A brief history of the French Revolution: 1791-1793, when the National Convention and the Girondin Party came to power
In 1793
After 2 June, moderates in the Girond party were imprisoned in Paris, while others fled and gathered in Oka castle in Calvados county, using it as the center of opposition against the Mountain Party, launching a riot and building up an army. At the same time, Lyon, Marseille and other counties responded to the riots. The royalists waited for an opportunity and gradually seized the leadership of the rebellious counties, changing the nature of the rebellion.
The French army suffered successive defeats on the border, Marshal Pierre was killed under the city of Bouzan, Valencien, Condé and Mainz fell one after another, and the army even retreated to Arras, the last retreat position in front of Paris, and France fell into a crisis that had never been seen before.
The British government announced the blockade of all French ports and the confiscation of neutral ships destined for France to transport grain, in an attempt to put the whole of France in a desperate situation through famine.
After 6 June, after the Vendée rebels took full control of the county, they launched an attack on the republican region and violently conquered Somuel. He then crossed the Loire and attacked Nantes, but was defeated in battle, suffered heavy losses, and his commander, Caterino, was killed. The Battle of Nantes was the end of the Victory of the Vendée rebels and the invasion of the outside world, and the Royalists again crossed the Loire, abandoned Somuel, and retreated to their original camps, defeating the republican army that had come to pursue.
On 24 June, the Constitution of 1793 was adopted by the National Convention and submitted to the Junior Assembly for approval. It establishes pure mass power: it not only recognizes the people as the source of all power, but also delegates all power to the people for exercise. Because this Constitution provides for the rule of the masses and completely disperses the organs of political power, it cannot be implemented in any era, let alone in the period of all-out war. What the Mountain Party needs is not extreme democracy, but the strictest dictatorship. As soon as the Constitution was enacted, it was shelved.
On 13 July, Girond party supporter Charlotte Cordai assassinated Marat.
Death of Marat
On 17 July, the National Convention issued a land decree confiscating the land of the fugitive nobles, dividing the land into small pieces for sale, and paying the purchase price within 10 years; the rural public land was distributed according to the local population; and unconditionally abolishing all feudal rights of the nobles and landlords.
On 23 August, the National Convention issued a national general mobilization order, which made France a large army camp; the army was reorganized, so that the Republic had 14 armies at one time, with a total of 1.2 million troops.
After 23 August, the military situation was completely reversed, and France turned defeat into victory:
In the Civil War, the Republican army defeated the Girondin rebels and recaptured calvados, and the class that had previously supported the Girond Party took the opportunity to admit its mistakes, change its position, and express its support for the Mountain Party; the Royalist rebels were also defeated one after another, General Carto recaptured Marseille and Toulon, General Kelmann retook Lyon, and General Leschelles reconquered The Vendée.
In the foreign war, General Juldan led the Northern Route Army to launch a counterattack after the defeat of the anti-French coalition forces in Wadini and the lifting of the siege of Moberzh; Osh and Piszgru led the Moselle Front, and General Kellermann led the Alpine Front at the same time, so that the anti-French coalition army was defeated everywhere and everywhere was controlled.
During the war, the National Salvation Commission carried out the most brutal and large-scale killings, sending Colo de Bois, Fouché and Courdon to Lyon, Barras and Freron to Toulon, shooting and destroying buildings. Only Gangcheng, Marseille, and Bordeaux, because they did not collude with foreign countries, the severity of the rebellion was slightly different, and the killings were not so common and not so cruel.
On September 17, the National Convention issued a terrible ordinance on the punishment of suspects, turning the bourgeoisie, the middle class, and businessmen into the abyss of criminals.
On 10 October, the National Convention announced the formation of a revolutionary government: the National Convention had set up a National Salvation Committee, and the National Salvation Committee had a Public Security Committee under it to exercise de facto rule. Robespierre arranged for his henchmen to hold important positions in the two committees and gain dictatorial rule.
On 16 October, Queen Marie Antoinette was executed.
On 24 October, the National Convention announced the abolition of the Christian calendar and the replacement of a new Republican calendar epoch, which changed the division of years, changed the names of the sun and the month, replaced the week with ten, and stipulated that the rest days were not on Sundays, but on the tenth day of each month. The New Era began on September 22, 1792, the day the Republic was established.
On 31 October, 21 members of the Girond Party imprisoned in Paris were executed. Since then, members of the Girond party have been arrested and executed.
On 8 November, Mrs. Roland was executed.
On 10 November, Bai was executed.
In November and December, the Duke of Orléans was executed.
On 29 November, Banaf was executed.
guillotine
In December, the Mountain Party was formally divided into three factions due to different views on the direction of the revolutionary development:
The two committees advocate a resolute dictatorship in politics and the worship of the Supreme Lord in faith. This faction controls the National Salvation Committee and the Policing Committee. The main characters are Robespierre, Saint-Just, Carnot, Barel, Cudon, Cumbang, Colo-de-Bois, Pyo-Valen, etc.
