are only about 300 official seals, most of which are private seals. At that time, there was a system of conferring seals, resigning officials, and dismissing officials, and each official had a corresponding official seal as a certificate of his status and exercise of power. The remaining official seals have copper, jade, pottery and other textures, and most of them are copper. The private seals of the Warring States period, most of the copper relics remain. There are various shapes of copper seals, and the seal body has square, rectangular, round, oval, semicircular and irregular shapes such as heart, crescent and rectangle. There are noses, pavilions, snakes, birds, beasts, and hook equations. Private seals can be divided into three categories: name seals, idle seals, and Xiao-shaped seals. Some of the seal is engraved with a name, and some are only engraved with a single surname or a single name, and the seal inscription ranges from 1~4 characters. A large number of ancient surnames have been preserved, and there are nearly 50 kinds of double surnames alone, many of which have long been lost, and even some surnames are not recorded in the literature. Xianwen Xi or idiom seal. There are more than 120 kinds of relics of idle inscriptions, and the repetition of the text reaches seven or eight hundred squares, which are divided into self-cultivation categories: respecting the body, respecting things, being in the middle, and up and down, etc., such texts are more than Confucian classics, reflecting the far-reaching influence of Confucianism in the Warring States Period; The Bashu symbol seal unearthed in Yingjing Table Mountain has Chinese characters such as "king", "respect", "rich", "long live", "feasible", etc., which fully shows that it is a private seal of the Warring States period rather than an official seal, and belongs to the category of self-cultivation and auspicious language. Some seals may be the mark of a sailor, a firm. The owner of the tomb with a seal is not necessarily an official, but may be a craftsman technician, but the owner of the tomb with a ship coffin and a seal must be an official, mainly a big businessman and a relative of the emperor.
According to experts, the Bashu symbol was produced before the Enlightened Dynasty of the ancient Shu Kingdom, and was in the process of evolution in the Shang (3620 years ago), Zhou (3068 years ago), Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (2790 years ago), and Qin (2240 years ago). There are more than 200 kinds of Bashu symbols "Tuyu" that have been discovered, and more than ninety percent of them are engraved on bronze weapons, dating from the Western Zhou Dynasty in the 9th century BC to the Western Han Dynasty in the 1st century BC. Soldiers are also a profession, that is, people who fight wars, and soldiers can also carry personal seals, but also weapons. The carving of the Bashu symbol on the bronze weapon is to ward off evil spirits, blessings, and win wars safely, which is the product of the primitive religion of ancient Shu, especially for the establishment of Taoism to lay a social foundation. Taoism was first founded in Yingjing China's Table Mountain-Wawu Mountain, and formed in Dayi Heming Mountain, and Taoist painting is particularly popular. The "Chengdu spear" unearthed in Yingjing County has Chinese characters "Chengdu" and "Gong", indicating that weapons cannot be privately owned, and must be public property. The word "Chengdu" indicates the place of production. The different animal ornaments on the weapons (tigers, dragons, birds, fishes, etc.) indicate different levels and different levels of power, and the "tiger" has the right to transfer troops. During the Warring States Period, the lacquerware of Chengdu was more famous, and it was sold at home and abroad, and it was found in the tombs of the Marquis of Haiyang in Jiangxi. On the Warring States lacquerware unearthed in Yingjing County, there are Chinese characters such as "Wang Bang". Shopping malls are like battlefields, and they also have to "fight", so merchants must have a marking symbol, which is a seal.
