Danyang character | Chu Guangxi

The Danyang Historical Figures series contains a total of 85 people, from ancient times to the present Danyang celebrity introduction and story, paying attention to the author's continuous reading

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Chu Guangxi (Image from Baidu Encyclopedia)

Chu Guangxi (c. 706–763), a native of Yanling, Runzhou (present-day Danyang, Jiangsu), was one of the representative poets of the Tang Dynasty's Pastoral Landscape Poetry School.

Chu Guangxi's early years were twice in the examination for the jinshi, and he was the same as Ding Xianzhi, a fellow villager in Danyang, who was also a Taixue student, and Ding Xianzhi ascended to the jinshidi a year before Chu Guangxi. In the fourteenth year of the new century (726), Chu Guangxi and two other famous poets of the Tang Dynasty, Cui Guofu and Qi Wuqian, were on the same list as Jin Shidi. He served as a lieutenant of Feng Yi, An Yi, Xia Yi, and Fenshui County. Due to the eunuch's disappointment, he resigned and returned to his hometown in about 733. After that, he entered Qin and lived in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain. When Wang Wei was living in Yuanchuan, Chu Guangxi went to visit. During the sixth and seventh years of Tianbao, he was appointed as Taizhu .e., After the ninth year of Tianbao (750), he served as the inspector of imperial history.

In the last year of Tianbao, Chu Guangxi was sent to Fanyang. At that time, An Lushan was also the envoy of the three towns of Fanyang, Pinglu, and Hedong, leading a strong army and was actively preparing to launch a rebellion. And Tang Xuanzong's appointment of power and adultery was absurd to political affairs. Chu Guangxi was furious at the dimwittedness of the imperial court and the ambitions of An Lushan. In 755, An Lushan launched a rebellion, and the following year, the rebels captured Chang'an and Luoyang, and Tang Xuanzong fled to Shudi, and most of the officials of the two capitals fell into the hands of the rebels, including Chu Guangxi, who was coerced into accepting a false post. After Guo Ziyi recovered the two capitals, Emperor Suzong returned to Chang'an, and when Chu Guangxi heard the news, he automatically returned to the court to plead guilty, but what awaited him was the disaster of imprisonment, during which he wrote a poem titled "In Prison Yi Yao Zhang Xue Li Zheng Liu Zhu Gong", feeling indignant that "the ghost cries and knows his own grievances". It was not until the first year of the Tang Dynasty's Zongbao Ying that he was pardoned. However, he was not reinstated as an official, but was demoted to the Lingnan area.

In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the poetry world competed for shows, Li and Du Erwai, Gao Shi and Cen Shan's Bian Sai poems, and Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's landscape idylls also led the way. Chu Guangxi's poems conquered readers at that time and in future generations with their simple and idyllic beauty. Chu Guangxi is famous for his depictions of landscapes and idylls, and his poetic style is similar to that of Wang and Meng. The style is high and the meaning is profound. Such as "Shepherd Boy's Words", "Fishing Bay", "Tian Jia Is The Thing", "Tong Wang Thirteen Dimension Accidental Works", "Tian Jia Miscellaneous", etc., the style is simple, can be carefully and meticulously observed in the thick charm, while showing leisure interest, more or less contact with some rural reality, the breath of life is relatively strong, giving people a sense of authenticity. His landscape poems present a clear and clear mood. For example, the fourth of "Five Songs of Tongwuping's Out-of-the-Lake Tour": "The hazy bamboo shadow covers the rock, and the light lotus wind flutters in the dance clothes." The boat will look for green water at midnight, and the moon will not return to the green forest. "It is written about the bamboo shadows, rock doors, boats, green water, and green forests of Danyang Lianhu Lake, which are integrated with the lotus wind in the hazy moonlight to form an elegant and quiet artistic conception like a dream. Chu Guangxi strived to emulate Wei and Jin in his creation, and abandoned the beautiful style of the Six Dynasties, with more than five ancient forms and rich and diverse contents. For example, at the end of Tianbao, Fan Yang, passing through Handan, saw That An Lushan was in a hurry, and the people's lives were miserable, and wrote two poems of "Effectuing the Ancients" to record their affairs. Shi Yun: "The army is in the north of The Yan, and the Son of Heaven is in the west." Women serve in the prefecture and county, Ding Zhuangshi requisitioned. The old and the young are separated from each other, and they cry without fainting. The crops were destroyed, and Kawazawa withered. ”“...... Hanlin has a guest secretary, and he is alone and worried. In the middle of the night, he hesitated, thinking of giving a plan. The gate is steep and deep, and the foot is empty. "Shows deep concern about the situation and resentment that there is no way to serve the country." As for the writing of scenery works, such as "Shuhua Qing Palace", "You Mao Mountain", "Title Lu Shan Ren Lou", etc., or the weather is majestic, or the qing is poignant, and the style is different. Writing about the misery of the journey, such as "Cold Night Jiangkou Berthing Boat"; writing about parting people, such as "Jingkou Farewell May Fourth Friendship", are sincere and touching.

