Chinese Pharmacopoeia: Ginseng
【Medicinal name】Ginseng
Pinyin: Rén Shēn
【Source】This product is the dried root of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. of the Pentagram family plant Panax ginseng. The cultivator is "garden ginseng", and the wild is "mountain ginseng". More than in autumn digging, washing; garden ginseng is dried or dried, called "raw ginseng"; mountain ginseng is dried by sun, called "raw sun ginseng"; blanched by water, dried after soaking sugar, called "white sugar ginseng"; steamed and dried, called "red ginseng".
【Properties】Raw ginseng: the main root is spindle-shaped or cylindrical, 3 to 15 cm long, 1 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow intermittent thick stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles in the upper part or the whole part, 2 to 3 branches of the lower part, and most of the slender whisker roots, which often have inconspicuous small wart-like protrusions on the whisker roots. The rhizome (reed head) is 1 to 4 cm long and 0.3 to 1.5 cm in diameter, with many cramps and curved, with adventitious roots and sparse concave socket-like stem marks (reed bowl). The texture is hard, the cross-section is yellowish white, powdery, and the layers of rings are brownish yellow, and the skin has yellow-brown dot-like resin channels and radial fissures. The aroma is peculiar, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
Raw ginseng: the main root and rhizome are equal in length or short, herringbone-shaped, diamond-shaped or cylindrical, 2 to 10 cm long. The surface is grayish yellow, with longitudinal stripes, the upper end has a tight and deeply sunken ring-like horizontal stripe, the branches are mostly 2, the whisker roots are slender, clear and not chaotic, there are obvious wart-like protrusions, known as "pearl knots". The rhizome is slender, with dense stem marks on the upper part, and the indeterminate roots are thicker and resemble jujube nuclei.
【Identification】(1) Cross-section of this product: The wooden plug layer is a number of columns of cells. The cortex is narrow. There are fissures on the outside of the phloem, and the medial parenchymal cells are more tightly arranged, and there are resin channels scattered, containing yellow secretions. Layers are formed into rings. Xylem rays are broad, the ducts are scattered or clustered in numbers, intermittently arranged in radial, and there are occasionally non-woodified fibers next to the catheters. Parenchymal cells contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals.
Raw ginseng powder is yellowish white. Resin tract fragments are easy to see and contain yellow lumpy secretions. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 20~68 μm in diameter and sharply pointed. Wood plug cells are square or polygonal, with thin walls and fine wavy curved. The diameter of the reticulated and trapezoidal catheters is 10~56μm. There are many starch grains, single grain spherical, semi-circular or irregular polygonal, diameter 4 to 20 μm, umbilical dotted or cracked; compound grains are composed of 2 to 6 particles.
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 40ml of chloroform, heat reflux for 1 hour, discard the chloroform liquid, the slag evaporates the solvent, add water 0.5mkl to mix well and wet, add water saturated n-butanol 10ml, ultrasonic treatment for 30 minutes, aspirate the supernatant, add 3 times the amount of ammonia test solution, shake well, place the layer, take the upper liquid to steam dry, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve, as a test solution. Take another 1g of ginseng control herbs and make a control medicinal solution by the same method. Then take ginsenoside Rb< [1] >, Re, Rg< [1] > control, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 2 mg per 1 ml, as a control solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (Appendix VI.B) test, aspirate 1 to 2 μl of each of the above three solutions, respectively, on the same silica gel G thin layer plate (thickness 500 μm), and the lower solution placed below 10 °C below 10 °C of ethyl acetate-methanol-water (15:40:22:10) as the unfolding agent, unfold, remove, dry, spray with 10% ethanol sulfate solution, heat at 105 °C until the spots are clearly colored, and viewed under daylight and ultraviolet lamp (365 nm) respectively. In the chromatography of the test product, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed in the corresponding positions with the control medicinal material chromatography, and in the corresponding positions of the control chromatography, three purple-red spots appear in sunlight, and under the ultraviolet light (365 nm), the same yellow and two orange fluorescent spots appear.
【Preparation】Raw ginseng: moisten thoroughly, cut into thin slices, dry. Raw ginseng: Crush or mash when used. White ginseng: blanched in water, soaked in sugar and dried. Red ginseng: Steamed and dried in the sun.
【Sexual taste】Sweet, slightly bitter, flat.
【Returning to the Scriptures】 Returning to the Spleen, Lungs, and Heart Meridians.
【Indications】 Great tonic vitality, compound pulse consolidation, spleen and lungs, vitality, tranquility. It is used for body weakness, limb cold pulse, spleen deficiency and lack of food, lung weakness and cough, thirst from jin wounds, internal heat to quench thirst, long-term illness deficiency, palpitation insomnia, impotence and cold palace; heart failure, cardiogenic shock.
【Dosage】 3 ~ 9g, another fry mixed with the decoction to take; wild ginseng ruoyan powder swallow, 2g at a time, 2 times a day.
