<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > preface</h1>
In late June 1937, Yang Hucheng went to see He Xiangning. He Xiangning was inconvenient to go downstairs due to a leg disease, so all activities were on the second floor. After the meeting, the two sides felt very cordial, and in the subsequent conversation, He Xiangning affirmed the significance of the "Xi'an Incident" and mentioned that Chiang Kai-shek's 'policy of non-resistance' was particularly indignant and indignant, and sternly rebuked it.
As the conversation lengthened, He Xiangning became more and more excited: "The '1.28' Songhu War of Resistance, the Nineteenth Route Army heroically resisted, but as a result, the "Songhu Armistice Agreement" was signed, and the Nineteenth Route Army withdrew from Shanghai and humiliated and betrayed the country. I couldn't take it anymore, so I sent someone to send Chiang Kai-shek a piece of clothing that I had worn myself. ”
Figure | Scene of the January 28 Incident
He Xiangning's purpose in doing so was to inform Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang government that their non-resistance, like a weak woman, was worthy of wearing only women's clothes.
The hours of meeting were full of pride and justice, and Yang Hucheng was infected by He Xiangning's loyalty to the country and the people...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="84" > learned of the country's crisis, He Xiangning resolutely decided to return to China</h1>
In September 1931, He Xiangning read in the newspaper the news of the Japanese imperialists' invasion of China's three eastern provinces, and he was extremely angry. She decided to return to China and go to the country with the people of the whole country.
At that time, the international students in Paris heard that she was returning to China and held a farewell party for her. Here, He Xiangning saw that among the people in the farewell crowd were soldiers from the Whampoa Military Academy in the past, as well as people who had served in the army during the Great Revolution, so he asked them: "When will you return to China?" Do you know the current situation in the motherland? The enemy has crossed the border and is marching towards the interior of the motherland, and I think it is the duty of patriotic soldiers to break this crisis. But I am disappointed that you have not worried about the safety of your motherland, and that you are still stuck in a foreign country, and that you have pushed the responsibility for defending the country to others. ”
Figure | He Xiangning
He Xiangning's words made the original lively farewell party instantly become quiet, and everyone was silent, and did not dare to look directly at He Xiangning's sharp eyes.
On October 23, He Xiangning traveled from Paris to Marseille, boarded a ship and embarked on a journey back to China.
In November, He Xiangning returned to his motherland, which was devastated. On her way back to China, the Kuomintang held its Fourth National Congress and still elected her as a member of the Central Executive Committee.
Two years ago, He Xiangning could not bear to see those "revolutionary comrades" who claimed to be "loyal followers" of Sun Yat-sen massacring the Communist Party and the workers and peasants, so she was full of grief and indignation and went into exile abroad. Now back home, she still sees devastation, civil war, and people groaning and struggling on the line of death.
Figure | Sun Yat-sen
This time, He Xiangning chose not to avoid the world and no longer be silent. Next, despite the fatigue of the boat and the car, as soon as she set foot on the national land, she successively made a speech to the newspapers and magazines, and pointed out: "The violent Japanese occupation of the Eastern Province is becoming more and more rampant, and saving the country is the responsibility of our 40 million compatriots in China." ”
In January 1932, Japanese imperialism launched the January 28 Incident of aggression against Shanghai. The Nineteenth Route Army of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Army rose up to resist and gave the invaders a head-on blow. He Xiangjing heard the news and burst into tears of excitement...
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="85" > the Nineteenth Route Army fought bravely to kill the enemy, and He Xiangning supported it</h1>
In mid-January 1932, the Japanese army deployed a conspiracy centered on Shanghai to suppress the anti-Japanese movement and military aggression, dispatched more than 30 warships and thousands of marines to land, instigated the Japanese overseas Chinese to rally and march through the Chinese garrison, destroyed some Chinese shops on Hongkou North Sichuan Road, and also created a clash of 5 Japanese monks and Sanyou Industrial Workers in Zhabei District, which made the air in Shanghai tend to be extremely tense.
Immediately afterward, the Japanese consul made unreasonable demands to the Shanghai Municipal Government to close the Shanghai Municipal Anti-Japanese Salvation Congress from all walks of life and the Shanghai Republic of China Daily. At the same time, the Japanese fleet gathered in Shanghai to demonstrate, the Japanese Marines landed on the shore to deploy, and japanese overseas Chinese retreated from various places. War is on the verge of breaking out.
