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Today we will talk about the "Pakistan Railway".
Pakistani relations have been described by Pakistanis as "a friendship of milk and honey," and pakistani leaders have said, "If anyone wants to know how good relations can be between two countries in the world, he should look at China and Pakistan." China's only "all-weather strategic partner" is Pakistan, and Pakistan writes "China is a staunch ally of Pakistan" in primary school textbooks.
When the Mughals collapsed in 1757, Pakistan became a British colony along with India and Bangladesh. In June 1947, the United Kingdom promulgated the Mountbatten Plan, which implemented the partition of India and Pakistan. There is an irreconcilable contradiction between Pakistanis and Indians who believe in Hinduism in general. Driven by religious differences and national interests, India has set its sights on Pakistan.
Since the founding of the country, Pakistan has had the problem of frequent regime changes, and this is precisely the scourge brought about by the so-called "democratic politics" of the United States. At that time, Pakistan basically followed the United States in its domestic and foreign affairs. In order to contain China, the United States has selected India as an ally, and Pakistan has become an optional choice.
So there is a very ironic phenomenon, whenever there is an elected government in Pakistan, the relationship between the United States and Pakistan breaks down, and the United States even wields the stick of sanctions. Only under the rule of the junta will the two countries temporarily form an alliance. For decades, Pakistan has suffered countless losses from the United States, so Pakistani politicians have this consensus: "If you believe in the United States at any time, you are choosing to be abandoned." ”
For India, which was independent at the same time, the history of independence is closely linked to the Nehru family, and in pakistani politics, in the vicissitudes of the years, it is impossible to bypass the political intervention of the Bhutto family and the Sharif family. Today we are talking about the Bhutto family, which has experienced more bloody storms.
The Bhutto family has lived for generations in Pakistan's second largest province, Sindh Province, and is one of the largest tribes in the province. Sindh is known as the "gateway to Islam", and the Bhutto family has its roots here much earlier than the Sharif family in Punjab. They were important local magnates as far back as the Mughals.
The history of the Bhutto family's political participation begins with Sir Shah Navaz Bhutto (grandfather of Benazir Bhutto). He was a large landowner in Sindh, a member of the Muslim League, a former Prime Minister of Unagad State, and was knighted by King George VI. In Pakistan's independence movement in 1947, Nawaz played an important role.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
What really made the Bhutto family shine in politics was the second generation of Zulficar Ali Bhutto. Under the influence of his father, he joined the Muslim League in his youth and participated in many political activities. He also studied political science at the University of Berkeley in the United States, and then studied law at Christ Church University london and Oxford University School of Law.
In 1953, ali Bhutto returned to China, he first opened a law firm, and it was not long before he used this as a springboard to embark on the road to politics, successively serving as Pakistan's ambassador to the United Nations, minister of trade, foreign minister and other positions. Due to the unpopularity of the military government of the party and government at that time, in November 1967 Ali Bhutto announced the organization of the "People's Party" and made himself its chairman. Later, the BJP developed into the second largest party in Pakistan.
In 1971, the Third Indo-Pakistani War broke out, and after the war, East Pakistan completely broke away from Pakistan and became Bangladesh. Nearly 5,000 square kilometers of territory in West Pakistan were occupied by India, and about 100,000 Pakistani troops became Indian prisoners of war. It was in this state of internal and external difficulties that Ali Bhutto took over as president.
After taking office, he sought negotiations with India and used his lawyer's expertise to make indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi make concessions, agreeing to withdraw from most of the occupied Palestinian territory, return Palestinian prisoners of war, and restore normal economic and trade relations between the two sides, while maintaining the status quo in the Kashmir dispute. It can be said that Pakistan has preserved its greatest national interests in the defeat of the war, and Ali Bhutto has played an indispensable role.
Ali Bhutto wanted to push further with Pakistan's reforms, starting with a policy of nationalization, nationalizing important industries such as banking, transportation, and steel, and implementing land reform in the countryside. But the reform undermined the interests of big entrepreneurs and big landowners, whose deliberate obstruction has brought Pakistan's economy to a standstill and the opposition is waiting for an opportunity to maneuver.
