‘...... Although I have my own convictions, I cannot be denied hope when it comes to hope, because hope lies in the future, and I must not convince him of his so-called existence with the proof that I must not have it...'
——Lu Xun's "Scream" Self-Prologue
Lu Xun and Qian Xuantong are two famous gentlemen in the history of Chinese culture, and people who have seen the historical drama "The Age of Awakening" should know that without Qian Xuantong, Lu Xun is likely to not have achieved such a high achievement.
Qian Xuantong can be said to have a bole favor for Lu Xun, but when did the two gentlemen part ways, and even sneer at each other?
After the death of Mr. Lu Xun, Qian Xuantong said in the article "My Remembrance and Brief Comments on Zhou Yucaijun": "My friendship with him was still sparse in the first nine years, the most dense in the middle decade, and extremely sparse in the last ten years,—— and there was really no contact. ”
It can be seen that they have been dating for 29 years, and they naturally know each other better than ordinary friends, what happened to this that the two are strangers? Let's start with the two of us meeting.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > acquaintance and companionship of comrades in the literary world</h1>
Qian Xuantong, a native of Wuxing, Zhejiang, whose original name was Yi, also known as Xia, also known as Deqian, also known as Xuantong, lost his father at a young age, and was brought up by his elder brother Qian Qian.
When he was a child, his childhood tutor was very strict, and his father and brother often urged him to study and study, so his roots in Traditional Chinese studies were quite deep.
In September 1906, Qian Xuantong went to Japan to study with his eldest brother Qian Qian, who studied teacher training at Waseda University.
In 1908, Mr. Zhang Taiyan, a revolutionary and a master of traditional Chinese studies, was lecturing in Japan, and Lu Xun and others admired Mr. Zhang very much, so they asked Mr. Zhang to open a class for them.
Mr. Zhang Taiyan liked these studious young people very much, so he gladly agreed, Qian Xuantong was one of the 8 students in this class, and several other students were also well-known figures in the literary world, namely Xu Shousheng, Qian Jiazhi, Gong Weisheng, Zhu Zonglai, Zhu Xizu, Zhou Zuoren, and Lu Xun.
It was at this time that Qian Xuantong and Lu Xun became acquainted, but at that time they were only the same window, not familiar, Lu Xun's deepest impression of Qian Xuantong was that he often moved when he was on his knees on the tatami, and it seemed that he was not used to the Japanese tatami sitting posture, so Lu Xun privately gave him the nickname 'crawling around', and later in his letter to Zhou Zuoren, he also jokingly called Qian Xuantong 'climbing'.
After studying under Mr. Zhang Taiyan's class, Qian Xuantong did not seem to have much communication with Lu Xun and others, and Lu Xun returned to China in August 1909 as a teacher of physiology and chemistry at the Hangzhou and Zhejiang normal schools and a botanical translator for the Japanese teacher Suzuki Katsutoshi.
Qian Xuan returned to China in the autumn of 1910 the same year, arrived in Beijing in 1913, and became a professor at Beijing Normal University and Peking University after 1916, during which time there was no exchange.
According to Lu Xun's diary, after mid-May 1917, their exchanges gradually became more frequent, and after September, the exchanges became more and more intense, and Qian Xuantong often went to the Shaoxing Guild Hall in the southern half of Xuanwu District to visit the Zhou brothers.
This was because at that time, Chen Duxiu was already the dean of liberal arts at Peking University, the magazine "New Youth" had already been set up in Beijing, and the "literary movement" had been launched at the beginning of the year.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="80" > one-sentence click: out of the negative and the birth of "Lu Xun"</h1>
At this time, although Qian Xuantong was called an old-school scholar who studied the study of literary rhythms commonly known as 'primary schools', he was the first to support literary reform.
At this time, he was struggling to lobby the Zhou brothers, who once said: "I think that the zhou brothers' thinking is one of the best in China, so I try my best to encourage them to write articles for the New Youth." ”
Zhou Zuoren loved literature, and quickly agreed to the manuscript and handed over many excellent articles.
And Zhou Shuren, in addition to going to work, is copying Buddhist scriptures and ancient monuments, at this time he has been discouraged, and even his life has been threatened, he believes that writing articles cannot change the status quo, and his heart is full of negativity.
On the other hand, Qian Xuantong was unyielding, and once, when Qian Xuantong and Zhou Shuren were under the old locust tree in the Tree Repair Bookstore, Qian Xuantong once again expressed the hope that he would pick up a pen to participate in anti-feudal cultural criticism activities.
At this time, Zhou Shuren said a very famous sentence to this day.
