Chen Weisong Chronicle
By Zhou Xuanlong
Fudan University Press
Chen Weisong (1625-1682) was a famous literary scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, who was famous for his poetry in the early Qing Dynasty. This genealogy is based on the Qing Dynasty Chen Weisong's "Collected Poems of Huhai Lou", "Manuscripts of Poems of Huhai Lou", "Complete Collection of Jialing Words", etc., and compiled by many relatives and friends of the Chen clan, the collection of friends, the annals, and fang zhi, and the method of combining philology and history to combine the main deeds, travels, and writings of the master of the genealogy. Through the mutual examination and comparison of various types of literature, chen Weisong's life's deeds are outlined in detail, reflecting Chen Weisong's thoughts and the path of literary creation and development, especially his literary creation, academic activities, singing and traveling.
Related content
Chen Weisong 1625-1682
In the spare time of the editorial work of the Humanities Society for more than ten years, Xuanlong paid attention to the works of Chen Weisong, the great poet of the Qing Dynasty, and the literature on his people and deeds, read them extensively, carefully combed and sorted them out, and accumulated them day by day, composing a new "Chen Weisong Chronology". Xuanlong once studied with me, his doctoral dissertation is mainly research on Chen Weisong's words, and there are sometimes exchanges and discussions in the annual composition, and when the manuscript is first written, I can read it quickly, and it is difficult to escape the responsibility of pushing and shoving.
Composing almanacs for celebrities is a work of historiography.
Compiling an almanac for a celebrity, and recording the experience, deeds, travels, and writings of the master's life year by year, is to provide a solid factual basis for a complete, in-depth understanding and evaluation of his or her merits, achievements, and historical status. According to Liang Qichao, it belongs to historical work.
An almanac for a literary artist, focusing on his literary creation.
Although the main writers who are famous for their literary creation at that time and in later generations write almanacs, although they still focus on recording the deeds of the master of the genealogy, they should focus on the situation of their literary creation and record the years and months of writing of a number of important works, so as to be able to understand the meaning and significance of the works in connection with the current events at that time and the situation of the masters of the genealogy, and understand the meaning and significance of the works.
He wrote an almanac for the writer and tried his best to search for relevant literature and historical materials.
On the other hand, the life of a writer is often relatively unremarkable, he has no chance to participate in state affairs, he has not made a commendable cause, and the things related to his human living conditions and life course are often contained in literary works and should be discovered.
Some of the personnel involved in literary works are more important than knowing the date of his birth and death, the specific situation of his career and travels, and it is more meaningful to understand the genealogy of the writer. Therefore, in compiling the annals for literary scholars, we must not only try our best to search for relevant literature and historical materials, but also study the poems of the master of the spectrum, revealing the personnel and the psychological mentality of the master of the spectrum contained in it, so as to enrich and deepen the understanding of the master of the spectrum and his people.
Xuan Long made this "Chen Weisong Annals", which is very painstaking and laborious in the search for literature, and the "bibliography" attached to the score is as many as a thousand kinds, and there are quotations in the score, which illustrates this point. Among them are books that have not been referenced by previous researchers, such as the "Boli Chen Family Ride", which has very few copies, the manuscript of "Jialing Ci" that has not been used by previous researchers, and the Republic of China manuscript "Shangqiu County Continuation Zhi Data".
For example, the drawing of the genealogical table of the Chen clan in Boli, the account of Chen Weisong's ancestors and fathers, and the exile of Chen Weisong's uncle Chen Yuzhu by the Nan min kechang case or the Tonghai case and the exile of Ninggu Pagoda in three years, yu Qiye, the mixture of sorrow and joy, the words were given as gifts, and the words were given to Wei Yushu and HanCha Wuzi, and the words were given to Liu Jingting, and the expulsion of his uncle Chen Yuzhu by the Nan min Kechang case or the Tonghai case was made by relying on this book found in Chen Weisong's hometown of Yixing.
Several local chronicles of Henan, such as the "Shangqiu County Continuation Chronicle", enabled Xuanlong to explore Chen Weisong's wandering career in Henan, and more significantly deepened the understanding of the close relationship between the Yixing Chen clan and the Shangqiu Hou Fangyu family. This is something that previous researchers have not cared much about.
