Love is all over the world
It is the true meaning of Tao Xingzhi's education
Come with a heart, without half a blade of grass
It is a portrayal of Tao Xingzhi's life
2021 marks the 130th anniversary of Mr. Tao Xingzhi's birth
Let's get closer to Tao Xingzhi
Jointly commemorate and remember Mr. Sir
TAOXINGZHI
Tao Xingzhi and Mr. Xiao
Text/Tao Kan
Mr. Xiao made it one of the important practical achievements of the theory of "universal education" and "life education" advocated by Tao Xingzhi, and has become an important symbol of the influence of the Shanhai Engineering Group, and since the gradual promotion of the Shanhai Engineering Group in early 1934, it has been widely disseminated within a few years, and there is still the educational practice of "Mr. Xiao" in the primary and secondary schools in the Baoshan area.
Mr. Xiao during the Shanhai Engineering Group period took classes
Today's "Little Mr. " Class in Baoshan (1)
Today's "Little Mr. " Class in Baoshan (II)
"Those who come do not refuse, and those who cannot come cannot be sent to the door" is the enrollment principle set by the Shanhai Engineering Group when it was established, and it is also an important embodiment of Tao Xingzhi's thinking on popularizing education and civilian education. "Those who come do not refuse" was well implemented at the beginning of the establishment of the engineering group, which expanded the influence of the engineering group, and the "cannot come to the door" was realized by chance in January 1934.
Born from the Dachang area, as an important carrier of Tao Xingzhi's popularization of educational ideology theory and practice, the small mr. system was born in the 1930s, in the context of the era of internal and external troubles of the country, and in a short period of time, it has been widely responded to from point to point. Under the guidance and help of his great-grandfather and his student Lu Jingshan and Mr. Xiao of the Shanhai Engineering Group, the practice of the small mr. system and the engineering group was widely disseminated in the 1930s, such as the establishment of the Xiqiao Children's Engineering Group in Yixing County, Jiangsu Province, the Children's Self-help Work Group in Wengjiashan, Hangzhou, baihou Village in Dapu County, Guangdong Province, and more than a dozen primary and secondary schools in neighboring Shanning County. In Anhui, in the winter of 1934, Tao Xingzhi was invited by the Anhui Provincial Education Bureau to give a lecture on "Mr. Xiao Breaks Through Seventy-Two Difficulties", and he introduced 6 students to 6 normal school districts as counselors, and each school district trained more than 1,000 young men.
A glimpse of The Little Gentleman's student
His great-grandfather personally went all over the country to promote the small mr. system, and tianjin, Jinan, Nanjing and other places have left his footprints. Only 10 months after the birth of the small mr. system, it spread throughout more than a dozen provinces and cities across the country, and Shanghai had 18,000 little gentlemen. The small gentleman system was also popularized in the Jiangxi Soviet District, which was relatively backward in economy and culture at that time, and later in the Yan'an Liberated Area, and Xu Teli, who was then the acting director of the People's Commissar of Education, always admired Tao Xingzhi, and Xu Teli implemented the practice of "taking the people and the people and the able as the teacher" in the Soviet district, which was similar to the small mr. system. In 1938, he went to India to introduce the education of the chinese civilians, introduced the idea of living reading, reading live books, and using both hands and brains, especially the practice of the engineering group and the small mr. system.
In the process of the spread of the small mr. system, the educational practice has also broken through the original form of the small mr. system, not limited to teaching people to read, nor limited to the "small" of the little mr., such as the spread of Chinese martial arts in Shanghai:
Mr. Xu Wenhuan of the Yiyou Society proposed the adoption of the "small gentleman system" method in order to discuss a preliminary way to promote the issue of "universalization of national art". He said: Because of the current difficulties in Shanghai's environment, it is really not easy to solve the above five problems in order to make the national art universal. Moreover, there are no more than five hundred people in Shanghai who are proficient in the art of the state, and it is impossible to teach ten thousand people per person in proportion to the population and then make the art of the country universal. Therefore, the purpose of adopting the "little gentleman system" is to hope that comrades who have studied the national art for two or three months will transfer the national art they have learned to others, or use the method of persuasion to make relatives and friends learn the national art, so that it will be passed on to ten or ten hundred, and it will be widely promoted, and it will not be difficult for the national art to gradually become common.