【Note】It should not be used with quinoa.
【Storage】Place in a cool and dry place, sealed and stored, anti-moth.
【Excerpt】Chinese Pharmacopoeia
National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Ginseng
【Aliases】Rod hammer, mountain ginseng, garden ginseng, ginseng leaf
[Source] Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. [P. schin-seng Nees] root, its leaves are also medicinal, called ginseng leaves. Generally, it should be harvested and grown for more than 5 years. Autumn digging, especially wild ginseng, when the fruit is ripe bright red, it is easier to find, dig as far as possible with the whiskers, remove the soil, and dry a called "raw ginseng". After blanching in water and soaking sugar, it is called "white sugar ginseng". Steamed and dried or dried is called "red ginseng".
【Original form】Perennial root herb, 30 to 60 cm tall. The main root is hypertrophic, fleshy, yellowish-white, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, with slight branches below; the rhizome (reed head) is short and erect. The stem is upright, cylindrical, and unbranched; the annual plant has only one leaf at the top of the stem, and the leaves have three leaflets, commonly known as "three flowers"; the two-year stem is still only one leaf, but it has 5 leaflets, called "slaps"; the three-year-old has two compound leaves of 5 leaflets, called "erjiazi"; the four-year-olds increase to 3 rotational compound leaves, called "lampstands"; the five-year-olds increase to 4 rotational compound leaves, called "four horses"; the six-year-old stem has 5 rotational compound leaves, called "five leaves"; the compound leaf palm, the leaflets are 3 to 5 pieces, and the middle 3 pieces are nearly equal in size. Small leaflets are oval or slightly inverted ovate, 4 to 15 cm long and 2 to 6.5 cm wide, tapering at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, finely serrated at the edges, a few bristles scattered on the upper veins, no hairs below, and the lowest pair of leaflets is very small, without small petioles. In summer, the umbel-shaped inflorescence is in a single top leaf cluster, the total peduncle is up to 30 cm long, each inflorescence has more than 4 to 40 flowers, and the small peduncle is about 5 mm long. Small bracts, striped lanceolate; calyx bell-shaped, healing with ovary, lobe 5, green; petals 5, ovate, full margin, pale yellowish-green; stamens 5, short filaments; pistil 1, lower ovary, 2 chambers, peduncle 2, upper part detached, lower synbiosis. The berries are flattened and round, bright red when ripe, and contain two semicircular seeds inside.
Ginseng wild people are called "wild ginseng", and cultivators are called "garden ginseng", and the difference between the two in medicinal materials is as follows:
Wild ginseng The upper part of the rhizome is densely covered with reed bowls on all sides, and the lower part of the rhizome has a longer garden reed. The upper end of the taproot has a thin, deep spiral pattern. The middle and lower parts are generally unstried. The roots are sparse and long, and are not easy to break. It has a pronounced wart-like protrusion.
Garden ginseng Rhizomes on one or both sides of raw reed bowls, no garden reeds. The upper end of the taproot has thick stripes, which are not spiral-shaped, and sometimes the entire streak is visible. The roots are broom-like, shorter and brittle, with inconspicuous wart-like protrusions on them.
【Habitat Division】Born in the dense forest of hillsides, it is distributed in the northeast provinces of China. Liaoning and Jilin have a large number of cultivation, in recent years, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Hubei and other provinces and regions have also been planted.
【Cultivation】 Prefer cold cool humid climate, hardy. It prefers oblique and diffuse light, and avoids strong light and high temperature. The soil selection is strict, suitable for good drainage, and the cultivation of sandy loam soil and loam soil rich in humus. Seeds are propagated, sown in summer, autumn and spring. Summer sowing, July to August when the fruit is ripe, harvested and sown immediately. Autumn sowing is in November, and spring sowing is in early and mid-April. Before sowing, the ground is prepared for furrows, which are 0.7 to 1 foot high and 3.8 to 4 feet wide, and the inter-furrow work path is 6 to 8 feet. Sowing, 1 pair per square meter, after sowing, cover the soil 1 to 1.5 inches, often keep the soil moist, about the beginning of May seedlings. Autumn sowing and spring sowing must be artificially germinated. The germination method is to dig a pit 5 to 6 inches deep, the size depends on the number of seeds, and then mix the sand and seeds in a 1:1 ratio, put them into the pit, cover the soil with 2 to 3 inches, and often keep the soil moist. After about 2 months, the crack is possible to sow. Transplanted in October of the third year, the row spacing is 6×3 inches, and the soil cover is 1.5 to 2 inches. Before the emergence of seedlings, the front eaves height of 3 to 4 feet, the rear eaves height of 2 to 3 feet of shade. During the growth period, there are spots, blight and anthrax, which can be controlled by Bordeaux liquid spray.