He said, "If an iron house is windowless and is difficult to destroy, and there are many sleeping people in it, they will soon suffocate, but from sleep to death, they will not feel the sorrow of death." Now that you are shouting and startling up a few of the more sober ones, and causing this unfortunate minority to suffer from irreparable dying, do you think you are worthy of them? ”
These few words made people fully feel Lu Xun's disappointment and even despair about the situation at that time.
But Qian Xuantong did not waver in the slightest, and he replied to Lu Xun categorically: "However, since a few people have risen, you cannot say that there is absolutely no hope of destroying this iron house." ”
It was this sentence that awakened Lu Xun, who re-realized that hope cannot be erased, because hope lies in the future, so Lu Xun lifted his pen and made the first 'scream' of the literary world, "Diary of a Madman".
At this time, Lu Xun was very appreciative and admired qian Xuantong's behavior in anti-feudalism, so he always supported Qian Xuantong, and Qian Xuantong once advocated abolishing Chinese characters and using the Roman alphabet instead, and said that he would change it to Esperanto.
This proposition seems outrageous even now, not to mention that more than eighty years ago, it was immediately attacked by the conservative literati, and it was extremely violent.
Lin Qinnan, one of the representative figures of the old school, once wrote in his novel "Jingsheng" that there is a character Jin Xinyi, which is to allude to Qian Xuantong, Jin to Qian, heart to Xuan, and different to the same.
The remarks in the novel that disparage Jin Xinyi are "words that hurt heaven and harm reason" and "words of animals and beasts".
"Jin Sheng's short-sighted (Qian Xuantong short-sightedness) husband took his glasses and threw them, then Bo died like a hedgehog, mud head is not his own, the husband laughed: 'Erzhi is crazy like Li Zhen, a monster in the straight world.'" ”
And Qian Xuantong's behavior of almost pointing at the nose and cursing has long been no surprised, because Qian Xuantong has always carried out cultural innovation in an extreme way, and the results have been widespread.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="90" > the gradual cooling of the "comradeship" in the literary world</h1>
At this time, Lu Xun and Qian Xuan and the two gentlemen supported and encouraged each other, becoming one of the most courageous fighters in this struggle, and the relationship had become the most solid comrade-in-arms, and they had been struggling in the front line for several years.
Unfortunately, the good times did not last long, and in early 1922, Hu Shi withdrew from the editorial office and ran a weekly newspaper called "Effort" to illustrate the disintegration of the united front of the new culture.
This actually means that the new culture has reached a certain effective response, and the dissolution of "New Youth" made Lu Xun feel dazed, and once said in "Title (Wandering)": "The group of "New Youth" has dispersed, some have risen, some have advanced, and I have experienced the same battle partners again and said that it will change like this..."
Qian Xuantong did not edit and concentrated on becoming a university professor.
Although they still have the same attitude towards the various forces that are sniping at feudalism, their feelings have cooled down slightly.
During this period, Lu Xun broke with his younger brother Zhou Zuoren due to family disputes.
Soon after, in July 1925, on the way to reaping the results, Qian Xuantong and Lu Xun had another difference of opinion, and Zhou Zuoren first proposed that no pressure should be exerted on the collapsed figures, and that 'Fair play 'Fair play'" Zhou Zuoren thought that killing tigers was a very despicable act.
And Lu Xun believes that reform should cut the grass and remove the roots, avoiding more sacrifices.
Although Qian Xuantong did not express his views at this time, his relationship with Zhou Zuoren was obviously better.
In August 1926, Lu Xun left Beijing for Xiamen, but the person who came to see him off did not have Qian Xuantong, and at this time it can be seen that the relationship between the two is not harmonious.
Because at this time, Qian Xuantong was engaged in the ancient history debate movement with Gu Jiegang, and Lu Xun and Gu Jiegang had a very bad relationship, so he tacitly opened a relationship with Qian Xuantong.
This is probably one of the reasons why Qian Xuantong criticized Lu Xun for being "suspicious," "credulous," and "angry" after his death.
In May 1929, Lu Xun left Lu to visit his relatives in Beiping, and when he rebelled against Lu, he had an unpleasant meeting with Qian Xuantong.
Qian Xuantong and Lu Xun met at Kongde Middle School, and when Qian Xuantong saw Lu Xun's business card or 'Zhou Shuren', he took the initiative to ask, "Hasn't your name been changed to two words?" How can you still use these three words of business cards? ”
Lu Xun replied, "My business card never uses two words, nor does it use four words." ”
And Qian Xuantong just happened to like to abolish the surname on the business card to call himself 'Doubtful Ancient Xuantong', Lu Xun's words seemed to be a secret irony of Qian Xuantong's reasons for making a mistake.
Just at this time, Gu Jie had just arrived, and Lu Xun saw that Gu Jie was stunned for a moment, and left without saying anything, as if the two would have nothing to do with each other after that.