Why are the Bashu symbols mainly concentrated in Yingjing Chinese Table Mountain? This is because Table Mountain was the main battlefield in the southwest during the Warring States Period, especially the ancient battlefield where Shupan fought against the Qin army. Historically, Yingjing is the location of the Ba Yan people, the birthplace of pottery, the location of the Minshan Kingdom and the Tsing Yi Qiang Kingdom, the ancient bronze production place, the registration place of the "National Bank" of Yandao Copper Mountain, the ancient postal place (Yandao Qiongyou), and the ancient commercial center. Seals originated in pottery and were first used by the Ba people. Chinese pottery was produced in the early Neolithic Age, with a history of more than 8,000 years, and the most primitive pottery is the molding method, which is to put a bamboo basket or rope in the mold, and then apply mud to the mold, and take it out after it is half dry, and the surface of the pottery blank will leave a clear basket or rope imprint. Inspired by this pattern, the ancestors later carved the pattern directly on the pottery plate, which became the source of the continental decorative pattern and seal art, and the pottery scripture was born from this. Sand ware and the ancient city go hand in hand. The history of Yingjing sand ware is far before Yixing purple sand. Counting only from the construction of Yan Dao (312 BC) of King Huiwen of Qin, it has a history of about 2,300 years. In fact, Yingjing black pottery is a living fossil of ancient pottery 8,000 years ago, and pottery seals first appeared in Yingjing. The pottery seals of the Qin Dynasty are different from the pottery seals of the Warring States period, which basically use standard small seal characters, and only a few of them retain the style of the Warring States period. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, the ancient city of Yandao is located in a corner, business and travel are increasing, and Yandao is becoming more and more prosperous. Therefore, the most "Wang" character seals have been unearthed in Table Mountain, China, mainly because there are many official exchanges.
Archaeological experts have found that the raw materials, ingredients, shapes and production processes of the pottery in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have the main characteristics of Yingjing sand ware. Wang Mingliang of Southwest University for Nationalities pointed out in the article "The Excavation and Research Status of Bashu Seals" that in 1985, a total of 42 Bashu symbol seals (now there are more than 80) were unearthed in Tongxin Village, Yingjing, which was the most concentrated. Guyan Daocheng is an important post station on the Southern Silk Road and the starting point of the Yak Road. The ancient Yandao culture of Yingjing is earlier than the Sanxingdui culture of Guanghan. The original inhabitants of Yingjing were the Ba people and the Mi, Di, Tsing Yi and other ethnic groups of the Diqiang system, as well as the Chu people from outside. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC - 221 BC), King Minshanzhuang, a descendant of King Chu Zhuang, was about the fifth to fourth centuries BC, with Yingjing City as the center, and the Chu people established the Minshan Kingdom as a vassal of the Chu State. Yingjing County was under the jurisdiction of King Minshanzhuang, and the water and land transportation was very convenient, so it became a transfer station for the Chu State to transport gold from the Lishui area. In the sixth century B.C., Yingjing was already the copper smelting base of the enlightened Ming Dynasty of Shu, the "money bag", and it was also the center of the copperware, yak and horse trade of the enlightened Shu Kingdom. From Chengdu to Yunnan via Yandao, it can go directly to northern Myanmar and then to India.
The cliff carvings of the Eastern Han Dynasty "He Junzun Pavilion" discovered in Yingjing County in 2004 confirmed the existence of this road, so Zhang Qian sent an envoy to the Western Regions to discover Shu cloth and cane in Bactria (Afghanistan). All kinds of tombs and unearthed cultural relics from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han dynasties found in the ancient city of Yandao mainly include: a large number of bronzes, cooking utensils, seals, pottery, etc. A large number of lacquerware (box, flat pot, ear cup, sword), wood (comb, grate, rod), pottery (pot, kettle), bamboo (basket, basket) and so on were unearthed in the Warring States Tomb Group of Yingjing Zengjiagou. The discovery of lacquerware fills the gap in Sichuan as a lacquerware production base without unearthed physical evidence. One of the lacquer boxes is engraved with the word "into grass", by expert identification, Chengdu in the name of the front, there is "into grass", "into the pavilion" said, for the evolution of Chengdu to get the name of the process of providing a rare material material, at the same time show that the relationship between Yingjing and Chengdu is very close. The Yingjing symbol seal is the certificate of soldiers, potters, copper mine craftsmen, postal workers and merchants, and is a sign of identity and skills.