Faced with this grim situation, the Nineteenth Route Army made tense military preparations. On January 23, Jiang Guangnai, then commander of the Beijing-Shanghai garrison, summoned officers above the battalion commander to an emergency meeting. He said at the meeting: "... The Nineteenth Route Army is a very discredited army, and it is now stationed in Shanghai, which is really the juncture of the life and death of the Nineteenth Route Army, and it can also be said that it is the moment of life and death of our country... Materially, of course, we are far inferior to him (the Japanese), but we have this spirit of death, that is, all sacrifices, and nothing is done. Our death can awaken the soul of the nation, our blood can be cold and fearful, and we will certainly win the final victory..."
Figure | Jiang Guangnai
At 7 o'clock that night, the General Headquarters issued a secret order to the Nineteenth Route Army, specifically arranging contingency measures, and ignoring the warnings of the Ministry of Military affairs, clearly ordered:
"Our army, with the purpose of defending the national territory and fulfilling the duty of a soldier, should be on close guard, and if the Japanese army does attack our position, it should extinguish it with all its strength."
On the night of the 27th, He Yingqin, minister of the Ministry of Military Affairs, sent three urgent telegrams, ordering: Endure humiliation and seek perfection, avoid conflict, and never be impulsive, so as not to hinder the national defense plan.
Figure | He Yingqin military uniform map
On the 28th, all patriotic groups in Shanghai were banned.
In the afternoon of the same day, the Nineteenth Route Army received information indicating that the Japanese army was determined to attack. Late at night, the Japanese army brazenly launched an attack on Zhabei, and the 19th Route Army of the Zhabei garrison rose up to resist according to the secret order.
At dawn on the 29th, the Japanese army dispatched aircraft to assist in the battle, flying low to less than 1,000 meters in the area around Zhabei and indiscriminately bombing, while the ground troops charged many times under the cover of tanks and armored vehicles in an attempt to break through the Zhabei defense line.
The Japanese commander, Koichi Shiozawa, threatened to "occupy Shanghai in 4 hours." However, under the heroic resistance of the nineteenth road soldiers, all the attacks of the Japanese army were repelled.
At this time, He Xiangning immediately threw himself into the tense activities of organizing a consolation team and an ambulance team despite his frailty and illness.
On the 29th, she invited well-known patriotic women in Shanghai to a meeting at her apartment, and invited some doctors, nurses, heads of charitable organizations, and well-known personalities from the industrial and commercial circles to participate in the meeting to discuss ways to support the Nineteenth Route Army.
After the adjournment of the meeting, all walks of life engaged in intense preparations that night. The next day, He Xiangning led the consolation team and the ambulance team to the front line, which greatly encouraged the anti-Japanese soldiers. During the condolences, the members of the Fudan University Student Propaganda Team sorted out the troops and asked He Xiangning to "speak."
He Xiangning shouted "children" very kindly at the childish baby faces in the audience, and then said: "China will not die, And China has no one who is willing to be a slave to the country!" We will defeat the Japanese invading army! We must fight for the country and learn from the Nineteenth Route Army! ”
At the end of the conversation, the students who listened to the lecture were very excited, and unanimously raised their hands and shouted: "We assure you that we are willing to sacrifice everything to resist aggression and defend the country." ”
The sound of grief and anger and high slogans echoed in He Xiangning's ears, and she seemed to see the sun trying to break free from the shackles of the dark clouds, and hope was ahead!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="86" > the Nineteenth Route Army insisted on resisting, and He Xiangning collected supplies for it</h1>
The Japanese army, which failed to succeed, was mediated in the United States, Britain, France and other countries and put forward a ceasefire request on the evening of the 29th. The Nineteenth Route Army had already seen through this as the enemy's strategy to slow down the troops, so it stepped up its deployment and strengthened its defenses.
On the 30th, the Japanese mobilized three cruisers, four destroyers, two aircraft carriers, and 5,000 Marines to arrive in Shanghai. As soon as the reinforcements arrived, the Japanese ignored their own ceasefire demands and launched another attack on the evening of the 31st.
On February 1, the 19th Route Army, under the personal command of its commander Jiang Guangnai, once again repelled the Japanese army. That night, Japanese ships shelled Nanjing. On February 2, the government decided to move the capital to Luoyang, shocking the whole country. The attitude of the Nineteenth Route Army was the opposite, and they sent a telegram to the whole country to express their determination: "Sacrifice to the last bullet." ”
On February 4, Yukiichi Shiozawa, who shouted "4 hours to invade Shanghai", launched another attack, and the 19th Route Army fought fiercely with the enemy for 9 hours, completely crushing the Japanese attack. At this time, although the Japanese army had increased its troops to 10,000 people, the defense line of the Nineteenth Route Army remained unmoving. Major Yukiichi Shiozawa, who spoke wildly, was dismissed from his post.
On 6 February, the Japanese sent commander of the Navy's Third Fleet, Yoshizaburo Nomura, to take command of Koichi Shiozawa, while the strength increased to 25,000 men.
