In 2019, Sun Yang attended a hearing of the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Montreux, Switzerland, due to the previous doping incident.
After the twists and turns of the hearing, Sun Yang's mother cried to reporters: "We are very strict about doping, and Sun Yang has not eaten pork for more than ten years."
Frankly, it is no longer news that pork has been linked to doping, and pork was once considered a dietary taboo for athletes in sports circles.
As early as the 2011 international break, the top management of the Football Association even ordered the entire national football team to ban eating pork outside.
Liu Xiang's father also said in an interview: "Liu Xiang only goes home on weekends, but we hardly eat pork at home. “
So why do athletes test positive for urine after eating pork?
How does pork have to do with doping?
Hello everyone, this is Cyber Food, and today we are eating pork again.
A total of 1,848 doping tests were carried out during the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games.
The test results showed a total of five violations, four of which were from athletics. Of the four track and field violations, two were from the United States and tested positive for clenbuterol.
At first, the incident did not attract the attention of the Olympic Committee, after all, doping was a tacit secret, and the use of clenbuterol coincided with the popularity of clenbuterol at that time.
What is Clenbuterol? Clenbuterol is an adrenaline-like substance that was first developed in the early 20th century to treat asthma.
When Clenbuterol took off the "asthma drug" vest, there was another one inside, which read "Androgenic Steroid Replacement" in large letters, and a line of small print next to it read: "Taking it can make athletes avoid doping tests".
It turns out that in the 70s of the last century, the popular use of androgenic steroids as doping agents in sports circles can promote the anabolic metabolism of proteins to build muscle strength through oral administration or injection.
In 1975, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) added andrology steroids to the "Banned List", but a bug prevented the system from working.
At that time, the test standard was based on the residual concentration in the urine after the race, which gradually decomposes over time.
If an athlete has a good grasp of the metabolism of androgenic steroids, they can take androgenic steroids in their daily training sessions and stop taking them before the competition according to the specific time when the drug is metabolized.
In this way, the physical advantage of the drug can be maintained without being detected.
This bug was not fixed until the 1988 Seoul Olympics, after which the IOC began to increase out-of-competition inspections.
Most of the world's anti-doping agencies and international federations have also responded positively, forming a formation to form a joint strangulation against androgenic steroids.
The so-called road is one foot high, and the magic is one foot high, so the replacement of male steroids - Clenbuterol has landed in the sports circle.
Clenbuterol has a certain anabolic effect, which can delay the degradation of muscle tissue, promote fat burning, and achieve the effect of muscle gain and fat loss.
The side effects will not be like male steroids, such as visible baldness and long body hair, which is equivalent to an additional layer of secret buffs, so it is respected by some athletes and belongs to taking two pills.
But doping and anti-doping are a pair of sworn enemies, and Clenbuterol has not been arrogant for two years and has been included in the "banned list" again.
The 1992 Barcelona Olympics was an example of an early anti-Clenbuterol game.
Clenbuterol, who was dropped by BAN, never appeared in the Olympics again
Is it?
Strange things happened, and for more than 20 years, athletes have often tested positive for clenbuterol, both in and out of the competition.
The most outrageous was the 2011 U17 World Cup in Mexico, where 109 players from 19 teams tested positive for Clenbuterol, accounting for 52.4% of the players sampled.
After repeated investigations, it was found that these athletes did not take Clenbuterol on their own initiative, but mistakenly ate Clenbuterol that landed in the breeding circle in other places.
So, Clenbuterol, which was taken three times in one pill, finally took off its last vest, revealing the name we are familiar with - Clenbuterol.
Clenbuterol does not refer to a specific substance, all substances that can inhibit the production of animal fat and increase the rate of lean meat are collectively called clenbuterol, and Clenbuterol is the generation of clenbuterol.
We just said earlier that Clenbuterol has a certain effect of losing fat and gaining muscle, and this effect is not only effective for people, but also for pigs, cattle and sheep.
In the 80s of the last century, the American cyanamide company submitted a "new animal agent application" to the Food and Drug Administration.
In the experiment, they found that if animals were fed 5-10 times the therapeutic dose of Clenbuterol, they could increase lean meat rate and feed conversion by 10%-15%, and reduce skeletal muscle fat by 8%-15%.
However, the application was ultimately not approved, perhaps due to side effects such as muscle tremors, electrolyte imbalances, nausea and vomiting, headaches, and heart palpitations.
But American farmers who heard the rumors, driven by profits, secretly put clenbuterol hydrochloride into animal feed.
Pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks and fish are all spared, and pig feed is the hardest hit area, because in terms of fat rate, pigs and pigs are far ahead in the livestock industry.
It is worth mentioning that there is no formal body in the world that has approved Clenbuterol as a feed additive for animal growth.