The publications of the Jialing ci are arranged in the category of tone, and many of the articles are of unknown duration. Xuanlong found a manuscript of the Jialing Ci that was basically in chronological order, which enabled the date of many words with unknown dates to be determined and tied into each year, which helped to understand and interpret the words. For example, "Water Dragon Yin Yong Rhododendron", published in the "Complete Collection of Jialing Words", volume 23, the date of which is unknown. This word is contained in the eighth volume of this manuscript, and the one immediately followed is "Xia Chu Lin Ben Yi", with the inscription: "On the nineteenth day of March, the ugly decay was rhymed with Ming Yang Meng. ”
In the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1673), March 19 was the death day of Emperor Chongzhen at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and the original meaning of the playful word was to express the mourning of the Ming Dynasty by falsely injuring the spring twilight. There are clouds under the "Water Dragon Yin Yong Rhododendron": "Every year from the material, whenever it blooms, it becomes spring twilight." At the end of the word, there was a comment cloud: "Is it a flower?" Is it a bird? Is it the Shu Emperor's aura? Trance is elusive. In fact, it is the meaning of the flowers, birds, and Shu Emperor that people "elusively" chant, and cannot stay on the literal flowers, birds and their allusions to the Shu Emperor. It can be seen that this word is also a long-term sustenance, which is the same as the lyricism of the "Early Summer" written on the death day of the Chongzhen Emperor, which is an important symbol of the Ming Dynasty, and should also be composed for the late spring of the same year.
The materials collected by Xuanlong about Chen Weisong are very rich, and in addition to his self-descriptions and the deeds recorded by others, he also pays attention to his actions and physical and mental state from his own poems, words, texts, and poems given by friends, so that the content of this chronology is extended very widely, and the characters recorded are as many as thousands.
The genealogist Chen Weisong's family lineage, life experience and literary creation are recorded in unprecedented detail and specificity according to the chronological order, showing the life of a true and complete historical and cultural celebrity.
Genealogy table of the Chen clan
Seek to get out
The "Annals" records that Chen Weisong went to Nanjing with his father Chen Zhenhui around the end of the Ming Dynasty, met the group of Fushe literati who were reserved for their fame and dignity, and were not only infected by it, but also successively learned art and literature from Wu Yingji and poetry from Chen Zilong.
When the Qing soldiers crossed the river, Wu Yingji and Chen Zilong were martyred one after another, which caused him a deep psychological trauma and became a painful memory that could not be erased for life. It is not difficult to understand that by the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1673), when he was already trying to seek a career, he still remembered the death day of the Chongzhen Emperor, "But I thought, thirty years ago, the copper camel hated the accumulation, and the Jingu was sparsely populated." Scratch the remnants of bamboo powder, and write the old sorrow to the west", composing words such as "Early Summer", expressing the sadness of the rise and fall of the heart.
Learn
Chen Weisong entered the school at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and in the Qing Dynasty, he was determined to forge ahead, giving up the nationality of all students, and later restored his student status, and increasingly eagerly sought a way out. For this reason, if it is only attributed to the fact that the Qing Dynasty has been consolidated, the society has stabilized, and the meritorious heart of the feudal literati has changed the original value orientation of life, although it is good, it is lost in generality, and it lacks the actual content of Chen Weisong's personal life course.
disaster
The "Annals" record the various disasters he encountered after entering the Qing Dynasty, such as family conflicts, kidnapping and extortion by strongmen, the encroachment of the clansmen, the quarrels and troubles of the Qiu family (zhou Yan Confucians who had a feud with them), the conspiracy of relatives Zhou Gang, his father Chen Zhenhui and his second brother Chen Weisong were arrested and imprisoned, the family property was destroyed, and he was constantly threatened by the government, and had to go out often to rely on people.
His initial restoration of the various lives, as Chen Weisheng put it, was a self-protection measure taken because "the enemy in Yi took advantage of the gap to build a difficult situation." Because this can show that there is no disagreement with the new dynasty, you can also enjoy some preferential treatment for being a showman. However, the situation did not change, and it was not until the three cases of "Kechang", "Tonghai", and "Song pin" that many relatives and friends were affected, some were killed, some were exiled, and they themselves were also threatened and persecuted.
After that, in order to seek a place to live and establish a life, he seriously went to the township examination and begged the acquaintance of the court officials to carry and cite, which contained a lot of bitterness and helplessness, which could not be explained by fame and fortune.
Dating
Chen Weisong was a literary scholar who became a figure who could not be ignored in literary history research treatises with words and texts. Because he was born in the Jiangnan region and a very famous family that was extremely popular at that time, he met many cultural people in his lifetime, and most of them were large and small literary celebrities that were often discussed in the history of literature.
Chen Zilong and Hou Fangyu, who studied under him in the early years, preceded his literary towns Wu Weiye and Gong Dingxiao, and all of them were praised for their literary talents. The poets of the same generation, Zhu Yizun, Wang Shichen, Shi Yanzhang, Song Wan, Wang Huan, Du Mao, You Dong, and later Naran Zhide, all had different shades of interaction with him.
The "Annals" are also inevitable, but should be said to be very careful, to record Chen Weisong's relationship and communication with them, and recorded quite thoughtfully and specifically, including things that ordinary researchers in the past have not noticed, are vague, and do not know why.
