The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms were a period of great division in Chinese history. From 304 to 439, there were 136 years.
During this period, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Xiongnu, and Sima Rui, the relative of sima clan, re-established the Jin dynasty in Jiankang, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was partially settled in Jiangnan, while the northern and southwestern countries were ruled by regimes established by ethnic minorities ("Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms"), during which more than twenty regimes were established, of which the Sixteen Kingdoms were the more typical representatives.
Because there were many regimes during this period, this period of history is relatively chaotic and not easy to distinguish. In this issue, Xiao Qi, together with friends, came to sort out the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Western Jin rulers oppressed the nomadic peoples who migrated inward, coupled with the infighting among the Sima clansmen, resulting in the "Wuhu Chaohua"</h1>
The Chinese nation is a unified multi-ethnic state. In ancient China, farming peoples and nomadic peoples coexisted for a long time. During the period of feudal society for more than two thousand years, all ethnic groups in China experienced the historical process of reunification, division and reunification.
Originally, people used blood ties as a link and clans as a unit for production and life. After continuous mutual influence, it gradually merged into the Chinese nation. The Chinese nation established the Xia Dynasty and the state was formed. After the development of Xia Shang Zhou, the Huaxia people of the Central Plains merged with the "Yidi" (Qin, Chu, Wu, Yue, etc.) again. By the end of the Six Kingdoms of Qin, China began to form a unified multi-ethnic state. Farming peoples and nomadic peoples were unified under the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
The farming peoples occupy favorable geographical conditions and master advanced farming techniques, and for most of the time the farming peoples have an absolute advantage. In periods of political stability for agrarian peoples, nomadic peoples are subordinate to agrarian peoples, and when the politics of farming peoples are chaotic, nomadic peoples often take advantage of the opportunity to stand on their own. The "Five Hu Chaos" was caused by the Rebellion of the Eight Kings within the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty.
At the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the national strength was strong, and some of the nomadic peoples were forced to submit to the Central Plains Dynasty, such as the Southern Xiongnu, Wuhuan, and Western Qiang, while others were far away and hidden.
During the Han Dynasty, these submissive nomads were placed in the northern border and let them guard the border for the imperial court, which was the "yi to control the yi" at that time. In fact, from this time on, they became a member of the state together with the Han people in the Central Plains, and they were also the people of the imperial court.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and long-term political turmoil led to a sharp decline in the population of the whole country, and the imperial court often recruited nomadic peoples to move inland with preferential treatment policies. On the one hand, the inward migration of nomads can increase the labor force and military resources of the imperial court, and on the other hand, it is also convenient for the imperial court to supervise the nomads.
After the nomadic peoples moved inland, with the help of the favorable geographical conditions in the interior and the advanced agricultural civilization, they developed rapidly, and the population increased rapidly. By the early days of the Western Jin Dynasty, nomadic forces had infiltrated into the Guanzhong region, forming a situation in which "there were more than a million people in Guanzhong, with fewer than a few, and Rong Di living in half". By the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the ethnic minority population in Guanzhong and the areas west of Guanzhong had far exceeded the population of the local Han ethnic group.
During the Cao Wei period, the nomadic people were both enwei and did not cause major unrest. However, in the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima clan allowed the clan to enslave and oppress the nomads, resulting in intensification of ethnic contradictions.
In the late Western Jin Dynasty, the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings" broke out, and the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty fell into infighting, the national strength was seriously depleted, and the people were overwhelmed. The oppressed nomads took advantage of the weakening of the Western Jin Dynasty to launch a large-scale uprising and establish a number of nomadic-led regimes, known in history as the "Five Hu Chaohua".
Because the Book "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms" written by the Northern Wei historian Cui Hong recorded the sixteen representative regimes separately, later generations called this period "Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms" and "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty". In fact, the number of regimes in this period far exceeded sixteen, and the founders were not just "Hu people".
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Xiongnu Liu Yuan destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty</h1>
The "Wuhu Chaohua" was unveiled by the Huns and the Xiongnu.
In 304, the leader of the Yu clan, Li Xiong, gradually grew in power in Yizhou, and was called the King of Chengdu in Chengdu, and two years later, he was proclaimed emperor, and established an empire, known as Chenghan in history. But it was not Cheng Han who really posed a threat to the Western Jin regime.
Also in 304, the Xiongnu leader Liu Yuan took advantage of the civil unrest in the Western Jin Dynasty to establish a Han state in the Shanxi region.
Origins of the Han Dynasty
Liu Yuan was a descendant of Mo Dun Shan Yu, during the time of Han Gaozu's ancestor Liu Bang, he had married Mo Dun Shan Yu as a princess and was about a brother in Mo Dun Shan Yu, so the descendants of Mo Dun Shan Yu followed liu surname.
In order to win the hearts and minds of the Han people, Liu Yuan took "Han" as the national name, claimed to be a brother and brother, inherited the Han Dynasty, and posthumously honored Liu Chan, the lord of the Shu Han Dynasty. There are tens of thousands of people who belong from afar.
The Han forces rose rapidly and destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty
Wang Mi in the Kwantung region and Shi Le in the Hebei region also raised troops to counterattack the Jin and elect Liu Yuan. Liu Yuan claimed the title of queen and intensified his attacks on the Western Jin Dynasty, and the three forces of Wang Mi, Shi Le, and Liu Cong (Liu Yuan's son) continued to challenge the Western Jin regime. Since then, the era of great division that lasted for 286 years (304-589) began.