Municipal autonomists, politically, advocate the establishment of the greatest possible local democracy and atheism in faith. This faction controlled the Paris Commune and the revolutionary committees of the districts. The main characters are Eber, Schomette, Longson, Anacasis Cross, etc.
Moderates, advocating the restoration of the rule of law after the victory of the revolution, the restoration of the independence of the National Convention, the cessation of the actions of the revolutionary courts, the release of all suspects, the weakening of the powers of the committees or the dissolution of the committees. The main characters are Danton, Filippo, Camille de Mouran, Fabre de Grandin, Lacroix, and Westman.
In 1794
On 14 March, Eber and members of his faction were arrested by the National Salvation Commission.
On 24 March, Eber and members of his faction were executed, and the district revolutionary committees were weakened.
On 30 March, Danton and members of his faction were arrested by the National Salvation Commission.
On 5 April, Danton and members of his faction were executed, and Robespierre achieved his dictatorial aims.
On the 18th of May and 7th of May, Robespierre issued a decree in the National Convention confirming the existence of the Supreme Lord.
On the 3rd of the Pastor Moon and 22 may, Radmilar secretly assassinated Robespierre, but instead assassinated Colo de Bois, but it did not succeed. Radmilar was arrested and executed.
On May 4 and May 23, Cecil Renault's secret assassination of Robespierre was discovered, arrested and executed, and his entire family was affected.
On 16 June and 4 June, Robespierre was elected President of the National Convention.
On the 20th of the Pastoral Moon and the 8th of June, Robespierre presided over a ceremony in Paris to celebrate the new faith.
On the 22nd of the Month of The Pastor, on 10 June, Robespierre forced the National Convention to pass the Decree of the 22nd month of the Month of The Shepherd. The Act abolished the system of advocates and pre-trials, simplified the trials and provided for the use of only one penalty, the death penalty, for all enemies opposing the Republic. Since then, groups of people have been sent to the guillotine, nearly fifty people have been executed every day, and the Reign of Terror has reached its peak.
Robespierre
On the 8th of June, after June 26, Saint-Justust commanded the French army to defeat the anti-French coalition army at Flerus, and the French army took the initiative in the battlefield and pursued the anti-French coalition army. On 10 July, General Juldon captured Brussels. On the 27th, Antwerp was captured, and the British were forced to withdraw from the sea to the mainland. Taking advantage of the victory, the French crossed the Rhine, captured Speier and Worms, and began to besiege the Netherlands in the winter.
In July, the two councils split over the right to rule:
The side is centered on Robespierre, Saint-Just and Coudon, whose members include Coffenal, Unrio, Leba, etc. After the split between the two councils, Robespierre broke away from the commission and instead used the Jacobin Club and the Paris Commune as his strongholds.
The other is the main member of the two committees, whose members include the main members of the National Salvation Committee, Colo de Bois, Bayo Valen and Barrel, as well as the main members of the Policing Committee, Wadier, Amar and Fulan.
On the 8th of Thermiduary, on July 26, Robespierre gave a speech at the National Convention proposing to reorganize the two committees and purge their members, but the National Convention refused to print his speech and submitted it to the two committees for review. In the evening, Robespierre came to the Jacobin Club to agitate the Jacobins and set up men and horses to prepare for the armed rebellion the next day. At the same time, in order to protect themselves, the two committees united with the various factions in the National Convention and decided to deal with Robespierre unanimously.
On the 9th of Thermidium and 27 July, Robespierre and his colleagues came to the National Convention again, their speeches constantly interrupted and they were violently attacked by the delegates. The National Convention arrested the Robespierre brothers, Saint-Just, Coudon and Bale on the spot, and arrested the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Unrio, and detained them separately. In the evening, the Paris Commune launched an insurrection to rescue Robespierre and others, and Unrio ordered the artillery to fire at the National Convention, but the artillery refused, and the Paris Commune had to change its tactics and win the support of the people in the districts. Eventually, the masses of the districts supported the National Convention, and the National Convention was able to rally its forces to surround the town hall, and the rioters, seeing that things were hopeless, turned against each other and hit Robespierre in the jaw with their pistols; Leba committed suicide with a pistol; Robespierre Jr. jumped from four floors and broke a leg; Coudon hid under a table; Saint-Justel waited to be arrested; Coffenal scolded Onrio for being cowardly and incompetent, threw himself out of the window into the gutter, and escaped on his own. The National Convention successfully rushed into the town hall and arrested Robespierre and other important figures, achieving a decisive victory.
On the 10th of Thermid month and 28 july, the Robespierre brothers, Saint-Just, Unrio, Andon, etc. were executed, and the Reign of Terror ended.