Guangxi is located in southern China, bordering Vietnam. In the ancient center, starting from the Qin Dynasty, Vietnam belonged to China's counties for a thousand years, until the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Vietnam truly broke away from the ancient central court and became a semi-independent vassal state. Then in the modern Sino-French War, Vietnam became a French colony, and China really lost Vietnam.
When Vietnam belonged to Chinese territory, it was also connected with Guangxi. For example, in the pre-Qin dynasty, the eastern coast of China all the way to the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf, as well as the Red River Delta in modern northern Vietnam, belonged to the land of Baiyue. Among them, today's Guangdong area belongs to the South Vietnamese tribe in the Baiyue, and the Guangxi area belongs to the Xi'ou, tribal, and Luoyue tribes. The Vietnamese region belongs to the Luo Yue tribe in Baiyue.
It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, Guangxi and Vietnam were connected together, and there was no geographical division. When Vietnam belonged to Chinese territory, it was also connected with Guangxi. For example, in the pre-Qin dynasty, the eastern coast of China all the way to the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf, as well as the Red River Delta in modern northern Vietnam, belonged to the land of Baiyue. Among them, today's Guangdong area belongs to the South Vietnamese tribe in the Baiyue, and the Guangxi area belongs to the Xi'ou, tribal, and Luoyue tribes. The Vietnamese region belongs to the Luo Yue tribe in Baiyue. It can be seen that in the pre-Qin period, Guangxi and Vietnam were connected together, and there was no geographical division.
During the Qin Dynasty, after Qin Shi Huang's southern conquest of Baiyue, in order to manage the Baiyue ethnic minority areas, three counties were set up in the Lingnan area: Nanhai County, Guilin County, and Xiang County. Among them, Nanhai County belongs to the territory of present-day Guangdong, and Guilin County belongs to a small number of central, northern, eastern, and western Guangdong in Guangxi. Xiang County is also the southern part of present-day Guangxi, southwestern Guangxi, western Guangdong, Hainan Island, and northern Vietnam. It can be seen that the jurisdiction of Xiang County covers today's northern Vietnam, and the seat of Xiang County's administration, Linchen County, is the Jiangzhou District of today's Chongzuo City, Guangxi.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty at the end of the Qin Dynasty, Zhao Tuo took advantage of the chaos in the world to establish the State of Nanyue in the Lingnan region, and in the early western Han Dynasty, the Lingnan region fell under the jurisdiction of the State of Nanyue. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty quelled the rebellion of the State of Nanyue, he set up three jurisdictional areas in the Lingnan region: Jiaozhi County, Jiuzhen County, and Ninan County. Among them, parts of northern Vietnam and southern Guangxi are under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhi County. Until the Three Kingdoms period of Eastern Wu, Jiaotong (northern Vietnam and southern Guangxi) was within Chinese territory.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, the central imperial court set up local administrative units in the country at the three levels of prefectures, counties, and counties, and the Vietnamese region and southern Guangxi were under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhou during the Western Jin Dynasty.
During the Tang Dynasty, "Dao" was a first-level administrative region, just like today's "province". At that time, the Lingnan area was under the jurisdiction of Lingnan Province, which included the area of present-day Guangdong, Guangxi, Vietnam, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau.
At that time, the Lingnan region belonged to five governorates, Guangzhou Governor's Mansion, Guizhou Governor's Mansion, Rongzhou Governor's Mansion, Yongzhou Governor's Mansion, and Annam Governor's Mansion, of which the Annam Governor's Mansion covered the nanpanjiang river in present-day Yunnan, the southern border to Hejing and Quang Binh provinces in Vietnam, the eastern part of Guangxi Napo, Jingxi and Longzhou, Ningming, and Fangcheng, and the western boundary between the Red River and black water in Vietnam, all of which were concurrently guarded by Jiaozhou Thorn History. From this point of view, Vietnam and Guangxi are connected, and it can be said that Vietnam was Guangxi at that time.
However, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a Jiedu named Wu Quan rebelled and occupied Vietnam and established himself as king. Then, during the Northern Song Dynasty, taking advantage of the weakening of the Song Dynasty's national strength, it also established an independent state and became a vassal state.
After that, Vietnam was a vassal state belonging to the Central Plains Dynasty. Although Ming Chengzu once classified Vietnam as a county and direct jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty during the Ming Dynasty, it was only for more than thirty years, and finally the Ming army could not manage Vietnam, and eventually made it a semi-independent vassal state.
However, in contrast, the central imperial court was able to firmly control Guangxi. Although there have also been many rebellions in Guangxi, such as the rebellion of the Song Dynasty Zhuang chiefTain Nong Zhigao, and the Yao uprising in Guangxi of the Ming Dynasty, "a small rebellion in three years, a major rebellion in five years", which runs through the ming dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, the largest scale was the Yao rebellion in Dayengxia, Guangxi, and finally it was the Ming Dynasty's Yin and Yang mind scholar Wang Yangming who sent a large army to suppress it.
In ancient Times, guangxi revolts were frequent, but the central imperial court was able to suppress it quickly and firmly control it, all because of the relatively developed water transport in ancient Guangxi. Although guangxi in ancient times was a poor mountainous area, with many mountains, epidemics of miasma diseases, and dense tropical rain forests, Guangxi was rich in river resources, developed river network, abundant water volume, large runoff, and water system in all directions, which was very suitable for shipping. Moreover, Guangxi's rivers are located in the middle reaches of the Pearl River Basin, and about 85.3% of the area belongs to the Pearl River flow. In Guangxi, many tributaries join the Xijiang River and then flow through Wuzhou into the Pearl River.