In 310, Liu Yuan died and was succeeded by the crown prince Liu He, and soon after, Liu Cong launched a coup d'état to kill Liu He and establish himself.
In 311, Shi Le eliminated 100,000 main forces in the Western Jin Dynasty. Soon, Liu Yao (Liu Yuan's adopted son) and others led an army to attack Luoyang, annihilating more than 30,000 people, capturing Emperor Huai of Jin, and the Western Jin Dynasty was forced to move the capital to Chang'an. In 313, Liu Cong killed Emperor Huai of Jin, and Sima Yi (Nephew of Emperor Huai of Jin) took the throne, historically known as Emperor Huan of Jin.
In 316, Liu Yao led an army to attack Chang'an, the Jin Emperor surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty fell.
In 317, Emperor Huan of Jin was killed and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
Eastern Jin Dynasty
Eastern Jin Dynasty: 317-420, 11 emperors were passed down, and the kingdom was enjoyed for 103 years.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the southern crossing of the crown and the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty</h1>
After Emperor Huan of Jin was killed, Sima Clan and the Shi family supported Sima Rui as King of Jin. Sima Rui led the central plains subjects south to avoid chaos, and the history called it "Yiguan Nandu". "Yiguan Nandu" was the first large-scale southward migration of the Central Plains, and Chinese history also entered the period of division between the north and the south.
In 318, Sima Rui ascended the throne under the support of Wang Dao and Wang Dun of the Jin clan as Emperor (Jin Yuan Emperor), and the capital was Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty as a whole still relied on the support of the family clan to be maintained, and the warrior clans fought endlessly for power, and the door valve system reached its peak. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was able to settle for Jiangnan and mainly rely on the natural dangers of the Yangtze River, while the continuation of the internal political power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty mainly relied on the mutual restraint between the warriors and the exploitation of the people to meet the needs of the warriors.
"The King and the Horse, The World Together"
Emperor Yuan of Jin relied heavily on the Wang brothers, Wang Dao was appointed as the prime minister, and Wang Dun was in charge of the military, and the history said that "the king and the horse share the world." Wang Dun was unruly and wanted to control the imperial court, and Emperor Yuan of Jin used Liu Kui, Diao Xie, Dai Yuan, and others to contain him.
In 322, Wang Dun rebelled, attacked Jiankang, killed Diao Xie and others, and Emperor Yuan of Jin died in fear. The crown prince Sima Shao succeeded to the throne, and was known as Emperor Ming of Jin.
Emperor Ming of Jin took advantage of Wang Dun's critical illness and successfully attacked Wang Dun.
In 325, Emperor Ming of Jin died, and the crown prince Sima Yan took the throne, known as Emperor Cheng of Jin, with Wang Dao and his cousin Yu Liang assisting him.
Mongol warriors with 9 generations of puppet emperors
Emperor Cheng of Jin (Sima Yan) - Emperor Kang of Jin (Sima Yue) - Emperor Mu of Jin (Sima Yun) - Emperor Ai of Jin (Sima Pi) - Emperor Wen of Jin (Sima Yi) - Emperor Wen of Jin (Sima Yu) - Emperor Xiaowu of Jin (Sima Yao) - Emperor An of Jin (Sima Dezong) - Emperor Gong of Jin (Sima Dewen)
Since the Jin Dynasty, the imperial power has declined, the emperor has almost become a puppet, and the power is controlled by the warrior clan. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was circulating in peace and danger, danger and restoration. The actual power was mainly controlled by the four major families of Wang, Yu, Huan, and Xie.
During his reign in power, Wang Dao worked hard to ease the contradictions between the northern and southern clans, so that the clans could contain each other, sacrifice the interests of the people, and meet the needs of the clans, in exchange for political stability.
In 346, the Eastern Jin general Huan Wen (桓文) destroyed the Chenghan regime in the southwest. At this point, the Eastern Jin Dynasty unified the south.
The Yu clan arbitrarily killed and expelled the ministers, and the forces on all sides were dissatisfied, and the "Su Jun Rebellion" broke out. After the rebellion, the Yu clan declared that it was their mission to take the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains as their responsibility, and tried to establish their own foundations, occupying half of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After Yu Liang's death, the imperial court used Huan Wen to expel Yu.
Huan Wen wanted to usurp power, but was unsuccessful due to the resistance of Wang Xie and his two families. After Huan Wen's death, Xie An took power, and Huan Wen's younger brother Huan Chong (桓丰) made the Jingzhou Assassin History, defending the Eastern Jin Dynasty with Xie An.
Xie An inherited Wang Dao's ruling ideology and strove to balance power among the clans, and there was a brief period of harmony among the rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Battle of Shuishui
In 383, the Great Qin Emperor Jianjian, who unified the north, ordered Zhi Rong to lead a vanguard army of 250,000 and personally led an army of 800,000 to the south, intending to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty and unify China in one fell swoop. Xie An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty appointed Xie Shi as the governor of the front line and Xie Xuan as the vanguard, leading 80,000 Northern Fu soldiers to meet the Former Qin army. At the same time, Huan Chong poured 100,000 troops into Qin to contain the Qin army.
The Qin and Jin armies confronted each other at Shuishui, and the Jin army counterattacked and defeated the Qin army. Gong Rong was killed, Jian Jian was injured, and Former Qin was defeated.
