In order to consolidate the base area in northern Shaanxi, the Central Red Army decided to march east to Shanxi and rush from Shanxi to the anti-Japanese front. On the eve of the Eastern Crusade in February 1936, when it snowed heavily in northern Shaanxi, Mao Zedong looked at the vast snowfield and wrote a poem "Qinyuan Spring and Snow".
This poem is widely regarded as Mao Zedong's best poem. Many people know the word, but not many people know the story behind it.
Today I would like to tell you how this poem was written, under what circumstances it was known to the world, and how so many Chinese became mao zedong's super fans overnight, laying the foundation for Mao Zedong's position as the leader of contemporary poetry.
To some extent, it can even be said that Mao Zedong, with this poem, laid the foundation for his final victory in the War of Liberation. Because later someone said: "Jiang Wu can't beat Mao Wen!" "and:
"On the military front, the Communists swept through thousands of armies like sweeps;
Cultural front, Mao Zedong overview of the word can rejuvenate the state. ”
The word "One Word" refers to "Qinyuan Spring and Snow".
Let's talk about when, where, and under what circumstances Mao Zedong wrote this poem!
In February 1936, the Central Red Army had triumphantly completed the world-famous 25,000-mile Long March.
In 1935, when the Red Army's Long March was nearing its end, China's political situation was already at a very precarious juncture, and it can be said that internal and external troubles were aggravated at the same time.
The internal worry is that Chiang Kai-shek has not changed the established national policy of "taking out the outside world before going inside the country"; since 1927, the Red Army has been carrying out offensive and suppression, meeting suppression, encirclement and suppression, and pursuit and suppression, and has not been interrupted; the external problem is that Japanese imperialism has always been eyeing China after winning the Sino-Japanese War, and after the "September 18 Incident", it completely occupied the three northeastern provinces and entered Guannei from outside Guanxi in 1935.
At this urgent moment of the life and death of the Chinese nation, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held an enlarged meeting at Wayaobao and formulated the policy of establishing an anti-Japanese national united front throughout the country.
After the Wa Yao Fort Conference, in order to publicize the political propositions of the Party Central Committee on the resistance of the whole people and promote the climax of the national War of Resistance with practical actions, Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai led the Red Army to cross the Yellow River and march to the anti-Japanese front in Hebei via Shanxi.
On the eve of the Eastern Crusade, when Mao Zedong was directing preparations for crossing the river in Yuanjiagou, Gaojie Village, Qingjian County, Shaanxi, a heavy snowfall fell in Shaanxi. Looking at the heavy snow falling in the vast northern country, Mao Zedong wrote a magnificent poem "Qinyuan Spring Snow" that swallowed mountains and rivers in one breath:
The scenery of the northern country, thousands of miles of ice, thousands of miles of snow.
Looking at the inside and outside of the Great Wall, only Yu Mang;
The river went up and down, and suddenly it was gushing.
Mountain Dancing Silver Snake, Original Chi Wax Elephant,
I want to be higher than the Tiangong test.
On a sunny day, look at the red dress, especially charming.
There are so many delicate rivers and mountains, causing countless heroes to bend their waists.
Emperor Han Wu of Qin, slightly lost literary style;
Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly inferior.
A generation of heavenly pride, Genghis Khan,
Only the bow is bent to shoot the big eagle.
Count the popular characters, and look at the present dynasty.
The public publication of this poem is very dramatic, to put it simply, it is to thank 3 people, one is Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman Chiang Kai-shek, one is Liu Yazi, Mr. Liu Lao, and the other is Wu Zuguang, who was not famous at that time.
After the victory in the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression in 1945, Chiang Kai-shek was bent on eliminating the Communists, but he wanted to put the responsibility for waging a civil war on the Communists, so he pretended to invite Mao Zedong to Chongqing to negotiate.
If Mao Zedong did not come, then the responsibility for the civil war was put on the Communists; if Mao Zedong came, they would find other troubles.
In fact, at that time, everyone within the Kuomintang, including Chiang Kai-shek, thought that Mao Zedong did not dare to go to Chongqing. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek sent three telegrams in a row, inviting Mao Zedong to Chongqing "earnestly" to "discuss the state of the country."
To chiang kai-shek's astonishment, Mao Zedong actually came. Therefore, the first person to "thank" should be Mr. Chiang Kai-shek, who gave Mao Zedong a brilliant opportunity and stage. Chiang Kai-shek really "lifted a stone and dropped it on his own feet"!
The second person to thank is Mr. Liu Yazi, if it were not for his old man's soft and hard bubbles, Chairman Mao's "Qinyuan Spring and Snow" would not have been published in Chongqing.
Liu Yazi was a loyal believer and staunch democrat of Sun Yat-sen.
He joined the League in 1906, joined the Kuomintang in 1924, and served as secretary of Sun Yat-sen's presidential office. After the "April 12" coup, he was wanted by Chiang Kai-shek and fled to Japan.
In 1941, he was expelled from the Kuomintang for opposing the "Anhui Incident" created by Chiang Kai-shek and exiled to Hong Kong.
