Elon Musk is the world's richest man, and the conversation about him has never stopped. Recently, he suddenly posted a poem in Chinese characters on his Twitter, which attracted everyone's attention. This is Cao Zhi's "Seven-Step Poem" from the Three Kingdoms period, and Musk quickly posted the same content on Chinese social media. It is widely believed that this is related to the recent dispute between the United Nations Food Programme and Musk. Cao Zhi lived in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and the great poet Xie Lingyun once praised Cao Zhi: "There is a stone in the world, Cao Zhi has eight buckets, I have a fight, and the world is divided into one bucket." ”
Writer Wei Fenghua believes that the casual and open-minded words and deeds, the appreciation and reward through social networks, as well as the discussion of metaphysics and the sending of love to landscapes and rivers, are the four main contents of the life of Wei and Jin celebrities. Inwardly, they discover the beauty of mental freedom; outward, they discover the natural beauty of mountains and rivers. They stand alone in the clouds of history, with no ancients before and no one after them.
Focusing on the Wei and Jin dynasties, from the bamboo forest, Jingu to the Lanting Pavilion, "Wei Jin Fenghua" takes readers across time and space to relive one of the most fascinating journeys in the history of Chinese spirit. The whole book takes the classic book "Speaking New Languages of the World" as a clue, combines the real historical background and historical events, and connects a Wei and Jin character with different personalities and unique wind gods, and tells the things of Wei and Jin celebrities with affectionate and timeless writing, showing their demeanor and feelings of being uninhibited, cherishing themselves and pursuing freedom. Reading Wei Fenghua's book, that distant era is no longer an unattainable sound in the present, but also enlightens our lives today.
Spontaneous and open-minded words and deeds
The spontaneous and open-minded words and deeds were not only a major feature of the Wei and Jin dynasties, but also the main content of the lives of wei and Jin celebrities. Among these people, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest are the most famous, referring to the Seven Sages of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zheng (240-249), Ji Kang, Ruan Yuan, Shantao, Xiang Xiu, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian, because they often drank, sang and drank under the bamboo forest of Shanyang County at that time, and drank wine, sang and wantonly, and were known as the Seven Sages, and later collectively called the place name Bamboo Forest.
The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest were mainly active during the Jiaping period (249-254 AD). At that time, Sima Shi's father and son launched the Gaopingling Rebellion to kill Cao Shuang, and the political situation of the Wei state was being shuffled. Seven people gathered in the bamboo forest, Suoqin drank, indulged in uninhibited feelings, spoke of Lao Zhuang, had a long heart, and comforted the feelings of the world with the way of Lao Zhuang.
The seven sages of the bamboo forest were active in Shanyang County, which is now Xiuwu County (Yuntai Mountain area) in Jiaozuo, Henan. Xiuwu was located in Hanoi County, north of Luoyang, the capital of the Wei state. At that time, the scenery of Hanoi County was beautiful, and the dignitaries of Luoyang built villas here, and when it came to the leisure day, they came to Hanoi from Luoyang for a holiday. Among them, Shanyang was the center of Hanoi, and Cao Pi deposed Liu Xie, the Emperor of Han, and made him the Duke of Shanyang to live here.
Among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest, Ruan Is wild and uninhibited, decadent and sad, and has a strong tendency to world-weariness. Ruan served as an aide to Sima Yi, Sima Shi, and Sima Zhao. In the dispute between the Cao family and the Sima family, he had something he was not accustomed to, but he did not have a strong sense of taking sides, but only had a deep sense of powerlessness.
Nguyen stayed in Sima Zhao's shogunate for a long time. One year, when he learned that there was good wine in the infantry lieutenant's house, he asked for his post, and Sima Zhao gladly agreed.
"Nguyen Si Tsung is cautious! Every time he speaks with him, his words are far away, and he has not tried to deny the characters. Because of this, even if Ruan Zhi was a wandering skeleton and often did something that violated Confucian etiquette, he could eventually be tolerated by Sima Zhao. For example, in its bureau, Zhao is in the middle, the staff ministers are sitting on the left and right, one by one, all of them are solemn, only Ruan Ju splits his legs, sings and drinks, and there is no one around, the so-called "King Wen of Jin has great merit, sits solemnly, and intends to be the king; only Ruan Ju is sitting, singing and singing, and playing freely."
Sima Zhao's immediate superior-subordinate relationship with Ruan Zhi deeply influenced future generations of scholars: in the inner world, they retained their own fields; in the face of power, they were alone. In this sense, Nguyen became the secret master of the spiritual fugitives.
The most famous of the seven is Ji Kang, who shouted the strongest voice of that era in the "Book of Renunciation with Shan Juyuan": "Not Tang Wu but thin Zhou Kong, the more famous teaching and let nature go." "Ji Kang is upright and arrogant, and everyone standing in front of Ji Kang will feel pressure with his strange appearance, outstanding personality and outstanding ideological talent.