The Battle of Shuishui is a famous example of a battle in which less wins more, and after the war, China was still divided between the north and the south. The Eastern Jin Dynasty seized the opportunity to conquer Shudi and Hanzhong, and Jian Jian's desire to unify the south was completely shattered, and the north was divided again, while the Eastern Jin regime in the south was relatively more stable.
Emperor Sima Yao of the Jin Dynasty wanted to break through the gate valve system, restore Sima Shi's imperial power, and replace Xie An with his half-brother Sima Daozi, becoming the most powerful monarch after the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, Emperor Wu of Jin liked wine, and Sima Daozi and Sima Yuanxian's father and son were corrupt and corrupt. After Xie An's death, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin fought for power with Sima Daozi's brothers, Sima Daozi and Sima Yuanxian's father and son competed for power, and the imperial family fought for power with the shi clan. The Jin Dynasty was caught up in a power struggle.
In 396, sima Yao, after getting drunk, joked with Zhang Guiren that he wanted to abolish her, and was killed by Zhang Guiren with a quilt. In the same year, the crown prince Sima Dezong succeeded to the throne, and he was known as Emperor An of Jin.
The Decline and Fall of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Emperor An of Jin was born stupid, and the history books record that he could not even distinguish between spring, summer, autumn and winter. When such a person became emperor, the fate of the Eastern Jin Dynasty could be imagined. The various warriors of the Eastern Jin Dynasty rebelled, and Emperor An of Han was like a plaything in their hands. In the competition between various forces, Liu Yu stood out. In 412, Liu Yu took over the power and continued the Northern Expedition.
In 419, Emperor An of Jin was strangled to death by Liu Yu's men, and his brother Sima Dewen took the throne, known as Emperor Gong of Jin.
In 420, Liu Yu saw that the time was ripe and forced Emperor Gong of Jin to take the throne, Liu Yu established the Southern Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, and Chinese history entered the Period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In the same year, Emperor Gong of Jin was killed by Liu Yu. At this point, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was completely destroyed, and Sima Shi withdrew from the stage of history.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms</h1>
Wuhu and Sixteen Kingdoms: 304 to 439, a total of 136 years, referring to the sixteen countries of Former Liang, Chenghan, Former Zhao, Hou Zhao, Beiliang, Xiliang, Houliang, Nanliang, Former Yan, Houyan, Southern Yan, Northern Yan, Xia, Former Qin, Western Qin, and Later Qin. The Sixteen Kingdoms were mainly established by the five ethnic groups of Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xianbei, Qiang, and Qiang, and were known as the "Five Hus".
ChengHan
Chenghan: 304-347, Li Xiong, a member of the Qi dynasty, established 5 emperors and enjoyed the kingdom for 44 years. The ruling area is mainly in the southwest Shu land, which is the only small country in the south.
Chenghan founded the country
In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, Li Te of the Shu clan led refugees to rebel against the Jin. In 303, Li Te was killed in battle, and his brother Li Liu continued to lead the refugees in battle, and after Li Liu's death, his son Li Xiong succeeded him.
In 304, Li Xiong was called the King of Chengdu, in 306 he was called emperor, and the name of the country was "Cheng", and later Li Shou changed the name of the country to "Han", and the history was called "Cheng Han".
According to historical records, Li Xiong simplified the criminal contract law in Bashu, reduced taxes, was lenient and benevolent, and attached importance to education. The people are rich and noble, but the door is not closed, and there is no encroachment.
Imperial Family Toshi
Li Xiong was an accomplished emperor, but the empress was childless, and the concubines gave birth to more than a dozen sons, which he did not look up to, and insisted on making his brother's son Li Ban the crown prince. As a taifu, the emperor's uncle Li Jun once cried: Disaster has come from now on.
In 334, Li Xiong died and was succeeded by the crown prince Li Ban. Li Ban's character is indeed unspeakable, but he is not good at political struggle. In the same year, Li Ban was killed by Li Xiong's sons Li Qi and Li Yue, and Li Qi took the throne.
Li Qi wantonly mutilated his clan relatives and trusted his vassals and eunuchs, causing chaos in the country and the decline of the Han regime.
In 338, Li Jun's son Li Shou (Li Xiong's cousin) attacked Chengdu, forced Li Qi to hang himself, and then established himself as emperor, changed the zongmiao temple, and changed the name of the country from "Dacheng" to "Han".
Li Shou wantonly murdered Li Xiong's descendants, and Li's descendants suffered a catastrophe.
In 343, Li Shou died and was succeeded by the crown prince Li Shi. Li Shi was extravagant and lascivious and abused punishment.
In 347, Cheng Han was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Li Shi became the king of the fallen kingdom after only 4 years on the throne.
Former Zhao chapter
Former Zhao: From 304 to 329, the Xiongnu Liu Yuan was established, and there were 4 emperors in the past, and he enjoyed 26 years of the country.
Liu Cong was dazed, and the Han kingdom fell into civil strife
Liu Cong contributed to the establishment of the Han state by his father Liu Yuan, and also worked diligently in the early days of his reign, so that the strength of the Han state flourished. After capturing Emperor Huai of Jin, Liu Cong began to covet pleasure and became increasingly dim-witted.