Lu Xun wrote back to Xu Guangping in the evening: "On the way to The Kongde School, to read old books, when I met Jin Liyin (Qian Xuantong), fat and slippery, chattering as before, time is a pity, silent and not talking; a little later, Zhu Shangen knocked on the door, saw me, that is, spider cabinet, eyes like rats, and finally retreated, which was extremely ridiculous. ’
Zhu Shangen refers to Gu Jiegang, because Gu Jiegang suffers from rosacea, and his nose is red, while the ancients called the nose a mountain root.
Because Gu Jie was so angry when he first came to Lu Xun, it can be seen that Qian Xuantong's evaluation of Lu Xun's "anger" does not seem to be arbitrary.
Since then, the relationship between Qian and Lu seems to have fallen to the point of no return, and Qian Xuantong, after learning that Lu Xun joined the Chinese Left-Wing Writers' Union, ironically called him 'Left-Wing Gong' and 'Left Gong'.
Speaking of Lu Xun's collection of essays, "Three Idle Collections" and "Two Hearts Collections", they also cursed the two books as "boring, rogue, and shameless".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="96" > from verbal warfare to verbal warfare</h1>
On February 22, 1930, Qian Xuantong wrote a letter to Zhang Yanqian rumoring that Lu Xun was crazy in Shanghai, causing some students to write letters to Shanghai to comfort Lu Xun.
In November 1932, Lu Xun visited his relatives in Beiping for the last time, during which the students of Beijing Normal University wanted to invite Lu Xun to give a speech at the school, so they found Qian Xuantong.
According to Mr. Jiang Deming's account, Qian Xuantong was very angry and shouted: "I don't know a person with the surname Lu."
Ignoring his rogue attitude, the student personally threatened the student when he went to invite Lu Xun: "If Lu Xun comes to Shida to give a speech, I will not be the director!" ”
However, the student still said that he did not listen to his threats, or invited Lu Xun, and also told Lu Xun about Qian Xuantong's words and performances, and Lu Xun was very angry after hearing it, saying: "Qian Xuantong is really arrogant. ”
This can be said to be one of the most embarrassing moments in Qian Xuantong's life.
Afterwards, in December, Lu Xun wrote a poem "Four Miscellaneous Songs of the Professor", which began by satirizing Qian Xuantong: "The method does not kill itself, and it is leisurely forty." Why gamble on fat heads and resist dialectics. ”
Qian Xuantong once joked that "everyone over the age of forty should be shot" and such an imprecise remark, and it is said that he once said at Peking University that "the head can be broken, and dialectics cannot be taught." ”
Lu Xun used this poem to ridicule the irresponsible and reckless paranoid personality of the literati, and at this time it can be seen that Lu Xun already regarded Qian Xuantong as a literati who was no different from the old school.
This is not to blame Lu Xun, in 1930 on Hu Shi's birthday, Qian Xuantong personally wrote a long "shou preface", which was an old idea that he had openly and vigorously opposed before.
This was probably one of the reasons why Lu Xun had changed his mind about him.
It is recorded in Lu Xun's complete collection that Lu Xun once used such a sentence to express his evaluation of his former comrades-in-arms: "... As far as I can see, those who used to become warriors are now deliberately dangerous, or they are dying, and even their behavior and words are very vulgar and ridiculous, and they are embarrassed to be with them, and they are not allowed to fight with them. There must be money in these words.
On the morning of October 19, 1936, Mr. Lu Xun died in Shanghai, and Qian Xuantong quickly wrote an article to commemorate Lu Xun, entitled "My Remembrance and Brief Comments on Zhou Yucaijun", which talked about Lu Xun's three points of strengths and three points of weakness.
The three lengths are:
(1) The most rigorous study;
(2) The spirit of 'cultivation' of the heart of the nameless system, and the books of the compilation and proofreading, are very refined, and there is no shoddy fabrication;
(3) Read history and look at the world, have a sharp vision, and be able to diagnose chinese social diseases;
The three shorts are:
(1) Suspicious;
(2) Credulity;
(3) Anger.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="101" > conclusion</h1>
Lu Xun's feud with Qian Xuantong finally ended with the death of one of them.
They have changed from close comrades-in-arms to verbal opponents, perhaps due to ideological antagonisms or the rifts created by the times.
Since Mr. Lu Xun died earlier than Mr. Qian Xuantong, we can no longer know Mr. Lu Xun's comprehensive evaluation of Mr. Qian Xuantong.
However, the leaders of the new cultural movement have left a strong color in the history of literature.
Qian Xuantong's son Qian Sanqiang, as the father of China's atomic bomb, has made outstanding contributions in the field of science and technology, and they have all brought new hope to China.