【Chemical composition】The root contains 0.4% ginsenosides and a small amount of volatile oil. The main ingredient in the oil is panacen (C15H24) 0.072%. Saponins were reportedly isolated from the roots: ginsenosides A, B, C, D, E and F (panaxoside A, B, C, D, E, F) and so on. Ginsenoside A (C42H72O14), ginsenoside Rg1. Ginsenosides B and C are hydrolyzed to produce panaxatriol saponins, and ginsenosides D, E and F are hydrolyzed to give 20-epiproto panaxo-diol saponins. β-elecene (β-elemene, C15H24) was also isolated from the low boiling point of the ether extract. Ginseng alkynol (panaxynol, C17H26O) was partially isolated from the high boiling point. In addition, it also contains monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, sucrose, three kinds of trisaccharides: glucose - fructose , tripedextrose , glucose - glucose - fructose , ginseng acid ( a mixture of soft alic acid , stearic acid and linoleic acid ), polybell vitamins (B1, B2, hycoic acid, hytaamide, pantothenic acid ), a variety of amino acids , choline , enzymes ( maltase , invertase , esterase ), spermine ( spermine ) and cholamine ( cholamine ). The aerial part of ginseng contains flavonoids, known as panasenoside, trifolin, behenol, ginsenosides, β-sitosterol and sugars.
[Pharmacological effect] 1. Ginseng has an excitatory effect on the central nervous system, and when it is large, it has an inhibitory effect. It can strengthen the excitatory and inhibitory processes of higher neural activity in animals. And can enhance the body's adaptability to all non-specific stimuli, can reduce fatigue (ginseng roots, stems, leaves can extend the duration of mice swimming).
2. Ginseng has a direct effect on the myocardium and blood vessels, and is generally excited in small doses and inhibited at large doses. 10% ginseng infusion 1 ml/kg to cats (or rabbits) gastric filling, has a certain improvement effect on myocardial weakness. There is a considerable degree of recovery during the warming period. It also has anti-allergic shock and cardiotonic effects. Ginseng has an inhibitory effect on the activity of adenosine triphosphate in the membrane of rat cardiomyocytes.
3. Strengthen the body's resistance to harmful factors: (1) It can save chickens infected with malaria parasites from acute death, and the weight of chickens is gradually increasing. (2) It can inhibit the febrile reaction of experimental animals due to milk injection or vaccine. (3) It can enhance the ability of the human body to adapt to temperature changes. (4) When the dog is in a state of dying with a large amount of blood loss or suffocation, the ginseng preparation is injected immediately, which can make the blood pressure drop to a very low level rise steadily. (5) It can prolong the survival time of trypanosomiasis-infected mice. (6) It can inhibit the systemic inflammatory response caused by injection of turpentine oil or frostbite due to rabbit ear shell. (7) Promote the healing of certain experimental injuries. (8) It has the effect of anti-vitamin B1 and B2 deficiency. (9) It can accelerate the healing effect of experimental corneal ulcers in rabbits. (10) It can weaken the effect of certain poisons (benzene, tetraethyl lead, trimethylphenol phosphoric acid, etc.) on the body.
4. It has a hypoglycemic effect on hyperglycemia caused by epinephrine; in addition to consciously improving symptoms for diabetic patients, there is also a slight hypoglycemic effect, and has a synergistic effect with insulin.
5. Can promote the gonadal function of animals, mice eat a small amount of ginseng, can produce tail lifting phenomenon.
6. At the appropriate dose, the rabbit can also increase body weight, so that the ratio of plasma albumin to globulin increases.
7. Stimulate hematopoietic organs, have the effect of improving anemia.
8. Long-term use of a small amount can make the reticuloendothelial system can be hyperactive; if the dose is too large, it will have the opposite effect.
【Sexual taste】Sweet, slightly bitter, slightly warm.
【Indications】 Qi, Solidification, Shengjin, Tranquility, Nootropic. It is used for shortness of breath, palpitations and forgetfulness, thirst and sweating, lack of food and weakness, shock and prostration caused by all acute and chronic diseases and blood loss.
【Dosage】0.5~3 coins, a large number of can be used to 1 two.
【Note】 Can not be used with quinoa and five spirit fats.
【Compound】 1, major blood loss or all acute and chronic diseases caused by prostration, pale face, sweaty limbs, weak breathing: (ginseng soup) ginseng 0.5 ~ 1 two, water decoction; or (ginseng soup) add appendage 2 to 4 dollars, fry for more than 1 hour.
2, qi and yin two injuries, thirst and sweating, shortness of breath: (raw pulse dispersion) ginseng 1 dollar, Mai Dong 3 dollars, Schisandra 1 dollar, water frying.
【Excerpt】National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Dictionary of Chinese Medicine: Ginseng
[Aliases] Human title, ghost gai ("Benjing"), earth essence, sacred grass, yellow ginseng, blood ginseng ("WuPu Materia Medica"), goblin ("Guangya"), 100-foot pestle ("Bencao Tujing"), Hai Hin, Jinjing Yulan, Bao'er Ginseng ("Gangmu"), Stick ("Liaoning Main Medicinal Materials").