The famous northern Song Dynasty writer Su Rui particularly emphasized Chu Guangxi among the poets of the Tang Dynasty. The "Last Words of Luancheng" records that Su Rui said: "Tang Chu Guangxi's poems resemble Tao Yuanming in the high places and Wang Mojie in the flat places." He also repeatedly compared the poets he admired to Chu Guangxi, which showed the special status of Chu Guangxi in Su Rui's heart. He commented on the poetry of Su Shi's close friend Master Samson: "Exactly like Tang Chu Guangxi. In his later years, Su Rui lived idly in Yingchuan, and after composing a poem to evaluate, he learned Han Juyun: "Tang Dynasty scribes can write poems, and Li Du is high and deep. I read Junshi and laughed wordlessly, and suddenly saw Chu Guangxi again. ”

The Tang Dynasty literary scholar and poetry anthologian Yin Fan was a native of Danyang and compiled poems such as "Danyang Collection" and "Heyue Yingling Collection". The "Danyang Collection" collects the poems of his compatriots Chu Guangxi, Bao Rong, Ding Xianzhi, Cai Yinqiu and other eighteen people; the "Heyue Yingling Collection" is a selection of Tang poems dedicated to Sheng Tang poems. The preface to the book says: "If Wang Wei, Wang Changling, Chu Guangxi, and twenty-four others are all Heyue Yingling, this episode is called "Heyue Yingling". This selection is the most important of the surviving Tang dynasty poems, and its influence is far-reaching. Chu Guangxi was the only poet selected to be included in the Danyang Collection of heyue Yinglu. Due to his efforts in the late Kaiyuan period, the Tianbao period and beyond, his poetic achievements eventually surpassed those of the others in the Danyang Collection, becoming one of the outstanding poets of the Tang Dynasty and the most outstanding Runzhou poet of the Sheng Tang Dynasty. The compilation of the "Collection of Heroic Spirits of Heyue" objectively pushed Chu Guangxi to the peak position of the Kaiyuan poetry circle. Yin Bian commented on Chu Guangxi's poems in the poem collection: "High-profile and elegant, interesting and deep, cutting out the common sayings, carrying the traces of "Wind" and "Ya", and the magnificent atmosphere." He also compared him to Wang Changling, believing that "the two sages are in the same body" and can inherit the "wind bones" of Cao (Zhi), Liu (Zhen), Pan (Yue), and Lu (Ji). The Compendium of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries says that Chu Guangxi's poems "originate from Tao Qian, are simple, have a quaint taste, and are located between Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, and are not ashamed." Shen Deqian said: "Tao Shi's chest is magnificent, and there is a deep and simple mao that cannot be everywhere. The ancestors of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Youcheng has its purity, the Mengshan people have its leisure, Chu Taizhu has its simplicity, Wei Zuosi has its Chonghe, Liu Yicao has its purity, and all learn to get their sex closer" (Speaking poetry). Shi Zhang's "Study of the Pastoral Poet Chu Guangxi of the Tang Dynasty" believes that Chu Guangxi "experienced the life of a farmer by his frank character, sound and hard-working body, and from the field cultivation to experience the life of a farmer, and from the poetry that showed the peasants' self-sufficiency and hard work, he naturally became the most authentic agricultural poem", and also believed that "the art of all the poems of Guangxi has a frank and simple nature", "He was unique among the poets of the Tang Dynasty, and became a famous artist, that is, because of this simple art." Zhang Zhongmou and others wrote "A Brief Treatise on Chu Guangxi", which discussed Chu Guangxi's five ancient creations and their artistic origins and Chu Guangxi's idyllic poems and their influence, believing that "Chu Guangxi's idyllic poems are more than and better than Wang and Meng, as a representative of the pastoral poets of the Tang Dynasty, he inherited Tao Yuanming and opened Fan Chengda, and can be called one of the three major pastoral poets in China." ”

