Historical records, Ma Yinchu introduction

Ma Yinchu (1882~1982), Ziyuanshan, Han Chinese, contemporary Chinese economist, educator, demographer. After the founding of The People's Republic of China, he successively served as deputy director of the Central Financial and Economic Commission, deputy director of the East China Military and Political Committee, dean and professor of the Business School of Chongqing University, professor of Nanjing University, president of Peking University, and president of Zhejiang University. In 1957, he was branded a rightist for publishing the doctrine of the "new population theory", and was rehabilitated after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He has written a lot of books in his lifetime, especially to China's economy, education, population and other aspects, and has the reputation of "the first person in Chinese oral studies" in contemporary times.

Biography

Born on June 24, 1882 in Pukou Town, Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province.

In 1898, Ma Yinchu went to Shanghai to attend middle school.

In 1901, he was admitted to Tianjin Beiyang University and studied mining and metallurgy. In the same year, he married Zhang Tuanmei.

In 1906, he went to the United States to study.

In 1910, he received a master's degree in economics from Yale University.

In 1914, he received his Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University.

In 1915, Ma Yinchu returned to China and worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Finance of the Beiyang Government.

In 1916, he became a professor and head of the Department of Economics of the National Peking University.

In 1919, he became the first provost of Peking University.

In 1921, the National Southeast University (now Nanjing University) was divided into Shanghai University of Commerce, and Ma Yin initially served as the first provost director of Shanghai University of Commerce (now Shanghai University of Finance and Economics), and concurrently served as the general secretary of the Bank of China (general issuer).

From 1923 to 1925, he taught at the School of Economics and Management of Beijing Jiaotong University, teaching bank currency and foreign exchange.

In 1927, he taught at the Zhejiang Finance School and served as a member of the Provincial Government of Zhejiang Province.

In 1928, he was appointed as a legislator of the Nanjing government.

After 1929, he served as chairman of the Finance Commission, chairman of the Economic Commission, and professor at The National Central University, Army University, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Nanjing.

From 1932 to 1936, he was a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

In 1938, during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, he served as dean and professor at the Business School of Chongqing University, focusing on China's wartime economic problems.

In September 1946, he taught at the private Chinese Industry and Commerce College in Shanghai.

In 1948, he was elected as the first academician of academia sinica.

In August 1949, he became the president of Zhejiang University, and successively served as a member of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China, deputy director of the Financial and Economic Committee of the Government Council of the People's Republic of China, and deputy director of the East China Military and Political Committee.

In 1951, he became the president of Peking University.

On January 4, 1960, he was forced to resign as the president of Peking University for publishing "New Population Theory" and stayed at home.

On April 19, 1979, with the approval of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Party Committee of Peking University held a meeting to completely rehabilitate him and restore his reputation.

On July 26, 1979, the Central People's Radio broadcast a broadcast entitled "Party Organizations Completely Rehabilitate Ma Yinchu and Restore His Reputation."

In September 1979, after his rehabilitation, he became the honorary president of Peking University and was co-elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress.

On February 27, 1981, he was elected honorary president and advisor of the Chinese Society.

On March 29, 1981, he was elected as an advisor to the first council of the China Federation of Economic Societies.

On May 10, 1982, Ma Yinchu died of illness.

In August 1993, he won the "Special Honor Award" of the first China Population Award.

His major works include:

"New Theory of Currency" (1944), "Collected Papers on Wartime Economy" (1945), "My Philosophical Thought and Political Position of Economic Theory" (1958), "China's Foreign Exchange Exchange" (1925), "China Bank Theory" (1929), "China's Tariff Problem" (1930), "History of capitalist development" (1934), "China's Economic Transformation" (1935), "Introduction to Economics" (1943), "New Population Theory (Reprint)" (1979), "". Ma Yinchu's Collection of Economic Papers (Part 1 and Part 2) (1981) and so on.

As early as the early 1950s, he paid attention to and began to study the practical problem of the rapid growth of Chinese population. In the famous "New Population Theory", the population problem of China is discussed more systematically. The proposition that "China's population is growing too fast" was put forward, and it was believed that from 1953 to 1957, the Chinese population was likely to exceed the annual multiplier rate of 20 ‰ obtained by the 1953 census. If the 20 per thousand multiplier rate, which was calculated in 1953, "thirty years later, compared with the actual population figures, it will be a thousand miles away". The necessity and urgency of controlling the population were discussed from the aspects of accelerating the accumulation of funds, improving science and technology, improving labor productivity and the people's material and cultural level, and increasing industrial raw materials:

(1) The contradiction between population growth and capital accumulation. He believes that because Chinese and consumption are large, there is less accumulation, and only by controlling the population and reducing the proportion of consumption can we accumulate more funds;