【Source】The Book of Origins
[Source] is the root of ginseng, a plant of the Family Pentagram.
(1) Garden ginseng
Ginseng that has been mined and grown for more than 6 years between September and October. Carefully planed with a pickaxe to prevent broken roots and injuries, remove the soil, and then process. The fresh product is called "Garden Ginseng Mizuko". Fresh mountain migration ginseng is called "moving mountain ginseng water seed".
(2) Visit to Noyama
Excavations were carried out from May to September. Use bone needles to loosen the soil, carefully pull out the roots and whiskers to prevent breaking, and remove the soil, stems and leaves. The fresh product is called "Wild Ginseng Water Seed".
【Original form】Perennial herb, up to 60 cm tall. The main root is hypertrophic, fleshy, cylindrical, and often divergent, and is often called "spiritual body" or "transverse body" by those who disagree in the upper part of the root; those who are almost not divided or disagree in the lower part are accustomed to being called "stupid body" or "gu body"; the roots are long, with most small warts; there are stem marks on the rhizome, and sometimes the effective stripe is indefinite. The stem is erect, green, finely cylindrical, smooth and glabrous. The pareller is born at the end of the stem, the number varies according to the growth age, the initial birth is 1 3 out of the compound leaf, the second year is 1 out of the palm of the 5 out of the palm, the three-year is 2 out of the palm of the compound leaf, the four-year is 3, and then it increases year by year, and finally increases to 6; the leaf has a long stalk; the leaflet is ovate or inverted, and the leaflets at the base of the compound leaf are small, 2 to 3 cm long, 1 to 1.5 cm wide; upper leaflets 4 to 15 cm long and 2.2 to 4 cm wide; tapering at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, extended downwards, with fine serrations at the edges, upright bristles along the upper veins and glabrous below; petioles up to 2.6 cm long. The total peduncle is drawn from the center of the petiole at the end of the stem, about 7 to 20 cm long, apical umbel-shaped inflorescence, with more than ten or dozens of pale yellow-green florets, usually beginning to flower in the fourth year; the flowers have stems, genders and males; calyx green, 6 lobes; petals 6, the apex tip; stamens 5; lower ovary, 2 chambers, peduncle 2, detached in the hermaphroditic flowers, and merge in the male flowers to form a hollow cylindrical shape. Berry-shaped drupes, kidney-shaped, bright red when ripe, containing 1 seed per chamber. The seeds are white, flattened, roundly ovate, and flattened on one side. Flowering period is from June to July. The fruiting period is from July to September.
Born in dense forests. It is found in the deep mountains of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and northern Hebei. Liaoning and Jilin have a large number of cultivations. Wild ginseng is called "wild ginseng"; cultivated one is called "garden ginseng". For example, the young wild ginseng transplanted in the field, or the young garden ginseng transplanted to the mountain and grown ginseng, is called "moving mountain ginseng".
The rhizomes of this plant (ginseng reeds), the adventitious roots on the rhizomes (ginseng strips), the fine branches of the roots and the roots (ginseng whiskers), the leaves (ginseng leaves), the flowers (ginseng flowers), and the fruits (ginseng seeds) are also used for medicinal purposes.
【Preparation method】There are 4 kinds of ginseng, sugar ginseng, raw ginseng and other categories of ginseng that people participate in the construction method:
(1) Red ginseng
Take garden ginseng water to cut off the roots and whisker roots, wash and rinse, steam for 2 to 3 hours, until the ginseng roots are yellow, the skin is translucent, take out and dry or sun-dried. The main finished product is red ginseng. Side strip ginseng, etc.
(2) Sugar ginseng
Take fresh ginseng and wash it, soak it in boiling water for 3 to 7 minutes, fish it out, soak it in cool water for about 10 minutes, take it out and dry it, and then smoke it by sulfur. Then use a special needle to make small holes in the parallel and vertical direction of the ginseng and immerse in a concentrated sugar juice (100 ml of water-soluble 135 g sugar) for 24 hours. After removal, expose to the sun for 1 day, then dampen it with a wet towel to soften it, make a second piercing, and soak in the thick sugar juice for 24 hours. After removal, rinse off the floating sugar and dry or bake. The main finished products are white ginseng (processed products of garden ginseng water seed or mountain ginseng water seed), sugar ginseng (processed products for various fresh ginseng) and so on.
(3) Raw ginseng
Take fresh ginseng and wash it, dry it after 1 day of sun exposure, and then smoke it with sulfur and dry it. The main finished products are raw ginseng, whole beard raw ginseng, white dried ginseng and so on.
(4) Other categories
(1) Pinch ginseng: The processing method is similar to that of sugar ginseng, generally soaking the ginseng body in boiling water 3 times, each time for 1 to 2 minutes, about three ripe, and then put the branch root in boiling water for about 20 minutes. After the body is punched, it is soaked in the dilute sugar juice 3 times, then taken out and baked over low heat to separate the skin from the inside, and then gently prick the outer skin with a bamboo knife to make it a point. (2) Vigorous ginseng: Take fresh ginseng and soak it in boiling water for a while and then dry it.