On August 28, 1945, Mao Zedong led a chinese communist delegation from Yan'an to Chongqing to negotiate peace with the Kuomintang. During this period, Mr. Liu Yazi repeatedly gave mao zedong poems and also asked mao zedong for poems.
At that time, Mr. Liu Was compiling the "Selected Poems of the Republic of China" and wanted to include Mao Zedong's "Long March" poem in Snow's "Journey to the West". On October 2, when they met at Hongyan, Mao Zedong corrected the poem again. After returning home, he wrote to Mao Zedong asking for poetry. The poet asks for poetry that is different from us ordinary people, not directly, but first write a poem for you, and then ask you for it.
This is called "coming and going without being rude" in traditional Chinese culture.
On October 4, Mao Zedong replied with a letter in which he said: (Praising his poems) "Mr. Shi Yi should be humbled, look down on Lu You Chen Liang, and read it to make people feel inspired." Unfortunately I can only read, not do. But one more of my readers is not an insult to Mr. No, and I am proud of it again. ”
It can be seen from the letter that Mao Zedong has very resolutely rejected Liu's "suo poem" move; but the literati (do not), especially a figure like Liu Yazi, who "is full of words and does not hide his madness", always has a lovely persistence, no matter what you say, I will not give up until I reach the goal!
After receiving the letter, Liu once again wrote a letter to write poems, which was the third time that he had donated poems to Mao Zedong. There is an old Saying in China, it is called "three things"! Or, "Sincerely, the golden stone is open"!
In the end, Mao Zedong was really embarrassed to shirk it any longer, thinking that "The Long March" was not good, "Changsha" was written too old, and "Jinggangshan" was written even worse--the two parties were negotiating, and the old matter was not mentioned again; finally decided to give "Qinyuan Spring and Snow" to Mr. Liu Yazi.
On October 7, Mao Zedong sent Liu Yazi a handwritten copy of "Qinyuan Chun Xue" on a page of letterhead printed with the words "Chongqing Office of the Eighteenth Group Army." He also wrote: "When I first arrived in northern Shaanxi and saw heavy snow, I filled in a poem that seemed to be slightly closer to Mr. Mister's poem, and the record was corrected. ”
After Liu Yazi received Mao Zedong's letter and words, his heart was greatly stirred, that is, he sang and sang a song "Qinyuan Chun Ciyun and Mao Run's First Time to See the Heavy Snow in Northern Shaanxi, Not Completely According to the Original Title".
Yanako and words:
Twenty years of reunion, a new word, meaning the clouds floating. Sighing green plum wine stagnation, Yu Huai was confused; the Yellow River was turbid, and the whole world was gushing. Neighbor Di Shan Yang, Bo Ren by me, drawing the sword is difficult to flat block high. Sad, weeping country peerless, absolutely charming.
Talent letter beauty and delicacy, look at the ancient words people bent waist. Count Huangzhou too defensive, jude arrogance; Jiaxuan resident, only to solve the complaint. Laughing together, Nalan Rongruo, Yan wants to be affectionate. The king and I will go up to heaven and earth and grasp this dynasty.
After the words, he wrote another paragraph.
What is Paiwen? The text is a short article written behind articles, books, etc., and most of them are evaluative content.
Here we may wish to transcribe below, let us see how a generation of noun Liu Yazi appreciated Mao Zedong's "Qinyuan Spring and Snow":
Yu Zhirunzhi, at the second plenary session of the Second Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang in Guangzhou in May 1926, Shi Runzhifang was also the director of the Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee. And in 1945, he revisited Yuzhou, shook hands and was confused, and could not overcome the vicissitudes of the Valley. Yu Suorunzhi wrote the Long March poem See Hui, but when he first went to northern Shaanxi to see the snow "Qinyuan Spring". In addition to reading, sighing is the first player since China had a word, although Su and Xin Yu failed to resist, the situation yu Zihu? Itch the trick and repeat this. ”
Liu Yazi then copied Chairman Mao's words and his own compositions to Xinhua Daily (the newspaper of the CPC Central Committee at the time in Peidu, Chongqing), and the person in charge of the newspaper believed that chairman Mao himself should be asked for instructions for publishing this word, and Mao Zedong had already returned to Yan'an.
It is also because Mao Zedong said when he left Chongqing: "Public publication of works (including poems) should be directed to Yan'an, and must not be published without consent." ”
The author secretly thought that the chairman knew that Mr. Liu Yazi loved to show publicity, and he was afraid that he would go to the "Xinhua Daily" to ask for the publication of his own words "Qinyuan Spring and Snow", so he had this instruction.
Therefore, Xinhua Daily politely refused. However, Liu Yazi was a man who did not give up until he reached his goal, and at his repeated request, Xinhua Daily adopted a compromise approach, and on November 11, only Liu Yazi's peace words were published.
As soon as the willow word came out, it immediately attracted widespread attention, because people already knew from the title of his word that Chairman Mao wrote a poem "Qinyuan Spring and Snow". For a time, newspaper people and cultures traveled in many directions, looking around, so there were some manuscripts circulating in private.
Who first published the original poem in a newspaper? This is the third person we want to talk about: Wu Zuguang.