图 | Yoshisaburo Nomura
During the war, the Japanese army declared: "The war in Shanghai is only against the Nineteenth Route Army, and it is not an enemy of the central government and other armies." ”
In this way, in addition to facing the blows of the Japanese army, the Nineteenth Route Army also had to deal with the obstruction of the Kuomintang authorities.
As a result, the Nineteenth Route Army not only could not wait for reinforcements, but also could not get its hands on equipment.
He Yingqin, minister of military affairs who was keen on peace talks, strictly ordered all armies to "not offend me, I do not offend" under the sound of gunfire fighting between the Nineteenth Route Army and the Japanese army, and also issued a telegram order:
"The Nineteenth Route Army, without reinforcements, can support it." Officers and men of all armies who act freely without military or political orders, even if they are patriotic, are punished by disobedience. ”
Subsequently, He Yingqin, on the grounds that the Nineteenth Route Army had disobeyed orders to resist and did not follow military orders, never fired a single shot or bullet to the Ordnance Department of the Nineteenth Route Army. As a result, the Nineteenth Route Army did not even have enough grenades to use, and some troops had to use canned boxes to rush to make "earth bombs" against the enemy.
Figure | Soldiers of the Nineteenth Route Army
In this way, under the dual pressure of the Japanese army and Chiang Kai-shek, the Nineteenth Route Army was struggling to resist the war, and its commanders withdrew the order to attack several times.
When the most favorable decisive time in the plan was missed, the opportunity to completely annihilate the enemy before the enemy increased its troops was also lost.
Although the Nineteenth Route Army was tied, the Japanese army was still defeated. Therefore, on February 14, the Japanese government once again "changed the commander and increased the number of troops."
Led by Lieutenant General Ueda Kenkichi, he arrived in Shanghai and succeeded Nomura Yoshizaburo, increasing his strength to more than 30,000 men.
On 18 February, Ueda Asked the 19th Route Army to retreat several kilometers from the leased territory, remove military installations within the area, and never rebuild them.
Figure | Kenkichi Ueda
In response, the Nineteenth Route Army was furious and immediately gathered artillery fire to storm the Japanese positions as a reply to Ueta Kenkichi.
For a time, the tenacious spirit of the Nineteenth Route Army in fighting alone was supported by the patriots in the Kuomintang. In order to raise more cotton clothes for the anti-Japanese soldiers, He Xiangning sent a letter to friends from other places asking them for help.
He Xiangning proposed, "If you can organize a women's sewing group in your land to sew cotton clothes, cotton pants, quilts, shoes and socks for our soldiers, organize cooking teams, make dry food for our soldiers, and so on, and transport them to the front, it is actually a necessary task at present." ”
At that time, the people of all walks of life in Shanghai regarded the Songhu War of Resistance as the most important matter for the survival of the country and the nation, and everyone was concerned about the development of the war, and they had money to contribute powerfully.
It can be said that the nineteenth route army's food and clothing supply, military pay expenditure, and ordnance supply during the war were all donations from the people.
Contrary to the attitude of the people, when the Nineteenth Route Army received military salaries from the Military and Political Department, they actually said that the donations received by the Nineteenth Route Army from compatriots at home and abroad should be paid to the public, and the military salaries should be deducted from the donations that were not paid.
On the morning of February 20, the Japanese army launched another attack, and the Nineteenth Route Army sent a telegram to the whole country: "If one bullet and one bullet are still there, then the day of violence will never succeed." ”
This determination to resist desperately aroused chiang kai-shek's dissatisfaction, and he called the commander of the Nineteenth Route Army directly: "This battle is almost over, order a ceasefire!" ”
The other party immediately confronted and said: "Defending the country and protecting the land is the natural duty of a soldier." How can a strong enemy suppress a situation without rising up in self-defense? This battle must be fought, and it has already been fought, and it cannot be stopped! ”
Therefore, under the resistance of the Nineteenth Route Army, the "central breakthrough" plan arranged by the Japanese army (annihilating the Nineteenth Route Army in the Zhabei area and annihilating the Fifth Army led by Zhang Zhizhong in the Wusong area) was completely destroyed.
Not only that, the Nineteenth Route Army and the Fifth Army, which later participated in the war, cooperated with each other and fought with the same enemy.
Successive defeats swept the prestige of the Japanese army. Therefore, the Japanese government decided to "three easy commanders". General Yoshinori Shirakawa was dispatched to replace Kenkichi Ueda as commander,000, and the strength increased to 60,000 or 70,000 troops.