Chu Guangxi lost his temper in his later years, and the Old Book of Tang and the New Book of Tang were not passed down. His deeds are scattered in Gu Quan's "Preface to the Supervision of the Imperial History and The Public Collection", as well as the "Chronicle of Tang Poetry" and the "Biography of Tang Caizi". The New Book of Tang Dynasty Yiwen zhi has a collection of 70 volumes, which have been scattered. He is the author of 15 volumes of the Treatise on the Right And 20 volumes of the Nine Classics of External Discussion. There are now 5 volumes of the Chu Guang Xi Collection. Chu Guangxi's poems, most of which are five words, are 224 extant, and the Quan Tang Poems compile them into 4 volumes.

Contemporary scholar Shi Zhang, in his article "The Study of the Pastoral Poet Chu Guangxi of the Tang Dynasty", made a more detailed analysis of Chu Guangxi's thoughts and personality, and he believed that Chu Guangxi's life views were deeply influenced by Lao's thoughts, "Although he sometimes had the wandering immortal thoughts of fellow Taoists or alchemists, this was due to dissatisfaction with the social environment at that time, and he imagined a paradise to talk about ways to dispel worries." His ideal character is Shi Laozi under the pillar, a floating hill, and a prince Jin; not Kong Qiu Yanhui. Therefore, he can be good and good, and he has nothingness, and he is different from the people who drill camps for the sake of merit, and the people in the natural merit are not willing to be with him. Therefore, he hoped that if the prince jin traveled to the realm of Taiqing, he would be carefree. Shi Zhang also has his own unique views on Chu Guangxi's false post, he believes, "Regardless of whether Chu Guangxi is helpless from a thief, even from his poems, we can also see his frank character, his dissatisfaction with Emperor Tang Ming and his hatred for the domestic slaves who generally help and abuse emperor Ming", "Although this poet is suspected of violating the morality of slaves, his personality and morality are in any case, it is the light that falls to the ground, and it is not like the general corrupt restraint rope ink." ”

Ge Xiaoyin's "Commentary on Chu Guangxi" pointed out, "It is better to be rugged and inferior, to keep poor and lowly, and not to change one's beliefs in life, this clear and clear spirit and the pursuit of truth and purity is a valuable aspect of Chu Guangxi's thought." "Although he always harbors the idea of being good and good, and he is good at immortality, actively joining the WTO is still his leading ideology." The "History of Literature in the Tang Dynasty" compiled by Qiao Xiangzhong and Chen Tiemin, after affirming Chu Guangxi's poems that are concerned about state affairs and the people's troubles, and expressing his deep feelings of suffering and compassion for the peasants and worrying about the society, also pointed out that the ideological nature of his works cannot be overestimated, because he also has some works that distort history, indicating that poets also have the vulgar ideology of the elite.

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