"It is very easy to say what people say, it is not easy to say what people want, and it is even more difficult to say what people dare not say." I will say what people want, and I will not dare to say what people want. ”
Just by looking at this passage, we can sketch the image of a fighter who adheres to principles and dares to fight for the truth. In fact, the author of this passage, Mr. Ma Yinchu, can indeed be called a "fighter".
As we all know, Ma Yinchu is a famous demographer in contemporary China, in addition, he has also made great achievements in the field of economics, and once served as the president of Peking University, which is a veritable educator.
There is a saying circulating on the Internet: "Wrong batch of one person, mistaken increase of 300 million." This means that Ma Yinchu was criticized by the top level at that time because he insisted on the policy of family planning in the last century, and the population could not be controlled in time and grew rapidly, which brought great pressure to the resources and space for survival.
Ma Yinchu, known to the public, is always associated with "family planning" and "population explosion". In fact, "family planning" is only part of the road of Ma Lao's struggle.
After a century, From the weak and chaotic world of war to the new era of reform, opening up, independence and self-improvement, Ma Lao has never compromised on issues of principle. Guo Moruo once described him as a "well-known 'copper pea' that cannot be steamed, cooked, and beaten", and this copper pea has a lot of teeth.
Figure | Mr. Ma Yinchu
< h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > I know someone is aiming a pistol at me</h1>
In 1931, the September 18 Incident broke out and the War of Resistance began, but the Nationalist government adopted a passive policy, resulting in the eventual occupation of Tohoku by Japan. Since then, the song "On the Songhua River" has been sung in the north and south of the river, arousing the tears of countless Chinese people.
At that time, Ma Yin was full of vigor, deeply felt the turmoil in Shenzhou, dissatisfied with the practices of the Nationalist government, and published an article entitled "Preparation for Long-term Resistance", fiercely criticizing his "policy of non-resistance" and the hypocritical words and deeds of the Chiang authorities that "the outside must first be safe inside".
However, Ma Yinchu criticized more than that. It can be said that wherever there is reaction, there is criticism: the great price chaos, criticism +1; economic policy is improper, criticism +1; Mr. Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship, criticism +1; bureaucratic capital betraying national interests, criticism +1; patriotic people killed by Kuomintang agents, criticism +1...
Ma Yinchu's criticism took great risks. Chiang Kai-shek's strength was not great, and his secret service was the predecessor of the military command, and in addition to helping him deal with traitors, he also suppressed the "reactionary" literati for him. In 1933, the scholar Yang Xingfo was assassinated in the street by secret agents for attacking the Chiang authorities.
Ma Yinchu's resistance eventually caused dissatisfaction in the Nationalist government and brought misfortune to himself.
In 1940, Ma Yinchu was arrested and imprisoned. He was imprisoned by the Kuomintang in Guizhou And Shangrao in Guizhou and Shangrao in Jiangxi, and after many efforts, he was finally released from prison two years later, but after his release, he was still under house arrest.
I don't know if you remember such an anecdote: Lu Xun walked on the streets of Shanghai, always followed by a small spy. One day, Lu Xun was ready to tease them, deliberately treating him as a beggar, and calmly turned around and handed him a silver dollar: "Buy food and eat." "The agent was stunned.....
For a democracy fighter like Lu Xun, it is very common to be followed by one or two spies. At that time, China was surrounded by great powers on the outside, Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship on the inside, and warlords who still held great power on one side, all kinds of forces were intertwined, turbulent and dangerous, non-commissioned officers were in danger of life at any time, and the pen of the literati was also tightly watched.
A democrat like Ma Yinchu, who has been active in the front line of the struggle for many years, naturally cannot escape the encounter of being followed by secret agents. Elder Ma once said in his speech: "I know that there are agents in the crowd, pointing pistols at my chest." I'm not afraid! I'm afraid I won't be here to speak. ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > 2003, the Chinese mouth will be as high as 2.6 billion? </h1>
During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Ma Yinchu maintained contact with the CCP, and even during his house arrest at Gele mountain, his youngest son Ma Benchu delivered letters to the CCP on his behalf. In 1949, he excitedly ran to Premier Zhou's car and said loudly: "According to your instructions, I have come to Beiping safely!" ”
After the founding of the Country, the situation settled down, there was no threat of war, there was no chaotic rule of the National Government, everything began to be on the right track, and Ma Yinchu was able to calm down and concentrate on academic research.