Once, Zhong Hui would come to visit Ji Kang, who was busy with Xiang Xiu under a tree in front of his house to strike iron. After Zhong Hui brought people, Ji Kang did not stop working. At this time, Xiang Xiu, who was pulling a bellows on the side, reminded Ji Kang: "Someone is coming, and the one in front looks like Zhong Hui." ”
Ji Kang was still swinging his hammer, and there was no one around. After half a day, Zhong Hui finally couldn't bear it and turned to leave. At this time, Ji Kangcai asked from behind, "What did you hear?" What do you see and go? Zhong Hui did not look back, and his answer was: "Hear what you hear, see what you see and go!" Zhong Hui was both lightly taken by Ji Kang and held a grudge in his heart.
This encounter under the big tree seems to have laid the groundwork for Ji Kang's death. Later, Ji Kang was implicated in the incident and imprisoned, and Zhong Hui took the opportunity to say some key words in front of Sima Zhao, so that the hesitant Sima Zhao finally made up his mind to kill Ji Kang.
Wang Rong once said: "I have been in contact with Ji Kang for twenty years, and I have not seen his joy and anger. Ji Kang's grace was maintained until the moment of execution. Legend has it that on the same day, Ji Kang was taken to the execution ground, and Suoqin played a song "Guangling San".
We will judge the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest according to our own likes and dislikes, but in the Jin Dynasty, the celebrities did not comment on the merits of these seven people. Xie Xuan, a famous general in the Northern Province, wanted to comment on it, but was stopped by his uncle Xie An, who told his nephew: "From the ancestors, do not comment on the merits of the Seven Sages, this is a tradition!" It can be seen that the seven sages of the bamboo forest and the celebrities of the same era have great respect.
Taste people and rewards through social networks
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the exchange of visits between celebrities and celebrities and the evaluation of each other was a new style, which was not only fashionable, but also had a practical effect on the improvement of the reputation of scholars. In the early years, Zong Shilin of Nanyang, Henan, was a famous scholar in the world, and he looked down on Cao Cao's origin and personality, and was reluctant to associate with him. Later, Cao Cao asked him, "Now we can be friends," right?!" Shi Lin replied, "The ambition of Pine Cypress still holds my heart." "Still not.
Looking at Zong Shilin's back, Cao Cao felt that his world was empty, and smiled bitterly: Is it so difficult? Fortunately, at this time, someone comforted him with a word. This person is Xu Shao Xu Zi General.
One day, Xu Shao woke up and said something like this: "Cao Mengde? The ruler of the world, the adulterous male of the chaotic world. For a time, everyone in the world called it "adulterous male". When the news reached Xuchang, Cao Cao laughed loudly, and he liked this evaluation very much: "Xu Zijian, in the end, understand me a little!" ”
Later, although the conditions were very ripe, Cao Cao still did not depose the emperor and stand on his own, he said: "If the destiny of heaven is in me, I am the king of Zhou Wen." Cao Cao's practice is really not just to leave the throne to his son, but also to have his most sincere and down-to-earth sense of life. In other words, the twilight of Meng De became more and more transparent, just like climbing the Jieshi Mountain of life, and the vision and the scene in the field of vision were already different.
Later, Chen Shou said such a passage in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and the heroes and heroes rose up, while Yuan Shaohu regarded the four states and was strong and invincible." Taizu's scheming, flogging Yu Nei, the spells of Shen and Shang, the strange strategies of Han and Bai, the official teachings, each because of its instruments, recalcitration, not remembering the old evil, can finally always be the emperor machine, Ke cheng Hongye, but its bright and slightly optimal; or it can be described as an extraordinary person, a masterpiece of transcendence. ”
Pang Degong was a hermit of Xiangyang. At that time, there was great chaos in the north, and in Xiangyang to the south, a large number of high priests lived in seclusion, forming a "Xiangyang Hermit Group". Some of them are from Jingxiang, but more are hiding from the war in the north and living here, and the emergence of this group is a sign that the scholars in the late Eastern Han Dynasty turned from group resistance to self-spiritual independence.
Pang Degong called Zhuge Liang "Wolong" and Pang Tong "Feng chi", believing that Xiao Pang would be able to make a difference in the future, so he recommended Pang Tong to meet Sima Decao, the famous warrior of Yingchuan, that is, Sima Hui.
Sima Hui was a native of Yingchuan Yang zhai (present-day Yuzhou, Henan), and was famous at the time because of his three specialties: knowing people, going up trees, and playing the piano. In particular, he can appreciate talents, known as "Mr. Water Mirror". Pang Tong came to Yingchuan and met Sima Hui carrying a small bamboo basket on his back to pick mulberry in a tree. Pang Tong knew that the tree was Sima Hui, but did not get out of the car.
Pang Tong looked up and said, "I heard that when the eldest husband was born in the world, he should have achieved great things, so how can he suppress the rushing waters of the rivers and do what women should do?" Sima Hui between the branches turned his head unhurriedly, covered his beard and smiled, "You are Pang Tong, right?!" ”
It turned out that Pang Degong had already written a letter to Sima Hui, informing Pang Tong that he was coming to visit. Sima Hui said, "Boy, you get me out of the car first." Pang Tong got out of the car embarrassed. But Sima Hui did not get off the tree and chatted with Pang Tong about his views on the hermit. In this way, one in the tree, one under the tree, chatted until the sunset disappeared into the mountains. From Yingchuan, Pang Tong brought back Sima Hui's comment: "Xiangyang Pang Shiyuan, the crown of the Nanzhou Shiren!" Since then, Pang Tong's reputation has spread to the world little by little.