The finished ginseng product is easy to return to sugar with moisture, and should be placed in a dry and cool place, sealed and stored, and anti-insect moth.
【Traits】(1) Garden ginseng
Also known as ginseng. The main root (samson) is cylindrical in shape, with a yellowish surface and intermittent stripes on the upper part. The rhizome (reed head) is about 2 to 6 cm long and about 0.5 to 1.6 cm in diameter, with sparse bowl-shaped stem marks (reed bowls) and one or several adventitious roots (ginseng). There are 2 to 6 branches, with many divergent ends, many slender whisker-like roots, and there are small wart-like protrusions (pearl dots) on them.
Due to the different processing methods, there are mainly the following kinds of commercial garden ginseng: (1) Red ginseng: the main root is about 5 to 20 cm long and about 0.7 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface is brownish red, translucent, with large longitudinal wrinkles, inconspicuous ring lines, and branch marks. The rhizomes are yellow in soil with 4 to 6 bowl-shaped stem marks. Hard and brittle, flat section,, brownish-red, with light-colored centers. Fragrant, slightly bitter taste. (2) Side ginseng: the trait is the same as red ginseng, but generally characterized by a longer rhizome, a long diameter and a long branch. (3) Sugar ginseng: the main root is about 3.5 to 12 cm long and 0.6 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface is pale yellowish white, the upper end has more intermittent ring lines, and the epidermis is peeled off and fine root marks throughout the body. The section is flat, powdery, yellowish-white, sometimes with a pale yellow circle near the phloem, and often radial fissures in the center. Fragrant, sweet and slightly bitter. (4) White ginseng: the trait is the same as sugar ginseng, the shape is better, similar to wild ginseng, but mostly straight, the rhizome is longer than the red ginseng, the whiskers are scattered, short and brittle. (5) Raw ginseng: the main root is about 3 to 10 cm long and about 0.3 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface is earthy yellow, with black-brown horizontal stripes and longitudinal wrinkles, and the fine branches and whisker roots have been removed, leaving only traces. Brittle, light, flat cross-section, white, radial fissures. Fragrant, bitter taste. Those who have a complete rhizome and a whisker root are called "all bearded ginseng". (6) White dried ginseng: the epidermis of the main root has been removed, the body surface is yellowish or white-like, and the transverse stripes at the upper end are not obvious, but shallow longitudinal wrinkles and branch root marks can be seen. Other traits are similar to those of raw ginseng. (7) Pinch ginseng: the main root is about 6 to 15 cm long, about 1.2 to 2.5 cm in diameter, the surface is yellowish, and the upper end ring is not obvious, but many pits caused by processing can be seen. The roots are light brown, and the roots and whisker roots are threaded into an oxtail shape. Cross-sectional white. Fragrant, sweet and slightly bitter. (8) Vigorous ginseng: the main root is 5 to 15 cm long, the surface is pale yellow, translucent, there are obvious longitudinal wrinkles, and there are brown horizontal stripes at the upper end. Both the fine branch root and the whisker root have been removed. Hard and crispy. The cross-section is flat and transparent and. Fragrant, bitter taste.
Garden ginseng products are preferably long, large, and reed (rhizome) elderly. Thin and small, short ass and heavy sugar.
The main production is Jilin, followed by Liaoning, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and other places.
Also known as mountain ginseng. The main root is short-term, equal in length or shorter than the rhizome, and has two main branches, resembling the human body. The upper end has a thin, deep horizontal ring. The rhizome is slender, generally 3 to 9 cm long, the upper part is twisted, known as "goose neck reed", the reed bowl is dense, the lower part is smooth without a reed bowl, commonly known as "round reed". The whiskers are sparse, about 1 to 2 times longer than the main root, flexible and not easy to break, and there are obvious warty protrusions (pearl spots). The whole body is pale yellowish white, and the skin is fine and smooth. The aroma is strong and the taste is sweet and slightly bitter.
Due to different processing, there are three kinds of commercial wild ginseng: raw ginseng, sugar ginseng, and pinched ginseng. In addition to its full shape, its characteristics are similar to the corresponding garden ginseng products: it is preferable to have large branches, pulp feet, fine lines, long reeds, dense bowls, round reeds and pearl dots.
The main products are Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other places.
(3) Moving mountain ginseng
The body resembles wild ginseng, but the lower part of the main root is often more fat, thick and shallow, often extending to the middle of the main root, and the whisker root pearl point is less. Processed commodities with wild ginseng.
(4) Korean ginseng
Ginseng produced in North Korea, known as Korean ginseng, is also known as Betsu ginseng and Korean ginseng. The commodities are divided into Korean red ginseng and Korean white ginseng, and the red one is preferred.