In 314, Liu Congzhi made his son Liu Cang the Prince of Xiangguo and Da DanYu, and entrusted him with state affairs. After that, Liu Cong concentrated on pleasure and hunted endlessly. He also crowned the Upper Empress, the Left Empress, and the Right Empress, creating a situation of "three queens standing side by side", and soon after he was crowned empress. The empress is the lord of the middle palace, but also the mother of a country, and the choice of empress should be cautious. From Liu Cong's "three queens standing side by side", we can see his playful attitude towards the empress dowager, and the arbitrary canonization of the empress also makes Liu Cong's harem management chaotic. Liu Cong arbitrarily expanded and rewarded the harem, which in turn implicated the former dynasty, and the harem concubines' matriarchs fought for power, causing serious internal attrition in the country and greatly reducing the resources used for the army.
Not only was he lustful, But Liu Cong also favored the eunuch Wang Shen and others, causing the eunuchs to persecute the ministers at will. Liu Cang colluded with Wang Shen and killed the emperor's brother Liu Qi. After Liu Qi's death, Liu Cang was made crown prince.
In 318, Liu Cong died of illness, and Liu Cang took the throne.
Before Liu Cang served as a chancellor, he was also able to write and fight martial arts, and made many military achievements for Liu Cong to fight in Jiangshan. However, after serving as prime minister, he began to be arrogant and arbitrary, and after taking the throne, he was even more unrelenting. It was really carved out of a mold with his father. He not only indulged in wine and amusement, but also killed the auxiliary chancellor and handed over all the power of the military state to his foreign relative Jin Zhun.
Soon, Jin Zhun launched a rebellion to kill Liu Cang and behead the Liu clan, and even the graves of Liu Yuan and Liu Cong were excavated, and the Liu Clan Temple was destroyed.
Liu Yao quelled the civil unrest and changed han to Zhao
In 319, Liu Yao quelled the Jin Rebellion, and by this time the old capital of Pingyang had been occupied by Shi Le. Liu Yao moved the capital to Chang'an and changed the name of the country to "Zhao", which was historically known as "Han Zhao" (also known as Former Zhao).
During the period when Liu Yao was quelling civil unrest, Shi Le sent troops to rebel and claim the throne, and occupied the eastern part of Han Zhao. After that, Liu Yao and Shi Le launched a fierce battle.
In 329, Liu Yao drunkenly went to battle and was killed by Shi Le, and the same year before The Zhao crown prince Liu Xi and Wenwu Hundred Officials were killed by Shi Hu, and the Han Zhao regime collapsed.
After Zhao chapter
Later Zhao: From 319 to 351, Shi Le, a member of the Qi people, established 7 emperors and enjoyed 33 years of the country.
Shi Le established Later Zhao
In 319, Shi Le took the throne of Zhao and the state name was "Zhao". In order to distinguish between them, historians have called the Zhao state built by Liu Yao former Zhao and the Zhao state built by Shi Le as Later Zhao.
Shi Le was originally a general under Liu Yuan, but later broke away from the control of the Han state and established a state in Hebei, known as the Emperor of the State of Zhao. After Former Zhao was destroyed, Later Zhao unified the north.
In 330, Shi Le was proclaimed emperor.
Shi Le was one of the most outstanding emperors in the Sixteen Kingdoms, and after unifying the north, he sought advice from the wise and reused the meritocracy; commuted the punishment; approved the household registration and reduced the tax; curbed the corruption and perverted the law; and also promoted Confucianism. In order to alleviate ethnic contradictions, he adopted the measure of "dividing Hu and Han" into each other. Under Shi Le's rule, the northern economy was restored to a certain extent.
In 333, Shi Le died, the crown prince Shi Hong took the throne, and the government was controlled by Shi Hu.
Brutal stone tiger
In 334, Shi Hu forced Shi Hong to take the throne and proclaimed himself The Heavenly King.
Shi Hu was cruel and cruel, and soon after he ascended the throne, he slaughtered Shi Hong, as well as Shi Le's other wives and concubines and descendants. Not only that, Shi Hu also wantonly slaughtered ministers and the people, and the social order was seriously damaged, the people were not happy, and the people revolted continuously.
In 349, Shi Hu declared himself emperor, and died in the same year, and the crown prince Shi Shi took the throne. Shi Hu's sons attacked each other and seized the throne.
After Shi Zun, the king of Pengcheng, learned of the death of his father Shi Hu, he sent an army to attack the capital city of Yecheng, and Shi Zun established himself as emperor and killed Shi Shi, who reigned for only 33 days. Shi Zun reigned only 183 days and was replaced by Shi Min (Shi Hu's adopted grandson, originally named Shi Min, later changed to Ran Min. Killed, Shi Hu's third son, Shi Jian, took the throne.
In 350, Shi Min deposed and killed Shi Jian, and thereafter killed thirty-eight of Shi Husun' men. Shi Hu's son Shi Qi was proclaimed emperor in Xiangguo,
In 351, Shi Qi was killed by his general Liu Xian, and Later Zhao was completely destroyed.
Ran Min built the State of Wei
State of Wei: In 350-352, the Han Chinese Ran Min established it, and it was destroyed in only 3 years.
In 350, Ran Min was proclaimed emperor and restored the surname of Ran, with the state name of Great Wei and the historical name ran Wei.
Ran Min was extreme in his treatment of ethnic issues, and he adopted the "killing order" to arouse the strong dissatisfaction of the ethnic minorities in the north.