Tao Xingzhi inscription
In the early period of our liberation, literacy campaigns were carried out throughout the country, that is, to advocate that members teach people, literate people teach illiterate people, and in addition to literate people from all walks of life, college, middle and primary school students were also mobilized to participate in literacy. So far, Baoshan is also committed to creating a "little mr. community" so that children can care about the society and serve the community. In the process, full attention is paid to the cooperation between students, in the activities, cultivate children to be good at discovering social problems, observing people's will, and have the ability to cooperate; cultivate children to establish good relations with teachers, classmates, and residents, and have the ability to coordinate; cultivate children to be able to resolve conflicts and disputes, and have willpower; cultivate children to withstand pressure, honor and disgrace, and have the ability to respond to emergencies; cultivate children's general methods of handling things, be resolute and bold, and have the ability to make decisions when they are decisive.
"Little Mr. Community" Chongyang Festival condolences to the elderly
Parents give a lecture for "Little Mr. Community"
"Little Mr. Community" customs clearance passport
In addition to personally promoting the practice of the small mr. system, the great-grandfather is also paying close attention to the problems in the practice of the little mr. system, reflecting and summarizing in time, forming the original theoretical achievements of mr. Xiao, from 1932 to 1936, Tao Xingzhi published nearly 30 articles, speeches and programs on the small mr. system and children's education, which were included in "Universal Education", "Continuation of Popular Education" and "Three Parts of Universal Education". The content of these articles can be mainly divided into three categories: the first is the implementation of the small mr. system, the second is how to be a little mr., and the third is how to guide and assess mr. small.
From May 14 to August 20, 1935, his great-grandfather serialized 15 articles on "How to Be a Little Gentleman" in the weekly magazine "Morning Post, New Night, And Universal Education", and then he adjusted the order of the articles when he edited the articles into a volume, and added subheadings to each article, which was published by Shanghai Life Bookstore in November 1935, and when it was republished in 1950, Fang Youyan wrote an afterword. In the opening chapter "Why Be Mr. Little", the great-grandfather pointed out the meaning of the little mr. system:
Since the toiling masses have paid for the success of the schools you have attended, you should take responsibility and extract the essence of what you have learned and teach them to the toiling masses and their children. This is the fundamental meaning that every little gentleman has to understand. The student who is dead to read and refuses to teach is obviously an ungrateful slave.
In terms of Mr. Xiao's specific practice, his great-grandfather also proposed: students should be recruited through interesting and useful knowledge itself rather than vanity such as promotion and wealth; attention should be paid to the use of vivid teaching equipment and materials such as phonographs, radios, picture books; Mr. Xiao should not only teach people to read, but should teach what they can teach, and teach what they know; teach people for half an hour a day; do not put up shelves, understand students' problems, understand students' difficulties, and everywhere show that you are willing to help students to learn without the slightest impatience. In this way, it is enough to be a friend, and it is enough to be a little gentleman. You must study hard in order to teach people, you do not grow up, you must not be a little mr., not only to be a little mr., but also to teach other children to be a little mr., the most important thing is to teach your own students to be a little mr.; to be a little mr. you must have perseverance, and there is no end in the tail. Tao Xingzhi also pointed out the importance of organizing the Little Gentlemen's Regiment: "The Little Gentlemen's Regiment is to use the strength of the group to sanction the actions of individuals, it is to gather the strength of each individual and make this force play out towards a common goal." In 1934, Tao Xingzhi spoke at the opening ceremony of the training class for public education service personnel sponsored by the Baoshan County Popular Education Museum, summarizing the significance of Mr. Xiao to public education:
I think that the fundamental meaning of "popular education" is to teach people to spread knowledge to the masses, not to block it in the heads of a small number of people and make their heads bigger, just like taking money. ...... In my opinion, this method can only be used by Mr. Little, and Mr. Little can turn knowledge into air. ...... Because Mr. Little is a primary school student, he learns two words in the morning, and he can take these two words to teach people at night, and at this moment he learns a piece of knowledge or a skill, and then he can teach this piece of knowledge or a skill to others, and he does not have to receive a salary like Mr. Big.