Talk about metaphysics
The content of Wei Jinqing's talk is based on the "Three Xuans", namely LaoZi, Zhuangzi, and Zhou Yi (which has been added to Buddhism since the Eastern Jin Dynasty), which triggers reflections on life (humanity) and the universe (Heavenly Dao); there are two main forms: one is two people debating (or having bystanders appreciate), and the other is that everyone discusses together (there is a moderator).
The scene of qing talk is often very intense, and it is often described in military terms, such as the Xiehu'er language Yu Daoji: "Everyone should not talk about the secretary of state, but can strengthen the fortress." Yu replied, "If Wendu (Wang Tanzhi) comes, I will treat him as a partial teacher; Kang Bo (Han Bo) will come and burn the boat on the Ji River." ”
Xie Hu'er is Xie An's nephew, the same Xie Lang who chanted "Sprinkle salt in the air can be imitated". Yu Daoji, the son of Tai Wei Yu Liang, named Yu He (庾和), was known as Yu Shi (庾和) in the language of Wen Tan. Xie Hu'er told Yu Daoji, "Everyone may come to you to talk about it, but you should strengthen the fortress and be careful." Yu Daoji said, "If Wang Wendu comes, I can deal with him with some small troops; if it is Han Kangbolai, I will have to go all out and swear to fight to the end." ”
In addition to having academic overtones, Qingtan also has more social and puzzle functions. Through the occult and rhetorical skills, it eventually overwhelms the other party, making it difficult to make the reason poor, and the two sides reach the highest realm of thoroughness together.
Although Wang Dao was a second-rate figure in the Qingtan field in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because he had seen many big scenes of Qing talking, he regarded himself as a high person after crossing the river. Soon some people were dissatisfied, and in the face of disdain, Wang Dao said: "When I was swimming in Luoshui with Wang Anqi (Wang Cheng) and Ruan Qianli (Ruan Zhan), who knew that there was you at that time?" ”
Another celebrity, Yang Man, couldn't look away: "We all know what you did before, and we praise you for it, but why do you always mention it endlessly?" Wang Dao was a little embarrassed: "I just think that the scene of that year is no longer possible..." It can be seen that Wang Dao really regarded the luoshui tour during the Western Jin Dynasty as a kind of capital.
One day, Shi Yinhao, the chief of the Shogunate of Yuliang, went from Wuchang to the capital Jiankang to do business, and Wang Dao was generously entertained, which in turn contributed to this famous Qing talks event in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. In addition to the guests and hosts, the accompaniment is all powerful characters: Huan Wen, Wang Meng, Wang Shu, Xie Shang.
This talk lasted until three days in the middle of the night, mainly Wang and Yin exchanged fire, the others did not have the opportunity to interject, it can be seen that it is still relatively fierce, and finally Wang Dao said with emotion: "The sound of the beginning, when it is so!" ”
The next day, someone asked Huan Wen about the conversation, and Huan replied, "Very good!" Xie Shang and I both listened to the state, but the expression of the 'Second King' (Wang Meng, Wang Shu) was like a who accompanied them! ”
Huan Wen was touched by this conversation, first, he was really fascinated by it; second, he found that he was really not a person in this field, so he had to re-examine his life. Judging from the later situation, it was wise for Huan Wen to withdraw from the qing talking field in time. Since he can't be a celebrity, let's be a tyrant, so he really succeeds.
In the year of Xie An's death, Xie Lingyun, the grandson of his nephew Xie Xuan, was born. Xie Lingyun held himself in high esteem, and when praising Cao Zhi, he did not forget to boast: "There is a talent in the world, Cao Zhi alone has eight buckets, I have to fight, and the world has a total of one fight." ”
Unfortunately, when Xie Lingyun came of age, it coincided with the end of wei and Jin gate valve politics. In the last year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Northern Fu general Liu Yu seized power and seized sima Jia's Jiangshan in 420 AD. Liu Yu, who came from a humble background, carried out an all-out attack on the celebrity class under some self-confidence, and restored the orthodox status of Confucianism and imperial politics.
In this context, Xie Lingyun, who had the demeanor of a famous scholar of Wei and Jin, was repeatedly degraded and finally beheaded for "conspiracy to rebel". In 433, marked by the killing of Xie Lingyun, the wind of Wei and Jin was officially extinguished. Although there was the open atmosphere of the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the developed commerce of the Song and Ming Dynasties, there was more or less a Confucian rope tied behind it, tightly binding Chinese civilization.
summary
From Cao Wei to Sima Jin, from the bamboo forest to Lanting, from the death of Ji Kang to the death of Xie Lingyun, an era, slowly closed his own books. The frankness and openness of the Wei and Jin celebrities, the transcendent, the love of individuality, and the search for freedom between the heart and the heavens and the earth are exactly what we lack in this impetuous era. This book, while allowing us to easily understand "The New Language of the World", can also let us appreciate the spirit that is lacking in today's times.