At that time, Wu Zuguang was an editor in the supplement of the Xinmin Bao Evening Magazine, a private newspaper in Chongqing, "Western Night Tan".
Speaking of Wu Zuguang, everyone may not know who he is, if you say his wife, it is a household name known to everyone (born in the 50s and 60s), she is the famous opera performance artist Xin Fengxia. If you don't know Xin Fengxia, then you must know zhao Lirong, the "king of sketches", yes, Zhao Lirong is a supporting role for Xin Fengxia.
Wu Zuguang copied an incomplete manuscript of the poem from everywhere, put it together in its entirety, and published it in the second edition of the newspaper on November 14, with the following words:
"Mr. Mao Runzhi can write poetry, which seems to be little known. There are those who copied the words "Qinyuan Spring and Snow", the wind tone is unique, the text is rich, and the boldness is unattainable. According to Mao's name, the game is not enough for the youth law, especially for outsiders. ”
As soon as this word came out, it was like an atomic bomb thrown into the Pacific Ocean, and the sound of its explosion and the wild waves that set off caused a sensation in the mountain city of Chongqing, shook the holy land of Yan'an, and quickly spread across the country's 9.6 million square kilometers of land.
Overnight, people rushed to tell each other, down to just walk, up to ninety-nine, up to the office, down to the teahouse, and the comments were endless.
Chiang Kai-shek was greatly annoyed to learn that "Qinyuan Spring and Snow" was praised by the crowd. He asked Wen Bichenbrai for his opinion. Chen Brei said: "The momentum is magnificent, the air swallows mountains and rivers, and it can be called the best of the world." This further exacerbated Chiang Kai-shek's anxiety.
Chiang Kai-shek personally ordered the Kuomintang Central Propaganda Department to convene an emergency meeting to lay out the siege strategy. Newspapers controlled by the Kuomintang reactionaries published a large number of "Qinyuan Spring" in direct opposition to Chairman Mao, and also wrote articles attacking Mao Zedong for having "imperial thoughts."
Progressives in Chongqing's cultural circles also countered the kuomintang authorities' bad behavior. Guo Moruo first published his first poem "Qinyuan Spring" in the "Xinmin Bao Evening", and then published a poem with Nie Cyan in the "Objective" magazine.
Wang Ruofei's uncle, Mr. Huang Qisheng, also fought back with "Qinyuan Spring", the revolutionary "Qinyuan Spring" and the reactionary "Qinyuan Spring" fought and danced with the earth over Chongqing, and "Qinyuan Spring" also became the mantra of thousands of citizens.
At the moment of this fierce debate, a very shrewd restaurant owner in Chongqing immediately decided to take "Qinyuan Spring" as the name of the store, and hung Chairman Mao's "Qinyuan Spring and Snow" in the store hall to attract customers.
Later, information was revealed: Chiang Kai-shek wanted to find a poem that surpassed Mao Zedong's "Qinyuan Spring" and publish it in his own name. As a result, the Kuomintang gang could not fight wars, they could not write articles and articles, and they could not write poems and fill in words.
Xin Fengxia and Wu Zuguang
Let's look at how Chairman Mao Zedong treated chongqing's pen-and-ink war.
In December of that year, Wang Ruofei, who was in Chongqing, collected these words and articles and sent them to Mao Zedong. After Mao Zedong read it, he transferred it to Wang Ruofei's uncle and educator Huang Qisheng, who was in Yan'an at the time.
Mao Zedong also attached a letter: "If Fei sends a newspaper to pay for reading, after reading it, beg to return it." Among them, the Kuomintang curses people, crows and cicadas, can spray rice, and pay a look. Mao Zedong adopted an attitude of not changing and responding to changes, neither explaining nor clarifying, and those who are clean are self-purifying, and those who are turbid are self-turbid.
Finally, listen to what Mao Himself explained the word.
Link, Mao's secretary for international affairs, said in his essay "Remembering Mao Zedong to Learn English": "Mao Zedong also talked about the theme of several words he wrote himself. On May 21, 1957, during a break from studying English, he said that the song "Qinyuan Spring and Snow" was anti-feudal. 'Cherish the Qin Emperor Han Wu, slightly lose the literary style; Tang Zong Song Zu, slightly inferior to the wind" is a criticism of feudalism from one side. You can only write it this way, otherwise you will not write words, but history. ”
On December 21, 1958, the author commented on Qinyuan Chunxue on the brow of "Nineteen Poems of Chairman Mao": "'Snow': Anti-feudalism, a criticism of a reactionary aspect of two thousand years of feudalism. Literary style, wind and turmoil, big eagles, can only be like this, you must know that this is writing poetry! Is it possible to insult these people? The other interpretations are wrong, and the last three sentences refer to the proletariat. ”
Mao Zedong's own explanation of the word is only a few words, point to the end, and can not exhaust the understanding of the word. Ancients Cloud: Poetry without Dada. Words are also not enough. A peak work like "Qinyuan Spring snow", which is seen horizontally as a peak on the side of the mountain, requires us to appreciate it from all sides and angles, and requires us to take our own spiritual personality and artwork to deeply explore its thoughts and artistic essence.