Yuan Dynasty (IX): Yuan Yingzong
In May of the first year of the reign (1321), Shotoku Bada ordered the destruction of the Hui temple in Shangdu and the construction of a large Buddhist temple there. In July, he rewarded the King of Jin with a million yuan of iron mules. On November 9, Qunchen was honored by Emperor Yuanyingzong to succeed Emperor Wenrenwu of the Celestial Dao.
From the death of Emperor Renzong of the seventh year of The Seventh Year of The Reign of Emperor Yanyou until the autumn of the second year of the reign (1322), it is evident from the decrees of the central government of the Yuan Dynasty that the governing tendencies of the two different political factions and their conflicts can be clearly seen. On the third day after Emperor Renzong's death, during the mourning period of "sleeping on the ground in plain clothes and eating a porridge every day", Emperor Yingzong repeated the same trick and preemptively ordered Temudi'er to be the right minister. The following month, Temu di'er, on the other hand, took the former Zhongshu Pingzhang political affair Li Meng's official seal of the Qin state, ordered Sichuan to arrest Zhao Shiyan of Pingzhang, the province of Xing, and killed Yang Duo'er of the former imperial history and Pingzhang Xiao of Zhongshu Province for the crime of violating the empress's will. At the same time, Black Donkey, Mu Ba Thorn, Zhao Shirong, and others who were closely related to the Answering Group were successively transferred from other provinces to Zhongshu. In this way, the stalwarts of the Hanfa sect who had confronted Emperor Renzong and Temudi'er were purged by Emperor Yingzong before Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, and the Han Confucians who survived the disaster also shook their hands under the pressure of obscene intimidation and did not dare to talk more. He also wanted to further expand the scope of the purge, and through the Huizheng Yuan envoys to "ask Emperor Yingzong to change the official". Emperor Yingzong, obviously dissatisfied with the empress dowager's actions, replied, "Is this the removal of the official Shiye?" And the former emperor's old subjects, it is advisable to move lightly. When he ascends to the throne, he will be discussed by his relatives and elders, and the sages will be deposed, and the evil ones will be deposed. ”
After Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne in Dadu, the emperor and the empress dowager fought for a long time on the personnel arrangements of the central organs of the imperial court. Temu di'er impeached Zhao Shiyan for his adultery, falsely accused him of disrespect and imprisoned, asked him to kill him, and prosecuted the provincial ministers. Emperor Yingzong did not allow it, and privately said to his close subjects: "Tiemu Di'er will definitely want to put Zhao Shiyan to death." Shu Su smelled his loyalty, so he couldn't play it every time. "Temu di'er is also evil with the city weaving money, please spare the right beggar Gao Fang, Yingzong still does not allow it." From time to time, there are still signs of the party's success. The Shangdu who first exposed Zhang Bi's case stayed behind to guard He Sheng, that is, two months after Emperor Yingzong succeeded to the throne, he was approved by the Hou Dang and abandoned the city for the crime of "welcoming the edict in civilian clothes". Yingzong's attitude is sometimes very tough. In the same month that He Sheng sat down and abandoned the city, there were the newly appointed Zhongshu Pingzhang Black Donkey, the newly appointed Zhongshu Pingzhang Black Donkey, and the Huizheng envoy Lost Liemen, etc., and Emperor Yingzong did not wait for the bow and was ordered to be reprimanded. He estimated that the case was likely related to the answer to himself, so he hurriedly killed the criminals, one of which removed several of the empress dowager's confidants, and the other also prevented the criminals from pulling around, causing the contradiction between the emperor and the empress to further surface.
Despite the pull of the post-party, after Yingzong ascended the throne, he still eagerly hoped to make some moves, and to achieve quick results in order to be quick. He issued an edict to be made an official, and the rank was changed from Qipin, and the regulations that had been promulgated during the reign of Emperor Renzong but were quickly withdrawn were restored. However, the actual effect of these measures is not without question. Some of Emperor Yingzong's edicts were not enforced in the capital. Regulations such as the fee for the construction of the temple were undermined by his own enthusiasm for construction. In November of the seventh year of Yanyou, he decreed that "each county shall build the Temple of The Eight Siba Of the Emperor, and its confucius temple shall be regarded differently." This should be the beginning of the nationwide construction of the Imperial Master Temple. There were also many other construction projects during this period, even to the point of "huge civil labor".