In 352, Liu Xian declared himself emperor in xiangguo and was attacked and killed by Ran Min. In the same year, Murong Juan eliminated Ran Min, and Ran Wei perished.
Pre-swallow
Former Yan: In 352-370, the Xianbei tribe Murong Juan (jùn) was established, passing on two generations of emperors and enjoying 19 years of the kingdom.
In November 337, Murong Huàng, the Duke of Liaodong, proclaimed himself King of Yan, and the State of Yan, nominally similar to the foreign vassal states of the Jin Dynasty, actually enjoyed completely independent military and political power. In 348, Murong Hao died, and the crown prince Murong Juan succeeded to the throne.
In 352, Murong Ke defeated Ran Wei and occupied Hebei, and Murong Juan declared himself emperor and moved the capital to Jicheng. A few years later, Yan calmed the situation in the north.
As Former Yan grew stronger, Murong Juan ordered that each household in the prefectures and counties of the country should remain only one ding, and all of them should join the army, preparing to gather 1.5 million troops to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Former Qin and unify the world.
In 360, Murong Juan died suddenly, and was succeeded by the crown prince Murong Wei (wěi), who was only 11 years old when his brother Murong Ke (慕容恪) the Prince of Taiyuan assisted him.
During Murong Ke's reign, Former Yan was relatively stable. In 367, Murong Ke fell ill and died, and Murong Commented on assisting the government. Murong was vulgar and greedy.
In 369, Murong Chui the Prince of Wu defeated Huan Wen, and at this time Former Yan reached its peak, but Murong Chui squeezed murong Chui out and persecuted him. Murong Chui was forced to run to Former Qin, and Jian Jian began a crusade against Former Yan.
In 370, Former Yan was destroyed by Former Qin.
Former Qin
Former Qin: 351-394, it was established by the Jian jian of the Yu clan, and a total of 6 emperors were passed down, and the country lasted for 44 years.
Ran Min said that the empress issued a "order to kill Hu", and Gong Hong began to lead the Huan people back to Guanzhong, absorbing a large number of other ethnic groups and displaced people along the way, reaching 100,000 people. In 350, Gong Hong died, and his son Jian Jian succeeded to the throne. In 351, Gong Hong arrived in Guanzhong to claim the title of emperor and established the state of Qin, known historically as "Former Qin".
In 355, Jian Jian died and was succeeded by his son Zhi Sheng. In 357, he was killed by Fu Jian (the son of Fu Jian's younger brother Fu Xiong), who stood on his own.
Jian Jian unified the north
Jian Jian appointed Wang Meng, a famous scholar of the time, to carry out reforms, reused wang meng, Deng Qiang, Quan Yi, Yang An and other famous ministers and good generals, worked hard to govern, reduced taxes, and flourished Confucianism, creating the only rule of the Sixteen Kingdoms, known in history as "Guanlong Qingyan, the people's prosperity". Former Qin's centralized power was strengthened, and its national strength gradually grew stronger.
From 370 to 373, Former Qin successively destroyed Former Yan, Qiuchi, Former Liang, and Daiguo (the predecessors of Northern Wei). Since the qin basically unified the north, the national strength has never been stronger.
In the process of unifying the north, Jian Jian also focused on attacking the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and in 373, Former Qin generals captured The Eastern Jin Dynasty Liang and Yi'er Prefecture. With repeated victories and arrogance, jian jian forcibly launched nearly a million troops to march south to the Eastern Jin Dynasty under the condition that the internal foundation was not stable, and the result was a major defeat in the Battle of Shuishui.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Battle of Shuishui, where Jian Jian was defeated and the north was divided again</h1>
In 383, Jian Jian led an army of 800,000 (more than 200,000) to conquer the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. As a result, Former Qin was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty at the Battle of Shuishui, and Jian Jian was also wounded in the war, and returned to Chang'an with the help of the Former Yan imperial family Murong Chui, after which the situation in the north took a sharp turn for the worse.
After the Battle of Shuishui, all the ethnic groups in the north broke away from the rule of Former Qin, and the Murong clan of the Xianbei tribe took the opportunity to restore the country, and successively appeared "Later Yan", "Western Yan", "Southern Yan", and "Northern Yan"; the Xiongnu took the opportunity to divide Hanoi and establish "Great Xia"; the northwestern ethnic groups took the opportunity to establish "Houliang", "Southern Liang", "Northern Liang", "Western Liang" and other regimes in the Hexi Corridor. As a result, the North was divided again. The Eastern Jin Dynasty took advantage of this Northern Expedition and pushed the border line to the south of the Yellow River.
The Curse of Xinping
In 383, Murong Chui established "Later Yan" and launched a challenge to Former Qin, and Murong Hong took the opportunity to establish "Western Yan". Jian Jian sent his son Zhi Rui as commander and Yao Cang as a staff officer, and sent troops to fight, but the result was a big defeat, and Zhi Rui was beheaded. Furious, Yao Cang fled to Weibei to establish himself and establish the "Later Qin" regime.
In 385, under the persecution of Yao Cang, Jian Jian committed suicide at the Xinping Buddhist Temple, known in history as the "Disaster of Xinping". Jian Jian's son Zhi Pi (苻丕) took the throne as emperor at Hezhou.
In 386, Hepi was killed by the Eastern Jin general Feng Cai, and the Guanlong people supported Li Zhideng (苻健從孙) as emperor.