He studied for a Ph.D. in the United States, returned to China to become a highly respected professor of economics, and the population problem is also an economic problem, so it was natural for him to notice the first census Chinese mainland 1953.
The census shows a natural population growth rate of 2 per cent. But Ma Yinchu, in the spirit of science, questioned the investigation. The census uses a sample survey method, directly replacing the real population growth rate with the birth rate minus the death rate, but the real population growth rate cannot be calculated so simply.
China's 9.6 million square kilometers of land are vast, the level of regional development is different, the conditions in large cities are good, the death toll is relatively small, and the mortality rate is low. In the early days of liberation, remote areas were still relatively backward, medical facilities could not be built, it was difficult for people to get timely and effective treatment, and small diseases and disasters may kill people and have high mortality rates. If the sample survey method is used, where is the birth rate minus the mortality rate? Can you get a relatively objective and accurate result? The answer is clearly no.
Ma Yinchu refused to accept such obviously inaccurate results and personally conducted a census of the population. After three years of research, he found that the natural growth rate of Chinese population is more than 2.2%, and in some areas it even reaches 3%, which is a terrible number.
The population growth model of developing countries is generally "traditional", in this mode, the natural population growth rate is generally 2%, at that time, the natural population growth rate of China has exceeded the general value of more than 0.2%, this number looks very small, multiplied by the population base, is a huge number of population growth.
Ma Yinchu calculated that by June 30, 1953, the Chinese mainland had a population of about 600 million, at least 13.2 million people per year, and if it was allowed to develop, 50 years later, that is, by 2003, the Chinese would reach 2.6 billion. When we have 1.3 billion people, the per capita resources are still in the lower reaches of the world, and if we have 1.3 billion, the resources will not be enough.
In front of the numbers, ma Yinchu's worries and persistence can be better understood.
The population must be controlled, and Ma Yinchu was clearly aware of this fact, so he began to fight for the population problem.
At the Second Session of the First National People's Congress in 1955, Ma Yinchu put forward his own views on the population issue, but only a few people agreed, and the majority of the people held opposing views. He did not give up, but simply withdrew the text of his statement and improved it, intending to put it forward again when the time was ripe.
However, the weather was unpredictable, and the ripe time had not yet arrived, and Ma Yinchu's body had problems. In 1956, Ma Yinchu, who has always paid attention to physical exercise and was energetic, first suffered from a leg disease and was unfortunately paralyzed on one leg. This was undoubtedly a heavy blow to him.
He did not bow to the disease. If you can't walk normally, you will drag your legs with crutches, and when you walk, you will take five or six thousand steps. During the epidemic this year, there were French marathon runners who completed the whole horse on the balcony, Russian extreme marathon runners ran 100 kilometers around the bed, and Ma Yinchu also circled the coffee table hundreds of times a day, but the reason was that the illness was aggravated and the crutches were difficult to support the long journey.
However, for Ma Yinchu, the physical problems are far from being compared with the population problems. His proposals have never risen to national policy, and the future of 2.6 billion people has been a big stone in his heart.
In order to solve this sword hanging overhead, at the eleventh (enlarged) session of the Supreme Council of State in February 1957, Ma Yinchu again advocated the issue of "population control"; in April 1957, he gave a public speech on population issues in the dining hall of Peking University; in June, he submitted "The New Population Theory" as a proposal to the Fourth Session of the First National People's Congress...
Ma Yinchu did not notice that while he was actively speaking on the population issue, the external environment had quietly changed. The anti-rightist struggle swept through society, and the academic community was shrouded in a dark cloud.
Ma Yinchu and his theory of population have also been criticized. At first, he did not care, on the one hand, he thought that academic questions were more important to argue, and the truth became clearer and clearer; on the other hand, he had confidence in his theory. Therefore, he continued to advocate to the top in an attempt to promote family planning and conducted field investigations in the hope of perfecting existing theories.
This "deaf ear to criticism and devoted only to demographics" continued until 1959.
This year, the central authorities held a meeting in Lushan, Jiangxi, and after the meeting, the domestic criticism reached a climax, and the situation became more and more severe. Ma Yinchu received one after another advice from his friends to stop clinging to population control, and even Premier Zhou specially interviewed him, advising him to think about the overall situation, temporarily compromise, and write a review. Ma Yinchu only then shifted his energy from the academic level a little, and really paid attention to those "criticisms" of himself.