It is neither a veterinary drug nor a feed additive, and it is widely used in the global aquaculture industry only by virtue of the characteristics of improving lean meat rate and production efficiency.
For the sake of illustration, let's still use pigs as an example, why does clenbuterol in feed appear in human bodies again?
First of all, in the breeding process, pigs were fed a large dose of clenbuterol to increase muscle and reduce fat, according to the 3mg/kg diet standard continuous feeding pigs, after 28 days of longissimus dorsi area increased by 19%, back fat thickness decreased by 23%.
In order to completely metabolize and remove Clenbuterol from the body, it takes about 3 days.
However, the efficient industrial production does not have time to wait for the metabolism of pigs, so a large amount of clenbuterol remains in the animal's body after slaughter.
It is especially concentrated in the eyes, hair, liver, muscle, fat and other parts, and the residual concentration decreases sequentially.
Secondly, the structure of Clenbuterol is relatively stable, even after high-temperature cooking, it is still stubbornly remaining, because the eyes and hair are rarely eaten, animal liver and animal meat have become the concentration of clenbuterol.
On the eve of the London Olympics, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) issued a warning to athletes "not to consume too much contaminated meat, especially animal liver, to avoid penalties for detecting clenbuterol in the body." ”
In 2013, WADA laboratories published more stringent testing standards.
Increasing the urine detection limit for Clenbuterol from 2ng/ml to 0.2ng/ml, after harsh adjustments, Clenbuterol-contaminated meat is like a time bomb for athletes.
As we said earlier, the stealing range of clenbuterol clenbuterol is widely distributed in pigs, cattle, sheep and geese and other farmed animals, among which the theft rate of pork is the highest.
Judging from past news reports, athletes who go out to eat meat buns, ham sausages, barbecue, and stir-fry can test positive for Clenbuterol and be banned from the competition.
So much so that there was a time when athletes talked about the discoloration of pigs and regarded pork as a dietary taboo.
From 2013 to 2018, the China Anti-Doping Center issued a number of seven notices on the safe use of meat, nutrition and drugs, as well as the prevention and control of specific substance risks.
Among them, the Notice on Strengthening the Risk Prevention and Control of Clenbuterol in Meat Products stipulates that the organizer of a sports event shall clearly require the organizing committee or the host party of the event to provide athletes with meat products that do not contain Clenbuterol, and if necessary, require a doping test report.
As for athletes, they should eat in the canteen of the sports team or the dining place designated by the organizing committee, do not eat out or order takeout without permission, and do not eat animal offal and foreign meat products, so as to prevent athletes from ingesting foodborne stimulants.
Among foodborne stimulants, such as Clenbuterol, which is deliberately added and remains in food, is exogenous.
Another type of endogenous intake is the one that food is born with.
For example, lotus seeds, lotus seed hearts, and shakya fruit contain norwumine, pepper, pepper, cinnamon, bay leaves, star anise, tangerine peel, cloves, grass fruits, and other more than 40 common spices, which also contain piperine, methosamine, eugenol and other substances that make nerves excited, which means that athletes can't eat lo-mei.
In addition to avoiding foodborne doping, athletes also follow a strict diet based on the sport they are working on, and for athletes, eating is also a form of training, and diet is just as important as daily training.
The national team will be equipped with professional nutritionists to provide nutritional guidance to athletes, and use gas metabolism equipment and heart rate monitor to quantify athletes' basal metabolic data and daily training consumption.
On this basis, the nutritionist scientifically and rationally formulates the athlete's diet, which in the case of high training intensity, the athlete needs to eat nearly twenty foods a day.
Protein, especially high-quality protein, is the first choice for athletes, and in addition to beef and seafood, eggs, milk and soy products are also good sources of high-quality protein.
Diet directly determines the weight of the athlete, and weight control is also part of the training.
Events such as weightlifting, taekwondo, and wrestling are graded according to weight; Diving, table tennis, gymnastics and other events that require high speed, bounce and agility, and light body and posture have more sports advantages.
At the same time, different programs will have special nutritional needs.
Long-distance track and field athletes, especially female athletes, are prone to iron deficiency, and will pay attention to the intake of iron-rich foods in their diet, such as lean meat and other red meat, and animal blood products.
Archery has very strict requirements for athletes' eyesight, concentration, nerve and muscle control, athletes will appropriately increase the intake of vitamin A, such as egg yolk, cod liver oil, carrots, etc., and will also add some fish, milk and nuts to help athletes relieve nervous fatigue and improve sleep quality.
Of course, whether you are an athlete or not, the body is always the capital of the revolution.
Eating more original food, eating less heavily processed food, low fat and low sugar, and more intake of high-quality protein and fruits and vegetables are the main tone of modern people's healthy diet.