Guangxi's water transport developed began with Qin Shi Huang's construction of the Ling Canal. In order to bring the Lingnan area within the territory of China, Qin Shi Huang sent Tu Wei to send 500,000 troops to conquer the Lingnan area. At that time, the Qin army opened two land passages from Hunan to Guilin and Hezhou in Guangxi. However, when marching on land, it was met with stubborn resistance from the Baiyue tribe in Guangxi, which also forced the Qin army to find another way to find military preparations for long-term combat.
To this end, the Qin army dug a spiritual canal between the Xiang River and the Li River, so as to transfer military grain and communicate the Xiang River and the Li River. In this way, the Qin army sailed from the Yangtze River to the Xiang River, and then from the Xiang River to the Lingqu, then into the Li River, then from the Yu River to the Beiliu River, the South Stream River, straight to Hepu, and then through the Qinzhou Sea Mouth to Jiaotong. In this way, the transportation from the Central Plains to Guangxi is facilitated by water transportation.
Therefore, the excavation of the spiritual canal also provided excellent transportation conditions for the ancient Central Plains Dynasty to control Guangxi. As soon as there was a rebellion in Guangxi, the Central Plains Dynasty immediately sent large armies and supplies down the Yangtze River, arrived at Lingqu in a mighty wave, and then reached various places in Guangxi through the rivers of Guangxi, quickly suppressing the rebellion.
After the excavation of the Ling Canal, the Qin army traveled south through the Ling Canal to Guangxi to reach Hepu Port, and then to Jiaotong, a waterway that was also the preferred foreign exchange route for later people to go to Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries. In this way, the transportation hub and important transit station of the Hepu Central Plains region and Southeast Asia are also one of the starting ports of the ancient "Maritime Silk Road".
For example, in the sixteenth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty(40 AD), due to the corruption and corruption of The Jiaotong Taishou Suding, the Jiaotong women Zhengbian and the Zhengyi sisters joined forces with the three counties of Jiuzhen, Kounan, and Hepu to raise wars and establish themselves as kings.
In the face of the Jiaotong Rebellion, Emperor Guangwu of Han sent the Fubo general Ma Yuan to lead an army to suppress it. At that time, Ma Yuan gathered troops from Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and then took a boat from the Yangtze River into Dongting Lake, then went up against the Xiang River, entered the Li River through the Ling Canal, and then went straight down the Li River, and after reaching Texas, abandoned the boat and traveled directly to Nanjiao, and then defeated the Zheng clan in Langbo (present-day northern Vietnam). This also proves that the opening of the Lingqu is a coherence and smoothness of Guangxi's water transport system, allowing the central imperial court to better control Guangxi. Historically, the Eastern Han Dynasty General Ma Yuan shipped from Luoyang to Jiaotong's thousand-mile waterway, spanning the south and north of China, and was later known as the "Fubo Old Road".
Through the efforts of successive dynasties, during the Ming Dynasty, land transportation in Guangxi covered the whole province, and various prefectures and counties basically formed a network of post stations. At that time, the main land traffic official roads were:
Guilin through Hunan Guanma Avenue, Guilin Tong'annan Avenue, Guilin through Wuzhou Tong Guangdong Avenue, Liuzhou Through Guizhou Avenue, Silong via Baitong Yunnan Guizhou Avenue, Wuzhou via Bobaitong Guangdong Avenue, Fujian County via Nanning to Shanglin County Avenue. In addition, there are Guilin to Nanning Official Road, Nanning to Penn Road, Nanning to Dezhou Road, Nanning to Lianzhou Road
From here, it can be seen that Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty formed two transportation networks centered on Guilin and Nanning. In addition to land transportation, water transportation in Guangxi is also increasingly developed. As Fang Tie recorded in the "General History of Southwest China", the main routes in Guangxi during the Ming Dynasty mainly include:
1 XiangJiang, Lijiang, Guijiang, Yidejiang Waterway
2 Rongjiang River, Liujiang River, Qianjiang River, Ande River Waterway
3 Hongshui River, Qianjiang River, Yide River Waterway
4 ZuoJiang-Yujiang waterway; Right River- Yujiang Waterway; North Stream River, South Stream River Waterway.
In this way, perfect land traffic and water traffic together constitute a smooth and convenient Transportation Network System in Guangxi, making Guangxi better controlled than other regions in the southwest, such as Guizhou and Yunnan.
In contrast, Vietnam was a more remote region in ancient times than Guangxi. For example, Vietnam's Quang Ninh Province is located in the north of Vietnam, bordering Guangxi. Quang Ninh Province is located on the border between China and Vietnam, bordering Beibu Bay to the east and Fangchenggang City in Guangxi to the west, with a coastline of 200 kilometers. Quang Ninh Province is surrounded by mountains, mountains, jungles, and steep terrain, and it is difficult to penetrate deep into the mountainous areas of Quang Ninh Province in the absence of modern railways and highways in ancient times. Coupled with the lack of a spiritual canal to communicate with Vietnam's water transport in Guangxi and Vietnam, it was also difficult for the central court to penetrate deep into the hinterland of Vietnam.
Therefore, due to the lack of convenient transportation, the lack of land and water transportation, and the lack of aircraft in ancient times, it was also difficult for the central court to control Vietnam. Coupled with the dense tropical rainforest in the mountainous areas of ancient Vietnam and the epidemic of plague diseases, it is a bitter cold place. For example, even if the Ming Dynasty occupied Vietnam for thirty years, it was ultimately unable to control the rebellion in Vietnam, and eventually made it a semi-independent vassal state of the Central Dynasty.
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