During his reign, He successively conquered Later Qin and recovered Huayin, Pingliang, Xinping, Hongnong, Luoyang, and Anding.
In 394, Emperor Yao Xing (姚苌' son) was defeated by the Later Qin emperor Yao Xing (姚苌), and was later killed, and the crown prince Gong Chong was proclaimed emperor.
In the same year, Gong Chong was beheaded by Western Qin's Liangzhou Assassin Shi Qifu Ke, and Former Qin was completely destroyed.
Later Qin
Later Qin: From 384 to 417, the regime established by Yao Cang of the Qiang clan passed on three emperors and enjoyed the kingdom for 34 years. The territory roughly included present-day Shaanxi, eastern Gansu, and parts of Henan.
In 384, after the defeat of Yao Cang's army, he rebelled against Qin, proclaimed himself the King of Wannian Qin, and declared himself emperor in Chang'an in 386.
In 393, Yao Cang died, and the crown prince Yao Xing took the throne.
Yao Xing was diligent in political affairs and governed the country and the people. During his reign, he unified the Guanlong region and achieved the three-legged establishment of Later Qin, Northern Wei, and Eastern Jin. In 399, Yao Xing began a southern invasion of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, capturing Luoyang and basically controlling the Yellow River, Huai River, and Han River basins. In 407, the sudden rise of the Bactrian regime in the north of Later Qin posed a serious threat to the Later Qin regime.
In the later period of Yao Xing's reign, the internal sons competed for the throne, causing internal friction. Later Qin's forces were limited, but Yao Xing was so desperate that he insisted on sending troops to Bactria and Hexi at the same time, and the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes led to class contradictions.
In 416, Yao Xing died and was succeeded by the crown prince Yao Hong.
During Yao Hong's reign, civil war broke out in the Later Qin imperial family, and brothers killed each other.
In 417, the Eastern Jin Dynasty lieutenant Liu Yu went on a northern expedition, Chang'an was besieged, Yao Hong surrendered the country, was executed by Liu Yu, and Later Qin perished.
Hou Yan
Later Yan: From 386 to 409, the Xianbei clan established Murong Chui (the son of the Former Yan civilization emperor Murong Hao), passing on 7 emperors and enjoying 24 years of statehood. The area of rule was roughly in present-day Hebei and Shandong, as well as most of Liaoning, Shanxi, and Henan.
Murong Chui was proclaimed emperor
In 384, Murong Chui proclaimed himself King of Yan at Xingyang and established Later Yan. In 386, Murong Chui was proclaimed emperor.
In 394, Murong Chui destroyed Western Yan and became strong. 395 years. Murong Chui again sent troops to Northern Wei, but suffered a crushing defeat. In the same year, Murong Chui died and was succeeded by the crown prince Murong Bao.
Mr. Omeyo's Civil War
After Murong Chui's death, Later Yan fell into civil unrest, and Northern Wei Tuoba Jue took the opportunity to personally lead a large army of 400,000 to attack Later Yan. The Later Yan defenders either abandoned the city and fled, or fled in the wind, leaving only the three cities of Yecheng, Xindu, and Zhongshan.
In 397, Murong Bao fled to Longcheng. The officials and people supported Murong Xiang as emperor, and Murong Xiang did nothing wrong, and was soon killed by Murong Lin. Murong Lin established himself as emperor and was later defeated by the Northern Wei army.
Murong Bao was killed by Lan Khan's younger brother Lan Nan on his way to Longcheng, who then killed the crown prince Murong Ce and his ministers. Murong Bao's son Murong Sheng (Lan Khan's son-in-law) destroyed Lan Khan's forces and claimed the throne as emperor.
In 401, Murong Sheng died and Murong Xi (Murong Bao's younger brother) took the throne.
Murong Xi was unscrupulous, killing innocents indiscriminately, and the government was deserted. In 407, Murong Xi was killed by Murong Yun (慕容云, gao yun), and Later Yan perished.
Southern Swallow
Southern Yan: From 398 to 410, Murong De (Murong Hao's son) of the Xianbei clan was founded, passing on 2 emperors and enjoying the kingdom for 12 years. His rule included parts of present-day Shandong and Jiangsu.
In 398, Murong De led 40,000 people to the south to slip to The Terrace, known as the King of Yan, known as Southern Yan in history. In 400, Murong De declared himself emperor. In 405, Murong De died of illness and his nephew Murong Chao took the throne.
Murong Chao liked to travel and hunt, did not understand state affairs, and because he did not measure up to provoke the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was destroyed by Liu Yu's troops, Murong Chao was killed, and Southern Yan was destroyed.
Northern Yan
Northern Yan: From 409 to 436, Murong Yun (Murong Bao's adopted son) and Feng Bao established a regime that passed on three emperors and enjoyed the kingdom for 30 years. He ruled over the southwestern part of present-day Liaoning Province and the northeastern part of Hebei Province.
In 407, Feng Bao launched a coup d'état to destroy Later Yan, and installed Murong Bao's adopted son, Gao Yun (慕容云), a Goguryeo man, as emperor, and the capital longcheng, still using the national name "Yan", known in history as "Northern Yan". Murong Yun's original surname was Gao, and the queen reverted to her original surname.
In 409, Murong Yun was killed by his subordinates, Daiban and Taoren. After the coup d'état, the chancellor Feng Bao was located in Changli Longcheng.