The deepest relationship with Chen Weisong is his father's stubbornness. Risking Xiangdu's friendship with Chen Zhenhui's comrades, he invited Chen Weisong, who was struggling to survive, to live in his home and take care of Zhou Zhi for eight years. Chen Weisong was also carried by this famous father, entered the literary circle, got acquainted with Wang Shichen, Gong Dingzi and other literary masters, and became a famous scholar.
Chen Weisong was uneasy about relying on this family in a declining situation for a long time, and wanted to leave to find a way out for himself, and Mao Xiang had written to Wang Shichen in Yangzhou to dissuade him; after Chen Weisong left the Mao family, Mao Xiang still paid attention to his behavior.
In the seventh year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1668), Chen Weisong went to Beijing to plot, and Gong Dingzi managed to obtain the position of a guest of honor in Henan Province, and specially wrote a book to explain and explain to Mao Xiang. Later, Chen Weisong died of illness in Beijing, and risked to set up a seat at the Rugao Dinghui Temple to cry, and the eulogy disclosed the deepest pain, which contained the meaning that the verse did not fully express.
The "Annals" records that Chen Weisong was praised by his predecessors for his poetry from a young age. If it can be said that the praise of Chen Zilong, Li Wen, and others also contained the meaning of encouragement for future generations, when Chen Weisong was in his prime, the widowed old Jiang Yao read his poetry collection with praise, saying that "Huangmen (Chen Zilong) was also the last person" and prefaced it; Wu Weiye called him and Wu Zhaoqian and Peng Shidu "three phoenixes of Jiangzuo" during the Gathering of The Ten Counties of Jiangnan; Gong Dingxiao feasted on guests in Nanjing, limited rhymes and wrote poems, saw Chen Weisong composing poems first, admired and threw pens, and made friends with his heart, and later praised him as "heavenly talents".
This shows that Chen Weisong really has excellent literary talent, and his poems are extremely well written. During his tenure as an official in Yangzhou, Wang Shichen admired his poetry, drank and sang, and was very compatible, and later compiled the "Collection of Feeling the Old" to collect 33 of his poems, which belonged to the most numerous category among the characters contained in the whole book, which can be explained.
According to this situation, the study and review of the poetry of the early Qing Dynasty should not ignore Chen Weisong and cover up his poetic achievements with his fame in the world of words.
A prominent phenomenon in early Qing literature was the revival of words. The "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" contains the "Fifteen Words", and the "Outline of the General Catalogue" says that it is stored here "to see the prosperity of the humanities at the beginning of the country". Zhu Yizun, who was called Chen Weisong at that time, briefly explained the reasons for the revival of words.
The "Annals" records Chen Weisong's lyrics and exchanges with other lyricists, which can roughly see the historical trajectory of Chen Weisong's lyrics and the revival of Qing words. Chen Weisong was involved in words when he was a teenager, and in the more than ten years after entering the Qing Dynasty, he advocated peace with Zou Zhimo and Dong Yining, who liked to fill in the words in Changzhou. Because he chanted and advocated the use of poetry, Yu was not focused on words, and although he made some works from time to time, as Zhu Yizun later said: At that time, "the words were not solved, and the years were not pronounced in words."
At the beginning of the Shunzhi Dynasty, he participated in the campaign initiated by Wang Shichen in Yangzhou, and the lyricist Zou Zhimo and Wang Shichen intersected with words, selecting the "First Collection of Yisheng", Sun Mo selected and engraved "Poetry of Famous Artists of the State Dynasty" (later titled "Fifteen Family Words"), and he also had the works of "Hongqiao Advocate and Words" and the collection of "Wusi Words". It can be seen that there are many people filling in the words at this time, reflecting the beginning of the revival of the words in the Qing Dynasty. Since then, Chen Weisong has no longer been mainly devoted to poetry, but poetry and words at the same time, and the realm of words has also expanded.
After the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1673), it was even more devoted to words, and the poems were rarely written, and all the feelings of nostalgia and happiness, the rewards and rewards were paid to the words, and the articles were burst out, the titles of the words were raised, and the successive lyricists asked them to write prefaces.
In the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1678), before and after entering Beijing to take the Erudite Lexicography Examination, dozens of inscriptions were written for his "Jialing Filler Word Map", most of whom were literary celebrities and famous lyricists, such as Wang Shichen, Zhu Yizun, Peng Sunsun, You Dong, Cao Zhenji, Naran Zhide, etc.
This incident shows that at that time, the literary circles respected Chen Weisong as the standard of the word world, and it can also be imagined that the grand situation of the word world in that period can be imagined. If there is a connection shortly thereafter, Chen Weisong and Naran Zhide will pass away one after another, and dozens of families will write inscriptions for Chen Weisong, which should be the climax of the revival of Qingzi.