However, as Guo Moruo said, he is a copper peas that cannot be steamed, cooked, and beaten, and the copper peas will not be bitten and crushed. Guo Moruo would write large praises to give in to Chiang Kai-shek, but Ma Yinchu would not bow down to academic dignity. If there is a compromise, it will not be Ma Yinchu.
If ma Yinchu's so-called criticism of the past was a "disapproving" banishment, then at this time, he will be full of fire and hardened.
Ma Yinchu was a literati, and the characteristics of literati are writing. When he writes about population, words are his strength, and when he fights back against critical insults, words are his weapon. Actions to safeguard academic dignity are naturally accomplished with words.
He carefully read the critical articles, refuted the critical points one by one, and published more than 50,000 words of "My Philosophical Thought and Economic Theory", which said: "Although I am nearly eighty years old, I know that I am outnumbered, and I am a single horse, and I will come out to fight until I die in battle, and I will never surrender to the kind of critics who are dedicated to suppressing unreasonable persuasion." ... To uphold the truth, that is, to the selfish interests of oneself and even to one's own precious life, is detrimental and should bear all the consequences. ... The dignity of scholarship cannot but be maintained, and it has to be rejected. ”
Newspapers were also his position of resistance. He claimed in the newspaper that he would follow the challenge book from all walks of life, and published an article entitled "Reiterating My Request", and even humorously countered, saying that "the opinions expressed by more than two hundred gentlemen in the past are mostly the same, and there are too few new things for me to learn." ”
However, the reality is cruel, after all, the literati are only literati, and the strength of the individual is ultimately inferior to the pressure of society.
In 1960, Ma Yinchu was forced to resign as president of Peking University, and then he was dismissed from his position as a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, deprived of the right to publish articles, and had to stay at home. At home, he did not languish, but continued to do academic research, and even wrote millions of words of agricultural research works.
Figure | Ma Yinchu family photo
< h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" mr. > eternity</h1>
Ma Yinchu once said: "I don't teach on weekdays, I don't have direct contact with students, and I always want to educate students with actions." I always hope that the 10,400 students of Peking University will advance in their practical work when they are studying and in the future, and not casually bow their heads when they encounter difficulties. ”
Ma Yinchu said this, and indeed did so.
If criticism from the whole society is a major difficulty in his work, then illness is another great test.
Mencius youyun: "The heavens will send down a great task, so that man will first suffer his mind, strain his bones, starve his body, empty his body, and mess up his deeds, so he will be moved to endure, and he will benefit from what he cannot." Xu was deliberately honed by heaven, wanting to add more wear and tear to Ma Yinchu's road of resistance, and the paralysis of one leg was not enough, and let a cancer take his other leg.
In 1972, after the 90-year-old Ma Yinchu had rectal cancer resection surgery, his legs were paralyzed and he could only rely on a wheelchair. However, as he said, Ma Yinchu did not bow to the difficulties, and during the treatment, there was even an anecdote.
After the operation, Dr. Jin Xianzhai, who was in charge of the operation, asked Ma Lao about the condition, Dr. Jin spoke Tianjin dialect, and Ma Lao spoke Zhejiang Shengzhou dialect, both in Chinese but did not speak the language. Finally, the two old men remembered that each other had studied in the United States and communicated in English.
Later, his former student Song Yunjiao left this text: "In the past sixty years, I have seen many principals, and the one I admire most is Ma Lao, Principal Ma Yinchu. In my mind, no headmaster could surpass him. "Ma Lao's education is successful.
Figure | Ma Yinchu took a group photo with his family in his later years
In 1982, Ma Yin returned to Daoshan at the age of 100. At the funeral, someone sent such a link: In the old society, Master Ma was not afraid of violence, dared to speak out in anger, loved the country with a pure heart, and was deeply respected by his colleagues; Mr. Ma was a strict scholar of new China, sought truth from facts, adhered to the truth and was indomitable, and could be a model for the younger generations.
In Ma Yinchu's life, whether in the midst of war or in the turmoil, he always insisted on himself and constantly fought.
The clouds and mountains are pale, and the rivers are full of water. Sir's wind, the mountains are high and the water is long. The green mountains are tall, the rivers are mighty, and the moral demeanor of Mr. Li is higher than that of the mountains and rivers.
Text | Luo Qing