(1) Korean red ginseng
The processing method is the same as that of domestic red ginseng. The body is relatively strong, the upper double horseshoe reed and shoulder alignment, the name of the single reed "single bowl reed", the middle is deeply sunken, the edge is very neat, the texture is hard. The taproot is about 6 to 10 cm long and 1 to 2 cm in diameter. The surface is reddish brown with smooth lines, the upper part or yellow coat, and the whole is longitudinal. The branches are multi-curved and crossed. Strong weight. The cross-sectional horn is shiny and has a chrysanthemum pattern. The aroma is strong and the taste is sweet and slightly bitter.
(2) Korean white ginseng
The reed head is similar to garden ginseng and has a cylindrical body. The surface is yellowish-white with fine brown lines. Most of the roots are removed, and the quality is loose. The section has a center. Slightly aromatic, sweet and slightly sour.
In addition, ginseng cultivated in Japan, commonly known as Oriental ginseng, was first published in the "Compendium of Collected Remains", and the commodity was divided into two kinds of white ginseng due to different processing.
【Preparation】Sugar ginseng: remove the reed head and cut into sections. Red ginseng: remove the reed head and cut into sections. Or wrap the neck in a damp cloth, moisten and soften, slice and dry.
【Sexual taste】Sweet and slightly bitter, warm.
(1) The Book of Books: "Sweet taste, slightly cold." "
(2) "Beilu": "Slightly warm, non-toxic." "
(3) "Materia Medica Preparation": "Raw, sweet and bitter, slightly cool; ripe, sweet, warm." "
【Return to the meridian】Into the spleen and lungs.
(1) "Materia Medica Derivative Supplement": "Start Taiyin." "
(2) "Materia Medica": "Into the lungs and spleens." "
(3) "Medicinal Meaning": "Into the spleen, stomach, lungs three meridians." "
【Functional indications】Great tonic vitality, solidification of life, tranquility. Cure fatigue and weakness, lack of food, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, stool slippage, cough and shortness, sweating, palpitations, forgetfulness, dizziness and headache, impotence, frequent urination, thirst, women's collapse, children's slow alarm, and long-term deficiency, all the evidence of insufficient qi, blood and fluid.
(1) "This Sutra": "The Lord replenishes the five internal organs, calms the spirit, stops the panic, removes evil qi, is blind, and is happy and intellectual." "
(2) "Beilu": "Cure the cold in the stomach and intestines, the pain in the abdomen, the chest and ribs are full, cholera vomiting, the adjustment, quench the thirst, the blood veins, the broken accumulation, people are not forgotten." "
(3) "The Theory of Medicinal Properties": "The Lord's five visceral qi is insufficient, five labors and seven injuries, weakness and weakness, vomiting and inability to eat, stop cholera, boredom and vomiting, replenish the five internal organs, and keep the gods in the middle." "Eliminate phlegm in the chest, vomit pus and epilepsy in the main lung, reverse the cold air, do not eat typhoid fever, and suffer from falsehood and dreams, add and use it."
(4) "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Adjust the middle to cure qi, consume food and appetize." "
(5) "Pearl Sac": "Nourish blood, replenish stomach qi, laxative heart fire." "
(6) "Medical Qiyuan": "Cure spleen and stomach deficiency of yang qi and lung shortness of breath, shortness of breath, lack of qi, tonic in the middle of slowness, diarrhea in the lungs, spleen and stomach in the fire evil." "Essentials of The Main Treatment": Tonify vitality, stop diarrhea, and rejuvenate liquid. "
(7) "Yunnan Materia Medica": "Insufficient yin and yang, weak lungs." "
(8) "Materia Medica": "Fixing asthma, unblocking blood veins, diarrhea yin fire, nourishing Yuanyang." "
(9) "Outline": "Cure all false evidence of men and women, fever and sweating, dizziness and headache, nausea and vomiting, malaria, slippery diarrhea for a long time, frequent urination, drenching, fatigue and internal injuries, stroke, heat stroke, paralysis, vomiting blood, coughing blood, blood collapse, prenatal and postpartum diseases." "
【Dosage】Internal use: decoction, 0.s ~ 3 yuan, large dose of 0.3 ~ 1 two; can also be boiled cream, or into pills, loose.
【Note】 Empirical evidence, heat evidence should not be taken.