(2) To engage in socialism, it is necessary to increase labor productivity, engage in more large-scale industry, and engage in agricultural electrification and mechanization; however, in order to arrange the employment of many people, it is necessary to engage in small and medium-sized industries, and agriculture engages in inefficient labor, which actually drags down the hind legs of high-speed industrialization;

(3) Contradiction with industrial raw materials. Large-scale light industry can effectively accumulate funds, but most of the raw materials for light industry come from agriculture. Due to the large population and food shortage, there is not much land to grow cash crops such as cotton, silkworm mulberry, soybeans, peanuts and so on. At the same time, due to the restriction of agricultural exports, it is impossible to import a lot of heavy industry complete sets of equipment, which affects the development of heavy industry;

(4) The per capita land in the whole country is less than 3 mu, and large-scale reclamation cannot be done in the short term, "as far as grain is concerned, it is not necessary to control the population." He pointedly pointed out that it is urgent to control the population, otherwise the problems in the future will become more and more difficult to solve. If the government does not try to control the population, it is inevitable that the peasants will turn all their kindness into disappointment and dissatisfaction. He made proposals for holding regular censuses to integrate population growth into the second and third five-year plans.

Family members

The Huiji Ma clan was originally a scholarly monk, and has been cultivated for generations. Due to the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen entered the pass, but inherited her father's admonition, "Keep the cultivation, and the third generation should not lift it." Starting from Ma Yuanjie, the grandson of Ma Yinchu, who turned to business with winemaking, the history of the family's winemaking industry lasted for seven generations from Ma Yuanjie to Ma Yinchu's nephews.

TaiGaozu: Ma Yuanjie (1719-1782), zi guoying, shengzong, Shaoxing Wurong in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, originally engaged in agriculture, and later became a merchant in the winemaking industry, after getting rich, he was charitable and charitable, often solving difficulties and disputes for the townspeople.

Gao zu: Ma Ziming (1757-1831), zihuiting, Qianlong Dynasty Guozi jiansheng, also a huge wealth in Shaoxing during the Qianjia period, was a big merchant in the winemaking industry.

Great-grandfather: Ma Darong (1793-1860), ziwen xie, trumpet Litang, also known as Binghuang, born from Jiupin, Guozi Jiansheng. A big businessman and a huge rich man in the winemaking industry. During the Daoguang Period, Ma Butou (Ma Yifu's great-uncle), the prefect of the Huizhou Prefecture, ordered Ma Bu tou (Ma Yifu's great-uncle) to inspect xicheng and raise ma Darong, who was awarded the title of "Xiu Lang".

Father: Ma Qingchang (1851-1909), zi di sheng. In the fifth year of Tongzhi, he accompanied his brother Ma Qingchen (zigeng liang, Ma Darong's eldest grandson) to Shengzhou to establish the "Ma Shu Ji" winery.

Wife: Zhang Tuanmei. In 1901, he married Ma Yinchu in Shengzhou. He had a son and three daughters, of whom the son died prematurely.

Concubine: Wang Zhongzhen, born in 1904, from Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province. In 1917, he married Ma Yinchu in Shengxian County. Wang Zhongzhen, a primary school graduate, was 22 years younger than Ma Yinchu, married at the age of 13 (early marriage has prevailed in China since ancient times, and it was normal for women to marry at the age of thirteen in the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty), and had two sons and two daughters.

Eldest son: Name unknown, died in 1903, less than one year old.

Second son: Ma Benyin, Ma Yin's first youngest child.

Third son: Ma Benchu, Ma Yinchu's youngest child. In 1945, ma Benchu, who was less than 19 years old, was called into the army from the mechanical department of Chongqing University to serve as an interpreter for the US Army Air Liaison Group stationed in the forward forces. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Ma Benchu returned to school, and after graduating in 1948, he received two acceptance letters from American universities, but he obeyed his father's orders and stayed in Hangzhou. During the Cultural Revolution, he was repeatedly censored for having joined the Nationalist army.

Eldest daughter: Ma Yangban, died in 1953.

Second daughter: Ma Yangcao, later went to England.

Second son-in-law: The representative of the Republic of China in the United Kingdom, he remained in the United Kingdom after 1949.

Third daughter: Ma Yanghui, born in 1918. In 1945, he married Xu Tangxin in Chongqing. During the People's Republic of China period, he lived in Beijing and later served as Ma Yinchu's life secretary for a long time.

Third son-in-law: Xu Tangxin

Fourth daughter: Ma Yanglan, working at United Nations Headquarters, settled in the United States.

Fifth daughter: Ma Yangfeng, living in Shanghai.