In August and September of the second year of the reign (1322), Temudi'er and Empress Dowager Tai died one after another. The political pressure felt by Yingzong was suddenly alleviated, and his determination to promote the New Deal was greatly strengthened. In October, Emperor Yingzong promoted Mu Huali's descendants to worship as the Right Minister of Zhongshu, and did not worship the position of Left Minister, in order to show their trust in worship; in May of the following year, he also signed the Imperial History Grand Master affairs with iron loss, which was the same as the intention of full-time worship. At this time, the two had also taken charge of the left and right Chincha wei and Zongren wei, as well as the left and right Azowei and Zhongyi wei respectively. The high concentration of military power also vaguely reflects that there do not seem to be many trustworthy people around Yingzong. On the 25th day of the tenth lunar month, Emperor Yuan Yingzong appointed Baizhu as the Right Minister of Zhongshu, and did not have a Left Chancellor, with Worship as the only Minister. With the help of The Right Chancellor Bai Zhu and Zhang Gui, the political secretary of Zhongshu Province, Pingzhang, Yuan Yingzong carried out reforms and implemented some new policies.
The main measures of Emperor Yingzong's new policy included: First, a large number of Han bureaucrats and scholars were employed, and Zhang Jue, Wang Jie, Wang Yue, Wu Xian, and others were all summoned to chao. "Those who are abandoned by scholars and doctors are described by their strengths, and those who are literary are not divided." In order to summon Yu Ji, the imperial court sent envoys to Shu without encountering them; he asked for Jiangxi, but he did not see them; shi Yu Jifang Province's tomb Wu Zhong, so that he was ordered to go to the dynasty. It can be seen that the imperial court was eager to use Confucianism at that time. Second, the "Tianjin Aid And Enlistment Law" is implemented, that is, a part of the land and acres are determined in various localities, "so that those who are enlisted in the service are more in charge, and their revenue is collected as a fee for assisting the service, and the officials are not allowed to cooperate with them." In the Suhu lake area, "where the people's land is 100 acres, order three acres to enter the official position, for the help of the enlisted." The so-called "entry into the official" here only refers to the requisition of official land in various senses, but in fact, the auxiliary service field is mostly assigned to each household that undertakes the errand and is operated by them (self-planted or recruited), and its income is used as a subsidy for service. Third, in the first month of the third year of the reign (1323), the edict ordered the courtiers to listen to and read the Rules of the Rei Dynasty compiled during the deliberation of Emperor Renzong, and added to the collection of newly promulgated rules and regulations after the second year of The Reign of Emperor Renzong. In February, it was named "The Great Yuan Tong System" and promulgated a total of 2,539 articles, of which 717 were broken, 151 were 151, 94 were pardons, and 577 were orders. It is the title and arrangement of the book's rules and sections, in accordance with the Jin "Taihe Law" and "Taihe Law" respectively. Although many of the provisions in the Great Yuan Tong System are formally individual directives or documentation documents that are temporary, they have universal legal effect on the handling of similar matters as separate laws. Therefore, the Great Yuan Tongzhi is an official political book with the nature and authority of the code, which played a positive role in unifying the political system and legal process of the Yuan Dynasty, and also reflected the intention of the Yuan court to strengthen its orthodox image as a Central Plains dynasty by promulgating the code. Fourth, liquidate the poison left by the Empress Dowager group and clarify the rule of officials. In November, two months after his death, Emperor Yingzong again issued an edict to "redundant officials after the dismissal of the ancestors". The next day, the HuizhengYuan was dismissed. According to the fact that the Huizhengyuan was originally an institution serving the empress dowager, it was natural to withdraw the Huizhengyuan after his death, but under the circumstances at that time, the dismissal of "the judges of the HuizhengYuan and the belongings of Jianghuai's wealth and endowments belonged to more than sixty departments", and this action inevitably had the political color of vigorous and vigorous and pouring out its nest. At the same time, Bai Zhu re-proposed the case of "taking official coins" that had been suppressed by Temudier and was not prosecuted, and then he murdered Baligisi, the son of Temudi'er, who was still alive at the time, as well as Liu Kui and Nangjiatai, and the ancestral monument of the father of Theimo Die'er, and seized his official title and the title of book, and his other son Suonan was also deposed.