What is the intent of the Yingjing Chinese Table Mountain Bashu Symbol Seal? In 1981, a seal unearthed from the tomb of the Warring States period in Yingjing Lie Taixiang was printed with the Chinese character "百". Later, it was also discovered that some seals had Chinese characters such as "Fu", "Yue", "Tian", "Ten", "Heart", "Long Live", "Jingshi" and "Feasible". Even more interesting is the Chinese character "Duo", which is a seal used in ancient times to announce political and religious decrees, indicating that it is related to government and religion. What do the symbols on the seal mean, in addition to the Chinese characters? It's still a mystery. In the ancient Shu symbol seal of Table Mountain in China, there are also geometric symbols such as "hand", "heart", "crescent", "tree", "phoenix" and "triangle", and we believe that "hand" means doing things and doing work. "Heart" means conscience, love, longing, and loyalty. "Crescent" means justice, incorruptibility, and discernment. "Tree" means nature, growth. "Phoenix Bird" is a legendary sacred bird in China. It is recorded in the Great Wilderness Western Classic that the phoenix bird refers to the phoenix, which has appeared in the time of Emperor Shun and King Wen of Zhou, indicating the prosperity of the times and the success of the career. The "triangle" tip up indicates male, and tip down indicates female. It can be seen that the symbol of Yingjing Bashu is a graphic language that expresses one's wishes with the help of nature. Most of these seals are cast in copper (Yingjing is the source of copper), and most of them are round in shape, a few are square, rectangular, semicircular, oval, and some are in the shape of a "mountain" or a crescent. The vivid and concrete printing surface, with clear geometric lines and symmetrical patterns, conveys the idea of harmony and unity of the ancients. The abstract ancient prints of the dialogue between living beings and celestial phenomena are worth pondering.
Many scholars believe that the Bashu symbol is a symbol with primitive witchcraft overtones. Some say that the Bashu seal may be a kind of border pass use certificate, and some say that the seal is just a waist ornament of the ancients...... It is more reliable to say that the Bashu seal has a military purpose, because in the military tombs around the ruins of the ancient city of Yandao, a large number of bronze weapons have been excavated along with the Bashu seal, and there are similar mysterious symbols on the weapons.
A symbol is a symbol, but also a carrier, carrying the message sent by both sides of the exchange. The origin of the existing Chinese copper seal is the late Shang Dynasty "Yaluoxi" seal (now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei), "Yaluoxi" is the clan and personal name of a nobleman in the late Shang Dynasty, and similar inscriptions can be found on the bronzes of the late Shang period. In the pre-Qin period, seals were used as credit seals for individuals and social institutions, and the number of official seals was much larger than that of private seals, and they were not widely used among the people. By the Han Dynasty, the development of seals entered its heyday, not only used by nobles and officials, but also became more widely used in society, which led to the transformation of seals from trust tools to works of art.
▲ Yingjing County Museum marks the LOGO Bashu symbol
The logo of the Yingjing County Museum is a Bashu symbol seal. Among them is the word "king", as well as pointed S, five stars, seven stars, ~, 9 and other symbols. We think this is a private seal of a "civil servant" because of the word "king". Other symbols are natural forms to express one's wishes, to bless oneself or one's loved ones. The pointed S represents 2 characters, which means both sides, yin and yang, cooperation, heaven and earth, etc., which is the original figure of Tai Chi, and doing business is a contract, a contract. The "Five Stars" are magical symbols that represent the sun, life, health, and the five elements (i.e., gold, wood, water, fire, and earth). "Seven" is the cornerstone of nature's creation, and "Seven Stars" represents the stars, cycles, "Big Dipper", direction, and compass. ~ shape, indicating water waves, boatmen, occupations. 9-shaped, representing tiger tail, cirrus clouds, and heaven. The meaning of the LOGO of Yingjing County Museum is "to do water transportation for the country, day and night, wind and rain, God bless, healthy and safe return". This seal is actually a "model worker" certificate, a technician certificate. These seals are small points in bronzes, as large as copper coins, as small as buttons, and weigh a few grams at most, mainly for carrying and traveling. The seal of the living is tied to the belt of the trousers, and the person is buried with the person after death, and placed it on the waist, indicating that it is an important object and can be taken at hand.