During Feng Bao's reign, he continued to follow the Later Yan system, and at the same time, he revitalized the government, lightly dispensed with thin taxes, attached importance to education, and maintained a partial security situation for more than 20 years.
In 430, Feng Bao fell ill and died, and his brother Feng Hong forced Feng Bao's son Feng Yi to kill him, established himself as emperor, and changed his name to Yuan Daxing.
In 436, Northern Yan was destroyed by Northern Wei.
Western Qin
Western Qin: 385-400, 409-431, built by Qifu Guoren, the leader of the Xianbei clan in Longxi. In 400 years, the kingdom was destroyed in Later Qin, and in 409, the kingdom was restored, and 4 emperors were passed on, enjoying a total of 37 years. Its rule roughly included parts of present-day southwestern Gansu and Qinghai.
During the Han Dynasty, the Xianbei Qifu clan moved from northern Mobei to Longxi, and the Xianbei chieftain Qifu Sifan was a Former Qin general who was succeeded by his son Qifu Guoren after The death of Qifu Sifan.
In 385, after the defeat of Jian Jian, Qifu Guoren established himself as Da Dan Yu, known in history as Western Qin.
In 388, Qifu Guoren died, and his brother Qifu Qian returned to the throne.
After the defeat of Gong Deng, the land of Longxi returned to Western Qin, and Qifu Qian returned to the title of King of Qin. In 400, Qifu Qian was defeated by Yao Xing, surrendered to Later Qin, and Western Qin became a vassal state of Later Qin.
In 409, Qifu Qian returned to the country.
In 412, Qifu Qiangui and a dozen of his sons were killed by their nephews, and his son Qifu Qipan succeeded to the throne.
After Qifu Blazing Pan took the throne, he encircled the Long Right Han and Qiang, and reused the Han giants and junjie people. In 414, he attacked Nanliang. During the reign of Qifu Qipan, the Eastern Expedition to the West was discussed, and Western Qin flourished for a while.
In 428, Qifu Blazing Pan died, and his son Qifu Twilight took the throne.
Northern Liang took advantage of the death of Qifu Blazing Pan and attacked Western Qin. In 431, Helian Wei of Bactria attacked Western Qin, and at the end of the summer, Western Qin fell.
Bactria
Bactria : 407-431, founded by the Xiongnu Helian Bobo, passed down 3 emperors and enjoyed 25 years of statehood.
In 407, Helian Bobo called Da Dan Yu. In 418, Helian Bobo took advantage of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to destroy Later Qin and seized the opportunity to capture Chang'an, that is, the throne, and the power of the country increased. Helian Bobo was very ambitious, and Bactria was once strong.
In 425, Helian Bobo died and was succeeded by his son Helian Chang.
In 428, Helian Chang was captured by Northern Wei. In the same year, his brother Helian Ding fled to Pingliang as emperor.
In 432, Helian Ding was attacked by Tuguhun and defeated and captured. Helian Ding was sent to Northern Wei, killed, and Bactria perished.
Cool before
Former Liang: 301-376, the Han Chinese Zhang Rail established, a total of 9 monarchs, passed down for 76 years. Its rule roughly included Gansu, western Inner Mongolia, western Ningxia, Qinghai, and most of Xinjiang.
In 301, Zhang Rail, a Han Chinese surnamed Liangzhou, was enfeoffed by the Jin Dynasty as the Liangzhou Assassin History, ostensibly a vassal of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Former Zhao, but in fact it had become a state of its own, known as Former Liang in history.
In 312, Zhang Rail died and was succeeded by his son Zhang Yi (張寔) (shí). In 317, Zhang Huan proclaimed himself King of Liang. In 320, Zhang Yi was killed and succeeded by his brother Zhang Mao. In 324, Zhang Mao died and was succeeded by his nephew Zhang Jun (Zhang Yu's son). In 346, Zhang Jun died and was succeeded by his son Zhang Chonghua. During Zhang Chonghua's reign, he reused the xianchen Xie Ai to resist the attacks of Later Zhao and Former Qin. In 353, Zhang Chonghua died and was succeeded by his son Zhang Yaoling. In the same year, the assistant minister Zhang Zuo conspired with Zhao Chang and others to depose Zhang Yaoling, and Zhang Zuo became independent.
In 354, Zhang Zuo declared himself emperor. Zhang Zuo's absurdity and cruelty are not moral. In 355, Zhang Zuo was killed, Zhang Xuanliang was supported by Zhang Ou to ascend the throne, and in 363, Zhang Tianxi launched a coup d'état and killed Zhang Xuanliang. Zhang Tianxi stood on his own.
In 376, Zhang Tianxi surrendered to Former Qin, and Former Liang perished. (In 386, Zhang Tianyu, the son of Zhang Tianxi, re-established the Former Liang regime and was killed the following year.) ）
Cool after
Hou Liang: 386-403, Lü Guang, a member of the Hu people, established the Five Emperors, and passed down for 18 years. Its rule included western Gansu and parts of Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Outer Mongolia.
Lü Guang was originally a Former Qin general, and he was ordered to march west and destroy the Former Liang Zhang Dynasty. Just in time for the collapse of Former Qin, Jian Jian was killed. In 386, Lü Guang divided Liangzhou.
In 396, Lü Guang was called the Heavenly King, the founding number was Da Liang, and the history was called Hou Liang. After the founding of the Country, Lü Guang was defeated many times.