Emperor Wong Young-jong once wanted to make the province of Donghang (The Kingdom of Goryeo) counties, abolish the eastern province, and establish the province of Samhan, completely treating it with the other provinces of the Yuan Dynasty, "the system is like other provinces, and the Zhongshu Miscellaneous Discussions are issued", because The Scholar of Jixian University, Wang Yue, said: "Goryeo went to the capital for four thousand miles, the land was barren and the people were poor, the customs were miscellaneous, and it was not the same as the Central Plains, in case of infarction, fatigue ruled, not fortunate, it was better to keep the old system of the ancestors." With the approval of the Prime Minister, the proposal to establish the Province of Samhan was not implemented. Eventually, the Goryeo kingdom survived, and when the Goryeo people found out, they brought back to Goryeo for the portrait of Wang Yue, built a shrine for it, and said: "The one who does not cease to worship the country, the prince also." ”
Emperor Yuan's new policies greatly improved the power of the Yuan Dynasty, but the new policies touched the interests of the conservative mongol nobles and caused their dissatisfaction. Emperor Yingzong's favor for Tie Lost does not seem to have changed immediately because of his involvement in the seizure of official coins. The affairs of the Imperial Household Governor were published in May of the third year of the reign (1323), more than two months after the incident. But by June, the situation had suddenly changed. Because Bai Zhu and others repeatedly played the "evil" of Temudian, Emperor Yingzong's hatred for this powerful man who had been dead for nearly a year deepened sharply and could not be suppressed. His anger began to vent on the courtiers who were seen as Temudian's "traitors", including Tie Lost, who had previously announced pardon. At this time, Yingzong was restless at night in Shangdu. The "feared ones" then instigated the monks to suggest that they do Buddhist deeds to bring about disasters, hoping to do Buddhist deeds and receive amnesty. But Bai Zhu rebuked the monk in a loud voice: "Er, but he just wants to get the golden veil, and he wants to shelter the sinful?" Tie Lost and others understood the words of worship as a hint that Yingzong wanted to punish "guilty" again. "What is heard is feared is a conspiracy." Moreover, Emperor Yingzong ordered the elimination of Temudi'er's forces in the dynasty, and as the purge expanded, Temudi's righteous son Tetsumi was prepared to assassinate Emperor Yingzong on the fourth day of the fourth month of August (September 4, 1323) of the third year of the reign.
Emperor Yingzong set out from Shangdu and prepared to return to Dadu. Shangdu has always been the stronghold of conservative Mongol aristocratic forces. That night, Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba La stayed at the Nanpo store 30 miles south of Shangdu. Tie Lost gathered a group of conservative nobles who held a grudge against him, including Temudier's son Suo Nan to launch a mutiny. They rushed into the accommodation of Shuode Bala, killing the prime minister and worshipping him. Tie Fu personally broke into the hall of Shuode Ba la and killed Yingzong. History is called "the change of the south slope".
On the face of it, the change on the south slope is a sudden event that is difficult to predict in advance. However, its occurrence was inextricably linked to The personal character of Emperor Yingzong and to the situation of struggle between the Mongol-Hui aristocracy and the Hanfa faction at that time. Although the Han literati often liked to idealize the image of Yuan Yingzong according to Confucian concepts, Yingzong's personal character was by no means so simple. Perhaps precisely because of his long-term repression by the empress dowager, he seemed to be more enthusiastic than any emperor before him to show the majesty of the Son of Heaven.
Emperor Yuan Yingzong was only twenty years old when he died, and was later buried in the tombs of the emperors. In February of the first year of Taiding (1324), Emperor Shengwenxiao of Shangzun was honored with the temple name Yingzong.
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