He also summed up four points in the popular education of "Little Mr." that are better than "Mr. Big":
The first is conducive to the popularization of women's education, and It is easier for Mr. Xiao to educate women in the secular environment at that time than that of adult men; the second is: "Adults learn from children, invisibly get a juvenile spirit, and become old teenagers one by one." ...... The Chinese nation can turn old and return to childhood because of Mr. Xiao, and get a new youthful spirit. The third is that Mr. Xiao "knows that is, to pass on to others", to solve the problem that knowledge is no longer privately owned by a small number of people, and to save money; the fourth is: "Mr. Little is a flowing wire, and this wire stretches out in all directions to the bottom of society, forming a network of life education and culture, and the school and the family are integrated, and each other can come and go, and can be transported." He brought the problems that occurred in society and the difficulties encountered back to the school, and then brought the knowledge and skills in the school back to society.
In order to standardize the assessment of the mr. xiao system, Tao Xingzhi designed various grade sheets and work registration forms, including mr. Xiao's resume report sheet, the student's curriculum vitae transcript sheet taught by Mr. Xiao, and the life education group registration form.
Several party and state cadres emerged later, such as Zhang Jinfu, who served as state councilor and director of the State Economic Commission after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Fang Ming, chairman of the National Committee of the China Education Trade Union and secretary of the sub-party group, Fang Ming, member of the party group of the Ministry of Education who participated in the initiation and formulation of the "Teachers Law", Zhang Jian, deputy secretary of the party committee and vice president of Tsinghua University, Shen Zengshan, deputy director of the United Front Work Department of the Baoshan County CPC Committee, Yang Yingbin, member of the Standing Committee of the Guangdong Provincial PARTY Committee and secretary general, and Song Renyuan, member of the Standing Committee of the Jilin Provincial PARTY Committee and director of the United Front Work Department. Lu Peng, vice president of the Central Song and Dance Theater and director of the Second Bureau of Arts of the Ministry of Culture, and Zhou Ruijin, director of the Shanghai Institute of Internal Combustion Engine, and others.
Based on the basic national conditions of modern China, the Shanhai Engineering Group creatively engages in the transformation of the villagers' lives. These creativity is mainly reflected in the fact that the Shanhai Engineering Group carried out its work in a way acceptable to the villagers according to the actual situation of the local area at that time. The Shanhai Engineering Group not only organized villagers to build roads and ponds and engage in infrastructure construction, but also led them to devote themselves to cooperative undertakings, scientific cotton planting, aquaculture, etc., thus improving the livelihood of the villagers. Through the forms of people's night schools, people's tea gardens and reading clubs, the engineering group has united the villagers together, studied together, and made progress together, and the quality of civilization has been greatly improved. The establishment of rural kindergartens has improved the socialization level of life of villagers. In order to popularize life education, Tao Xingzhi also continued to adopt the small mr. system in the Shanhai Engineering Group, "that is, to know is to pass on to others", and achieved very good results. In the face of Japanese imperialist aggression, the Shanhai Engineering Group actively propagated the idea of resisting Japan and saving the country, warmly accepted and invited progressive people, and organized field service groups to serve on the front line. In the process of conducting national disaster education and wartime education, the Shanhai Engineering Group is committed to enlightening the villagers' two modern consciousnesses, one is national consciousness, mainly the mission of the times to resist Japan and save the dead, and the other is class consciousness, mainly to make the villagers realize the source of their own suffering. As the practice of Tao Xingzhi's life education theory, the Shanhai Engineering Group has made special contributions to the transformation of the villagers' society, and has also put forward many ideas, providing reference ideas for the rural reform and education reform of our current society.
About the author of this article
Mr. Tao Xingzhi is the great-grandson of Mr. Tao Xingzhi, the deputy director of the Shanghai Tao Xingzhi Memorial Hall, the director of the China Tao Xingzhi Research Association, the deputy secretary general of the secondary school professional group of the China Tao Xingzhi Research Association, the chairman of the Shanghai Xingzhi Education Promotion Association, the member of the Shanghai Youth Federation, the member of the Basic Education Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the China Democratic League, the member of the Standing Committee of the Baoshan District CPPCC Committee, the member of the Baoshan District Committee of the China Democratic League, and the member of the Standing Committee of the Baoshan District Youth Federation.
Tao Kan
Source: Baoshan District Library
Editor: Xu Shiheng