Figure | Yoshinori Shirakawa
The Nineteenth Route Army and the Fifth Army have been fighting continuously for nearly a month, with many casualties and urgent need of additional troops. But all the urgent calls for help were like mud cattle into the sea, and all the expected reinforcements failed to enter the war.
In this way, the results of resisting 70,000 enemies with 40,000 divisions are self-evident.
On 1 March, the Nineteenth Route Army had to retreat in full after an even more ferocious Japanese offensive.
On March 3, the League of Nations met and decided that China and Japan would cease the war. The Battle of Songhu, which lasted more than a month, was declared over.
Decades later, when the commander of the Nineteenth Route Army recalled this incident, he could not help but feel a thousand emotions, he said: "I have led troops for decades, countless battles of all sizes, never lost, at most to a draw." In a battle with the Japanese Kou, I know that his tricks are just like this. Unfortunately, this is a battle tied by yourself! ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="87" > Chiang Kai-shek signed a traitorous agreement, and He Xiangning sent women's clothing to be 'humiliated'</h1>
On March 2, He Xiangning issued a "YangDian" and strongly condemned the traitorous acts of the Chiang Kai-shek government, pointing out: "At the Sino-Japanese Armistice Conference, if our side allows us to sign a treaty of mourning power and humiliating the country, our people should unanimously oppose it, and it will be difficult to admit it. ”
In order to boost morale and stimulate the enthusiasm of the bloody soldiers for the War of Resistance, He Xiangning wrote a letter on April 15, which took a lot of effort to transfer to the hands of the former enemy soldiers.
She wrote: "The Japanese invaded, the ambition is not dead, according to our three northeastern provinces, re-occupy my Shenjiang land, sigh my great rivers and mountains, now is not the same as before." How many cities have been destroyed by shelling me, how many compatriots have been killed, how many women have raped me, and how can you get so angry? ”
He Xiangning always pinned his hopes on the Nineteenth Route Army, but Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance completely destroyed the Nineteenth Route Army.
On May 5, the Kuomintang government signed the Songhu Armistice Agreement with the Japanese Kou.
Later, with the signing of one traitorous agreement after another, He Xiangning felt that the subjugation of the country was at hand, and she pondered, "How can we inspire Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan?" ”
Once, she asked for assistance for the anti-Japanese soldiers and took the initiative to find Chiang Kai-shek. As soon as the two sides met, He Xiangning said straight to the point: "Mr. Jiang, the anti-Japanese soldiers on the front line need assistance!" Chiang Kai-shek, on the other hand, laughed at her request and did not answer, but immediately ordered the people below to go down to the feast.
At the banquet, Chiang Kai-shek just kept adding dishes to her plate and repeatedly "please please," but he did not talk about the matter of aiding the anti-Japanese resistance. At that time, He Xiang was extremely angry and had no appetite for the mountain treasures and seafood in front of her, so she left without giving Chiang Kai-shek face.
After she returned, she thought to herself that Chiang Kai-shek was so stubborn that she agreed with the views of He Yingqin and other capitulationists that "if we resist the war, it will take only three days to destroy the country." If she speaks up straight, then Chiang Kai-shek will certainly not listen to it. Just when He Xiangning was worried, a picture of a lady in front of her caught her attention.
He Xiang stared at the long skirt on the lady's body, his eyes lit up, and he said to himself in a loud voice: "Skirt! Woman's skirt! Suddenly, she got some kind of revelation, "Yes, send a dress to Chiang Kai-shek." ”
She quickly took out one of her own skirts, then took out the paper and ink and wrote a poem attached, which read as follows:
Falsely claiming to be a boy, willing to be enslaved;
Send mountains and rivers without war, and all the worlds will be ashamed.
My women, may they die on the battlefield;
Put me in your clothes and change your clothes.
After Chiang Kai-shek received the women's dress sent by He Xiangning, he was very angry in his heart, and for the sake of face, he did not dare to be overly vocal and openly investigate. After all, He Xiangning's identity and influence overseas are not to be underestimated.
The harsh reality created by Chiang Kai-shek's policy of dictatorship and civil war made He Xiangning further realize that only the Chinese Communist Party could save China. Only the Chinese Communist Party is the hope of Chinese people.
On January 1, 1948, the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang was established in Hong Kong, with Soong Ching Ling as honorary chairman and He Xiangning as a member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee. In May of the same year, she issued a statement with various democratic parties and non-partisan democrats in Hong Kong:
In response to the call of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to convene a new CPPCC session, he expressed acceptance of the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
In April 1949, He Xiangning was entertained by Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai and other leaders of the CPC Central Committee. In June, He Xiangning participated in the preparations for the new CPPCC. On October 1, she participated in the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China and greeted the birth of New China with great joy.