(1) Commentary on the Materia Medica: "Poria is the messenger. Evil and sloppy. Anti-quinoa. "
(2) "Medicine Pair": "Fear of the Five Spirit Fats." Evil soap pods, black beans. Moving purple quartz. "
(3) "On medicinal properties": "Ma Lin is the messenger. Evil salty. "
(4) "Introduction to Medicine": "Yin deficiency fire cough vomit blood those with caution." "
(5) "The Legend of Tsukiike Ginseng": "Avoid iron tools." "
(6) "Medicinal Meaning": "If the spleen and stomach are hot, the lungs are affected by fire, the wheezing and phlegm are abundant, the blood loss begins, the chest is painful and stuffy, the choking diaphragm is constipated, and there are worms and accumulations, they are not available." "
【Compound】(1) Cure the camp guard qi deficiency, weak organs, bloated heart, do not think about food, intestinal sound and diarrhea, vomiting and vomiting: ginseng (to reed), bai shu, poria (peeled), licorice (hot) are divided into equal parts. On the fine mince, each serving of two dollars, a lamp of water, fried to seven minutes, oral, informal, into a little salt, white soup points also get. Often take a gentle spleen and stomach, eat a good diet, and ward off the cold and evil miasma. ("Bureau" Four Gentlemen Soup)
(2) Cure stomach weakness and coldness, full of qi, can not be transmitted, good hunger can not eat: ginseng last two dollars, raw appendages of the last half of the money, ginger one point (chopped). On the three flavors and evenly, use water seven, fry until two, take a chicken to clear, swirl, hollow serve. ("General Records of Saint Francis" warm stomach boiled loose)
(3) Cure lung deficiency cough: ginseng last two two, deer horn gum (hot, research) one or two. For three dollars per serving, use a lamp of mint and soy sauce, a little green onion, fry one or two boils in a chole, pour it into the cup, and when you cough, sip three or five sips. (Dietary Remedies Materia Medica)
(4) Cure three or two years of lung asthma and cough, spit pus blood, full of sores, all over the body yellow and swollen: a pair of clams (the whole, the river soaked in five nights, change the water day by day, wash off the fishy, crispy yellow), almonds (peeled tip, fried), licorice (hot) five two, Zhimu, mulberry white skin, ginseng, Poria (peeled), shellfish two or two each. The upper eight flavors are the end, and the net magnetic zygote is served inside. Take daily as a refreshment. ("Health Treasure Book" ginseng clam scatter)
(5) Cure Yang deficiency and asthma, self-sweating night sweats, shortness of breath and head luck: ginseng five dollars, cooked appendages one or two. Divided into four stickers, each with ten slices of ginger, two cups of running water, one lamp of frying, and eaten far warm. ("Ji Sheng Fang")
(6) Cure the weakness of the heart, shyness and self-sweating: a pig loin, two bowls of water, cooked to a lamp and a half, the waist is finely cut, into the ginseng half two, angelica (up the reed, down the thin, take the middle section) half two. Cut and fry until eight minutes, eat the loins and send them down with juice. There are inexhaustible waist, ditto two flavor medicine, roasted, for fine powder, yam paste pills such as sycamore large, each serving thirty, fifty pills. ("One Hundred and One Choices")
(7) Cure the mood of the heart, the lack of five internal organs, trance palpitations, mistakes and fallacies, dreams and nightmares, terror and restlessness, mood and anger, twilight drama, twilight drama, or madness: Yuanzhi (to the seedlings and the heart), calamus two or two, ginseng, white poria (peeled) three or two each. On the fine powder, the honey pill is as large as the sycamore, and the cinnabar is the cloth. Seven pills per serving, add to twenty pills, drink warm rice, and take three times on the day after eating. ("Bureau" Dingzhi Maru)
(8) Cure thirst and drink indiscriminately: ginseng, melon root are divided into equal parts. Raw for the end, refining honey for the pills, sycamore seeds large, each serving thirty pills, Mai Dong soup sent down. ("Ren Zhai Zhi Fang" Jade Pot Pill)
(9) Cure thirst and drink: ginseng is the end, chicken is cleared to serve a dollar, three or four times a day. (Compendium)
(10) After stopping the bleeding, this medicine is replenished: adult ginseng (to lu) two two, jujube five. Two cups of water per serving, fry one lamp. Take a sip, take a deep sleep, and remove the root of all diseases. (Ten Medicines Divine Book, Solo Ginseng Soup)
(11) Cure vomiting blood under the blood, because of the seven emotions, wine color internal injuries, qi and blood delusion, mouth and nose out, heart and lung pulse dispersion, blood like a gushing spring: ginseng (roasted), cypress leaf (steamed), thorn mustard spike (burning) five dollars each. For the end, use two dollars, into the two dollars of feiluo noodles, with new water to adjust like a thin paste, less is more sips. (The Middle Tibetan Classic)
(12) Cure children who are not right after the pupils: ginseng, ejiao (glutinous rice fried into beads) each one dollar. Fry for seven minutes with a cup of water. Warm, daily, healing. (Ren Zhai Zhi Fang)
(13) Cure diarrhea: ginseng and lotus meat are three dollars each. Take two cups of well water, fry one lamp, sip it carefully, or add ginger juice and fry yellow for three dollars. (Recipe for Experience)
(14) Cure chest palsy in the heart of the heart, qi knot in the chest, chest full, under the coercion of the heart: ginseng, licorice, dried ginger, white art each three two. On the four flavors, take eight liters of water, boil three liters, take one liter warmly, and take three times a day. (Ginseng soup in "Golden Essentials")
(15) Cure cholera irritability: guixin bi-point (end), ginseng halves (go to reed head). Top with a large cup of water, fry until seven minutes, remove and warm for two servings. ("Saint Huifang")
(16) Cure malaria fever: ginseng two dollars and two points, male yellow five dollars. For the end, mash the pills with a brown tip, the sycamore is large. In the morning, Jing Huashui swallowed seven pills and took them again before hair. Avoid all kinds of hot things. ("Dan Mo Compendium")
(17) Cure pregnancy soreness spit water, abdominal pain can not eat: ginseng (to lu), dried ginger (cannon) are divided into equal parts. On the end, with raw ground yellow juice, pills such as Wuzi large. Fifty pills per serving, under rice soup, before eating. ("Bureau" Xiaodi Huang Maru)
【Clinical Application】(1) For first aid
Large doses of ginseng (o.3 to 1 two) decoction or stew, or ginseng injection (0.57 grams per milliliter containing raw medicine) 2 to 4 ml of muscle or intravenous injection, can be used for cardiogenic shock first aid, or other patients who are in extreme danger for a while; people involved in the combination of attachment can save the dead yang and collapse.
