Introduction: Black fungus is a nutrient-rich high-grade condiment, with certain medicinal value of health food. China has a long history of feeding and cultivation, and there is a description of the cultivation and consumption of black fungus in the Tang Dynasty Su Gong's "Notes on Tang Bencao".
In the past, the cultivation of black fungus relied on natural spores falling into the downed trees for production, the technology was very backward, until the 70s of the last century into pure hyphal culture strains for inoculation, sawn into a unified length of wood for management, from dispersion to concentration, from yin wetland to Yang slope, from natural moisture to artificial spraying, greatly improving production. The life history of black fungus, the influence of external conditions on the growth and development of black fungus, diseases and insect pests and miscellaneous bacteria are further understood, and the current two-field cultivation mode is formed. It is particularly conducive to increasing the yield of black fungus.
<h1>External influencing factors of black fungus</h1>
One, nutrition
Black fungus is a saprophytic fungus that grows and survives entirely dependent on its mycelium to draw from the matrix.
The inoculated segment wood and the prepared wood chips substitute are to meet the needs of the growth and reproduction of black fungus, and the selection of suitable trees for black fungus and the preparation of wood chips culture medium are the production and output guarantee of black fungus.
Second, moisture
Moisture is one of the main conditions for the growth and development of black fungus.
Black fungus has different water requirements at different stages of growth and development.
1. During the period of mycelial spread (including colonization), the water content of the tree and wood chips matrix is 60% to 70%. Too little water affects the absorption and utilization of nutrients by the mycelium, too much water, insufficient oxygen in the breathability, and inhibition of mycelium growth and development.
2, the relative humidity requirements are strict during the formation period of the fruiting body (fungus). The water content in the earwood or wood chip base must be 70%, and the relative humidity of the air is required to be maintained at regularly 90% as appropriate, and the fruiting body grows rapidly. Less than 8O% of fruiting bodies form slowly.
The moisture requirement during the growth of black fungus is that the wet and dry are constantly replaced. During the growth and development stage of the mycelium (including after ear picking), the humidity in the medium should be adjusted to allow the growth and spread of the mycelium. When the hyphae grow and develop to a certain stage and differentiate into ear buds, it is necessary to ensure the humidity in the air, which is conducive to promoting the growth and development of fruiting bodies.
3, after the formation of black fungus belongs to the colloidal, the fruiting body contains rich gum, has a strong ability to absorb water, sucks a foot water, can ensure that it continues to drought and strong sun during the day is not sun-dried, and at night can absorb water in the air to grow. The living black fungus fruiting body can be dried repeatedly, wet dozens of times and continue to grow.
Three, temperature
The growth of black fungus hyphae is most suitable for 22 to 32 degrees, can grow between 6-36 degrees, and is inhibited below 5 degrees, or above 38 degrees, but the black fungus hyphae have strong resistance to short-term high temperature and low temperature, and can cross to spring in the winter of minus 30 degrees in the northeast. It can survive for 24 hours at 48 degrees Celsius.
Black fungus in the temperature range that can grow and develop, low temperature, slow growth and development, robust mycelium, higher temperature, faster growth and development, mycelium is long, easy to age, thin fruiting body, in the case of high temperature and high humidity, often prone to flowing ears.
Fourth, lighting
The light requirements for each stage of body development of black fungus are different.
Hyphae can grow normally in dark environments, but scattered light promotes hyphae development. Fruiting bodies (black fungus) are difficult to form in a dark environment, and it requires not only a large amount of scattered light, but also a certain amount of direct light to grow a strong fruiting body with excellent black flesh thickness.
Five, air
Black fungus is a gas fungus, and the respiration of the mycelium and fruiting bodies of black fungus is to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. The air is not fresh and lacks oxygen, which will affect the growth and development of hyphae and the formation of fruiting bodies.
Throughout the growth and development of black fungus, the cultivation site should maintain fresh air circulation. Air circulation, fresh can also avoid rotten ears, reduce the breeding of diseases and insects.
Sixth, pH
Black fungus prefers to live in a slightly acidic environment.
Mycelium can grow normally in the pH range of p4 to 7, in the cultivation of duan wood, in addition to the pH of the sprayed water should be paid attention to. In the preparation medium, the pH has been prepared.
The above six conditions do not exist in isolation, they are mutual influences, and comprehensively play a role in the growth and development of black fungus.
<h1>Bacteria that harm black fungus</h1>
In the cultivation process of Duanmu, the main miscellaneous bacteria are ring-veined charcoal group fungus, hemp charcoal group fungus, tough leather fungus, cowhide hoop, vermilion suppository fungus, villous thrombobacterium and so on.
Charcoal mass fungus
Among them, the ring-striped charcoal fungus, hemp charcoal fungus, and tough leather fungus are all occurring on the damp shade of the ear fungus, and its reproduction is harmful to the ear wood that does not cover the black fungus mycelium, and also strongly covers the ear wood that covers the black fungus hyphae, and once infected, the ear wood cannot absorb water. Cowhide hoops may cause the earwood wood to decay in the form of powder, until the entire earwood is scrapped.
Phylloscopus vermilion and thrombobacterium, mostly due to direct sunlight pollution when germinating, can be properly shaded and avoided when germs are piled up, and on the surface of the fungus fungus, thrombosis vermilion and thrombobacteria are not easy to infect dry, wet and dry earwood.
In the field ventilated ear field, if you block part of the direct sunlight, the ring charcoal fungus, hemp charcoal fungus, and tough leather fungus are easy to be infiltrated into pollution at the lower end of the ear wood, so that the cultivation of good ear wood is damaged. Bare direct sunlight ear field, and often remove weeds on the ground, basically rarely appear ring charcoal bacteria, hemp charcoal bacteria and tough bacteria, but in the ear wood truncated top section and the upper part is easy to be infected with vermilion fungus and villi when the fungus hyphae are not covered, the harm is not as large as the above several species of bacteria growing in the shade.
<h1>Pests that harm black fungus</h1>
There are mainly pseudo-walking insects, moths, tetrachocephalus, thrips, slugs and mites.
Pseudo-walking insects
In addition to pseudo-walking insects, other insect pests such as fungus, tetrachocephalus, thrips, slugs and mites can inhibit their harm in direct sunlight, or partially (mites) are eliminated. Gall mosquitoes, nematodes, giddings, celestial bulls, and white mosquitoes can basically inhibit the harm during the day.
<h1>Planted in a substitute bag</h1>
Substitute bag planting is to make a good mycelium in a plastic bag of curing material, cut a small opening, let it contact the air to generate ear buds and cultivate black fungus. This dry and wet wet, there is no strong sunlight to help disinfect and sterilize, the hyphae in the black fungus bag are very easy to grow all kinds of bacteria and insect pests. The black fungus grown under the indoor scattered light is thin and pale, and the black fungus grown in the open air with direct sunlight has a high yield and excellent quality. Now the substitute black fungus is also fully open-air imitating the cultivation of Duanmu, the yield has been improved, and the quality is similar to that of Duanmu.
Summary: In the prevention of bacteria and fungus buds and the occurrence and growth of fungus need to be dry, wet and dry, the non-shade ear wood is longer than the growth period of the shade ear wood, and the output of black fungus is more and the quality of high-quality products.