In the middle of this, the "Annals" recorded that Sun Mo compiled and engraved the "Poetry of famous artists of the State Dynasty", the first batch of which were Zou Zhimo, Wang Shichen, and Peng Sunsuan, the second batch was Cao Erkan, Wang Shilu, and You Dong, the third batch was Chen Shixiang, Chen Weisong, Dong Yining, and Dong Yu, and the fourth batch was Wu Weiye, Gong Dingzi, Liang Qingbiao, Song Wan, Huang Yong, and Lu Qiuke, and the sixteen families.
It is also remembered that Gong Dingzi's "Xiang yan ci" was sent to Sun Mo by Chen Weisong in the twelfth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1673). It can be seen that the "Poetry of famous artists of the National Dynasty" was carved in batches by Sun Mo over a period of more than ten years, and the fourth batch of books was composed by Deng Hanyi in the sixteenth year (1677) of the Kangxi Dynasty, and was engraved in the next one or two years. This book was later included in the "Four Libraries complete book", with the title "Fifteen Family Words", missing Gong Dingzi's "Xiangyan Words", and the order of compilation was not according to the original inscription.
According to the "Annals" compiled by the Chinese Historical Archives, it was found that because the complete collections written by Gong Dingzi had been destroyed, this word should not be reproduced, so it was destroyed and changed to "Fifteen Family Words". This identifies the problem of the name of the book and the change in the number of households received.
The "Annals" recorded a lot of personnel, and perhaps some tailoring should be done. However, some of them are not related to the general body of the spectrum, but there are people who interest me.
For example, when I examined the life of Pu Songling, the author of "Liaozhai Zhiyi", I learned about Bi Jiyou, the owner of the museum, who had been sitting in the museum for thirty years, and I also wrote in the text that Pu Songling had written an article on behalf of Bi Jiyou, "Reply to Chen Hanlin (His Year)", which was brilliant in writing, and it was enough to match the identities of the Bi and Chen families, but did not deeply investigate the relationship between the two families.
The "Annals" records that when Bi Ji had an official in Nantong Prefecture zhizhou, Chen Weisong once lived in bi ji's official office to avoid the Tonghai case and play the case of dismissal; Bi Ji had deposed officials in Yangzhou, feasted on the old and friendly, Chen Weisong also attended the meeting, and wrote "Guitian Advocate and Order".
At the beginning of the review of Chen Weisong's Erudite Hongzhi Official Hanlin Academy, that is, to send greetings to Bi Ji, Pu Songling replied on his behalf. What is more interesting is that a small person Liu Kongji was also launched in the middle. Liu Kongji was Pu Songling's closest confidant in Sun Hui Yamen in Baoying County, and in my article on Pu Songling's southern tour, I once said that he and Liu Kongji felt sorry for each other, and after Pu Songling returned to his hometown, there were poems of remembrance and mourning, but I did not know his name and Chinese origin.
The Annals record that he was also one of bi jiyou in this feast, and he also invited Chen Weisong to the restaurant to drink and talk. Chen Weisong called him "Shandong Liu Kong Ji Dacheng", he was named Dacheng, Zi Kong Ji, a Shandong native, and he should have known Chen Weisong before. From this, it is inferred that Liu Kongji was with Bi Jiyou as a curtain, and his friendship with Chen Weisong was when Chen Weisong was living in the Nantong Prefecture Bureau, and a few years after Bi Ji had resigned from the government and returned to Li, he was hired by Sun Hui, a Tongyi person from Bi Ji, to Baoying, Jiangsu, and became a curtain friend with Pu Songling.
I have such an unexpected gain from reading the Annals of Chen Weisong, and I think that other people who study the literature of the early Qing Dynasty will also find interesting materials from it. For example, in the "Annals" of the thirteenth year of Kangxi (1674), it is recorded that Chen Weisong and Du Mao gave the words "He Groom" to themselves as self-deprecating and unkind, and then Du Mao recounted the drama of an official watching the king break through Beijing and bingbu Shangshu kneeling down, and the bingbu shangshu in the play was actually the official who watched the play, which made him not embarrassed, and Chen Weisong gave "He Groom" a song about it.
This official is obviously Zhang Jinyan, who once funded Li Yu to publish the "Second Collection of Silent Dramas", and in the novel, Zhang Jinyan was rescued by hanging himself during the time when the king broke through Beijing, and called himself an "undead hero", Zhang Jinyan was impeached, saying that he falsified history and exiled Ningguta. The story told by Du Mao was born from Zhang Jinyan's affair. Those who study Li Yu's novels will be interested in this matter.
For another example, the "Annals" records Chen Weisong's interactions with Western missionaries, and has made a careful examination of the tribute of the Yellow Lions and their subjects in Portugal in the seventeenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1678), which has more reference value in many aspects.
Source: Fudan University Press
Editor: Duan Pengcheng