(2) Treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system
Ginseng has a certain therapeutic effect on hypertension, myocardial dystrophy, coronary artery sclerosis, angina, etc., which can alleviate various symptoms. Ginseng has a modulating effect on abnormal blood pressure, or it is thought that different doses can have different effects: small doses can raise blood pressure, and large doses can lower blood pressure. The common amount of ginseng extract (per milliliter is equal to 1 gram of raw medicine), 20 to 40 drops per time, 2 to 3 times a day; ginseng tincture (content of 10%), 5 ml each time, 2 to 3 times a day; ginseng powder, 3 to 6 minutes each time, take 2 to 3 times a day.
(3) Diseases of the stomach and liver
For patients with chronic gastritis accompanied by gastric acid deficiency or low gastric acidity, increased gastric sodium can be seen after taking ginseng, and symptoms are alleviated or disappeared, but there is no obvious effect on gastric juice secretion and gastric acidity. It has also been reported that ginseng can cause patients with chronic gastritis to disappear stomach pain, increase appetite, normal stool, and increase the total acidity of gastric juice. For acute infectious hepatitis, under certain therapeutic conditions, taking ginseng seems to have a positive effect on preventing the transition to chronic hepatitis.
(4) Treatment of diabetes
Ginseng improves the general condition of people with diabetes, but does not change the degree to which blood sugar is too high. Or ginseng can reduce urine glucose in patients with mild diabetes, reduce blood sugar by 40 to 50 mg, and can still be maintained for more than 2 weeks after discontinuation; after moderate sugar patients take ginseng, although the effect of lowering blood sugar is not obvious, most of the systemic conditions have improved, such as thirst and other symptoms disappear or reduce; some patients can reduce the amount of insulin after taking ginseng.
(5) For mental illness
Ginseng appears to have a therapeutic effect on both weak and ambulatory-depressive psychosis, regardless of their etiology (psychosis caused by schizophrenia, poisoning or infectious diseases, degenerative psychosis, etc.). It is also believed that oral administration of ginseng for organic neurological diseases can only improve the general subjective symptoms of patients, and has no objective obvious therapeutic effect.
(6) Treatment of neurasthenia
Ginseng has a significant excitatory effect on the nervous system, can improve the body's ability to move, reduce fatigue, and has a certain therapeutic effect on different types of neurasthenic patients, so that patients gain weight, eliminate or reduce symptoms such as general weakness, headache, insomnia and so on.
(7) Treatment of impotence
Ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine, generally used as a strengthening agent, can nourish the vitality; recent studies, proved that it has the effect of enhancing gonadal function. Ginseng tincture has significant efficacy for paralytic and premature ejaculation impotence, but is ineffective for psychotic type, and also has a certain therapeutic effect on cortical and spinal cord impotence caused by neurasthenia.
(8) Others
Ginseng also has the effect of improving vision and enhancing visual darkness adaptation. When combined with other drugs, it can also treat a variety of diseases. However, clinically, ginseng is contraindicated for real symptoms, such as asthma due to sudden air pressure, dry throat caused by dry heat, and vomiting bloody nose worm caused by a momentary impulse.
【Excerpt】Dictionary of Chinese Medicine
Chinese Materia Medica: Ginseng
Ginseng, Ginseng Root
【Aliases】 Renjie, Ghost Gai, Yellow Ginseng, Jade Essence, Blood Ginseng, Earth Essence, Goblin, Jinjing Yulan, Baby Ginseng, Stick Hammer
【Source】Medicinal Base Source:
Latin botanical mineral name: Panaxginseng C. A. Mey. [P.schin-seng Nees]
【Return to the meridian】Return to the lungs; spleen and heart; kidney meridians
【Excerpt】Chinese Materia Medica
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