In 399, Lü Guang passed the throne to his eldest son Lü Shao. After Lü Guang's death, Lü Shao, the eldest son of Shu, killed Lü Shao and established himself. In 401, Lü Long, the son of Lü Guang's brother Lü Bao, killed Lü Lu to establish himself, and the country became weaker and weaker. In 403, Lü Long was forced to surrender to Later Qin due to the interplay of Later Qin, Southern Liang, and Northern Liang, and Later Liang perished.
Southern cool
Nanliang: 397-414, founded by Xianbei Bald Wugu (a different translation of "Tuoba") and passed on to three monarchs, who enjoyed 18 years of the country. The area of rule was roughly western Gansu and ningxia.
During the period of baldness and loneliness, with Lianchuan Fort as the center, the power continued to develop, and after the initial attachment to Liang Luguang. In 397, the bald-haired Wugu proclaimed himself the King of Xiping and established a political power.
In 399, bald Wu Lone died, and his brother Bald Li Lu Gu took the throne, and Nanliang began to prosper.
In 402, bald Lilu died and his brother nù tán (nù tán) took the throne.
Two years later, baldness became a vassal of Later Qin, and in 408, baldness became a vassal
In 409, bald-haired Yu Tan defeated the Later Qin army and restored himself as the King of Liang. Since then, Nanliang has gradually weakened and been constantly attacked by other countries.
In 414, Nanliang did not receive any harvest for many years, and the bald man led his army to plunder westward. Western Qin took the opportunity to attack Ledu, and the bald man descended to Western Qin, where he was soon killed and Southern Liang perished.
Northern cool
Beiliang: 397-439, founded by the Han Dynasty Duan Ye, passed on 3 monarchs, and enjoyed 43 years of the country.
Duan Yechu was the Taishou of Houliang Jiankang. In 397, Duan Ye was elected as the Pastor of Liangzhou by The Depressed Canal Nancheng and others, and Northern Liang was established. In 399, Duan Ye proclaimed himself King of Liang.
In 401, Mengxun launched a mutiny and killed Duan Ye, who was called Liangzhou Mu. In the same year, Mengxun of The Depression Canal declared himself a vassal to Later Qin. In order to seek peaceful development, Frustrated Qu Mengxun also promised Nanliang to send his brother as a hostage.
In 410, Mengxun personally led an army of 30,000 to attack Nanliang, capturing the capital of Southern Liang, Guzang, and at the same time sending troops to Western Liang.
In 421, Mengxun destroyed Xiliang and occupied the entire Liangzhou region.
In 433, Frustrated Canal Mengxun died, and his son Depression Canal Mujian took the throne.
During the reign of Mu Jian, Northern Liang made peace with Northern Wei.
In 439, Northern Wei Tuoba Tao attacked Guzang, and Northern Liang perished.
Cool west
Xiliang: In 400-421, the Han Chinese Li Kuan established and passed on 3 monarchs, enjoying 22 years of the kingdom. The area of rule is Liangzhou.
Li Xuan claimed to be a descendant of the Fei general Li Guang. In 400, Li Xuan established the Xiliang regime.
During Li Huan's reign, he was at war with Northern Liang for a long time. In 417, Li Xuan died and his son Li Xin took the throne.
In 420, Li Xin was killed in battle with Northern Liang, and his brother Li Ke took the throne in Dunhuang.
In 421, the Northern Liang army besieged Dunhuang, Li Ke committed suicide after being defeated, and Western Liang perished.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Northern Wei Tuoba Tao unified the north, and the Sixteen Kingdoms era ended</h1>
The reunification of the north was completed by the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei clan.
Tuoba Shiyi established the Daiguo in 338. In 376, Jian Jian attacked and the daikoku fell.
In 386, Tuoba Shiyi's grandson Tuoba Jue (拓跋珪), the grandson of Tuoba Shiyi, rebuilt the state of Dai in southern Mo, and in the same year changed its name to the State of Wei, known historically as "Northern Wei".
After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it successively destroyed the Later Yan, Xia Kingdom, Northern Yan, and Northern Liang, and unified the North in 439, and the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms officially ended. The Northern Wei Dynasty implemented sinicization measures in the north to recuperate and confucian rule, and eventually the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains were integrated into the Han nationality.
After the gunshots, there is no winner!
Ancient China has long been dominated by the Han nationality, with the Central Plains as the foundation of its rule, and most of the regimes in the Sixteen Kingdoms were established by ethnic minorities (Xiongnu, Xianbei, etc.), and the sixteen kingdoms period was a long period of conquest, and the people were not happy, resulting in the Psychological reluctance of the Han people to recognize its legitimacy. In ancient times, the "Five Hu Chaohua" was long considered a dark and humiliating history.
In fact, the root cause of the chaos in the Sixteen Kingdoms was the decay of the ruling class of the Western Jin Dynasty. And the "Wuhu Chaohua" is not considered a foreign invasion, these ethnic minorities began to migrate inland from the Qin and Han dynasties and became part of the Chinese nation.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the country was divided and regimes changed frequently. During this period, many outstanding heroes emerged, who promoted the integration of China's multi-ethnic groups. But, after the gunshots, there are no winners! Hundreds of years of division, endless conquests and killings, resulting in the destruction of life!
The general trend of the world will be united for a long time, and it will be divided for a long time. The next issue will continue to talk about the Southern and Northern Dynasties, please pay attention to the history of the Little Seven, learn history, and not get lost!