The "Bashu Symbol Collection" (published in July 2019), edited by Yan Zhibin and Hong Mei, collects 835 pieces of Bashu symbols and artifacts, and appendices 48 pieces, and makes basic research on the period, types, characteristics, laws and correspondence between carriers, materials and symbols of Bashu symbols. In particular, for the 272 kinds of Bashu symbols, 12 kinds of human shapes, 26 kinds of animal shapes, 33 kinds of plant shapes, 31 kinds of utensils, 20 kinds of architectural shapes, and 150 kinds of geometric shapes are summarized, which is very useful for us to study Bashu symbols. According to the "Complete Biography of the King of Shu", the turtle Ling (Bingling) should be a person near Zunyi City, Guizhou (Yanshui), who had a meritorious role in governing the Minjiang and Tuojiang rivers, and the Enlightened Dynasty existed for more than 300 years (666 BC to 316 BC), a total of 12 generations, and the last king Luzi Bawang had a lot of contacts with King Qin Huiwen (356 BC-311 BC). According to the "Records of the Foreign Regions of Jiaozhou", the "Notes on the Book of Water" records the historical events of the sons of the King of Shu, the King of Anyang, Meizhu and Zhao Tuo, the King of Nanyue. According to historical materials such as "The Complete Book of Dayue Historical Records", "Huayang National Chronicles", "Shu Wang's Benji", "Shuijing Notes" and other historical materials, we speculate that the enlightened dynasty of Turtle Ling has always regarded the Table Mountain Copper Mine as its "money bag", and established a solid economic and military base in Yingjing, so it has left a large number of Bashu symbols. Shu Pan, the son of the late king Luzi overlord, was already familiar with Table Mountain in China, and for the sake of safety, he might even be stationed in Table Mountain for a long time, and smelt copper and mint money in Yingjing, Hongya, Ebian and other places, and fought with the Qin army at Table Mountain for at least half a year in the autumn of 316 BC, and finally because 30,000 Shu people could not withstand the fierce attack of the 200,000 army of Qin, they had to continue to move south. The ancient battlefields, military tombs, Bashu symbols, copper smelting sites left by the Enlightened Dynasty and Shu Pan near Table Mountain, as well as the deeds of the ancient people of Table Mountain who enthusiastically joined the army, bravely killed the enemy, and lived and died with Shu Pan, are worthy of in-depth study.
We refer to Jin Qizhen's "Exploration of Rare Inscriptions in Chinese Dynasties" and find that the Bashu symbols are similar to the "Red Rock Tablet" in Anshun, Guizhou, the "Miao Inscription" in Leigongshan, Guizhou, the "Xianzitan Cliff Carving" in Zhangzhou, Fujian, the "Xianju Tadpole Wen Cliff Carving" in Taizhou, Zhejiang, the "Xianju Central Pit Cliff Carving", Jiangxi's "Guangchang Ancient Source Stone Carving Heavenly Book", Shandong Shouguang Cangjie Tomb Stone Room "Bird Trace Book Carving Stone", Sichuan Aba "Jiuzhaigou Baojingyan Charm Cliff Stone Carving", Chongqing Qijiang "Palm Wen Stone Tablet", Chongqing Pengshui Tianshu "Zhang Feiyu Stone Carving" and other strange texts, which are still difficult to decipher, but almost all of them are pre-Qin works. On the large basalt rocks in the Black Rock Park of Table Mountain, China, there are also a large number of similar "stone carvings in the Book of Heaven", and the artificial traces are obvious, and it is likely that they are the commemorative symbols left by Shu Pan here.
▲ Guangchang ancient source stone carving "Book of Heaven"
▲The stone carving "Book of Heaven" in China's Table Mountain Blackstone Park
▲The stone carving "Book of Heaven" in China's Table Mountain Blackstone Park
In short, we believe that the "Bashu Symbol Seal" is a transitional figure, a mixture of Central Plains Chinese characters and Bashu characters, similar to the combination of foreign characters and kana in Japanese. The Cuban Shu script was stillborn due to the invasion of the Qin State. Yingjing China's Table Mountain Yandao ancient city of pottery, bronze, mail, commerce, tea, water transport and so on have a long history, developed economy, strong strength, so it has become the economic rear and military support of the enlightened king, become the place of Shu Pan battle, and become the concentration area and enrichment place where the Bashu symbol seal is unearthed. The stone carving "Book of Heaven" on the basalt rocks in China's Table Mountain Black Rock Park may be an oath or message left by King Shu Pan of Anyang in Viet Nam during the Warring States Period! (22 September 2024)
Editor-in-Chief | Zhao Kunli
Editor-in-charge | Breeze
American Editor | Kai Xin