Ali Bhutto still had huge popular support in the early elections, but the opposition instigated local riots under the pretext of electoral fraud. Ali Bhutto overtook what he saw as "his own man"—Zia Haq, then commander of the Third Army, as chief of the Army's general staff. But he couldn't have dreamed that the butcher knife that reached out to him was actually stabbed from behind.
On July 5, 1977, Zia Haq staged a coup d'état that overthrew the democratically elected government, and Bhutto was imprisoned and indicted by the coup d'état for assassinating political enemy Ahmed Khan. In the face of the accusations, Ali Bhutto relied on the eloquence of his lawyer to refute them one by one, and the court resisted the pressure to acquit Ali Bhutto. Zia Hack believed that Bhutto's influence was so great that it would pose a threat to him, and two years later, in the early hours of April 4, Ali Bhutto was secretly hanged in central prison for murder.
The death of Ali Bhutto did not shake the foundations of the Bhutto family, and his wife Nusrat Bhutto and daughter Bernazir Bhutto carried on his legacy. Nusrat Bhutto is a member of the Isbahani family of pakistani capitalists, who are highly socially active and well-loved. After ali Bhutto's death, Nu Bhutto took charge of the leadership of the People's Party and was elected president for life.
Photographs of the early years of the Bhutto family
Benazir Bhutto (hereinafter referred to as Bey Bhutto) was the eldest daughter in the family, who was brilliant and loved by her father, and often accompanied her father to various political activities. When she grew up, she studied at Harvard and Oxford, where she earned degrees in philosophy, political science, and economics. After graduating and returning to China, he inherited his father's aspirations and entered the political world, but in the blink of an eye, he suffered from imprisonment.
On August 17, 1988, General Zia Haq was killed in a mysterious air crash (which has not been clearly stated to date), and Bey Bhutto used his family's huge political resources to win the election and become pakistan's prime minister. She was not only the first female prime minister in the history of Pakistan, but also the first female prime minister in the Islamic world, and the youngest female prime minister in the world at that time.
Although women in the Islamic world easily do not show their faces, in the Bhutto family, the power of women cannot be ignored from the beginning. "I didn't choose life, but life chose me. Born in Pakistan, my life has been through turmoil, tragedy and triumph... Because Pakistan is not an ordinary country, my life is not an ordinary life..." Bey Bhutto wrote in his autobiography, "Daughters of the Orient."
Politically influenced by her father, Bey Bhutto is committed to changing the face of Pakistan in terms of education, health, social welfare, and more. However, less than two years after taking office, President Ulam Ishaq Khan announced the dissolution of the Government of Bey Bhutto on the grounds of corruption and ineffective resolution of ethnic conflicts, and was stripped of his post as Prime Minister.
Three years later, Bey Bhutto made a comeback and became Prime Minister again. She appointed her husband, Zardari, as head of the investment department, but his wife, Guizardari, began to receive kickbacks and commissions in various business activities, becoming the infamous "Mr. 10%": anyone or company that wanted to get approval for a project had to give him a 10% rebate. Later, Zardari became known as "Mr. 30%".
Three years later, Bey Bhutto was dismissed by President Farouk Ahmed Khan Legari and dissolved the government; after the fall, Bey Bhutto and her husband Zardari were sentenced by the court to 5 years in prison for corruption and abuse of power, and forced into 8 years of exile abroad.
On 19 October 2007, on the night of Bey Bhutto's return to Pakistan after ending her exile, she escaped two suicide attacks against her. After returning to her hometown to pay homage to her father's mausoleum, she added, "There is still a danger of attack, but I am not afraid Allah God can bless everyone."
Two months later, on 27 December, at a campaign rally in the extremely powerful city of Rawalpindi, Bey Bhutto was killed by suicide attacked by extremist forces and taken to hospital, dying at the age of 54.
As leader of the People's Party, Bey Bhutto was placed under house arrest and imprisoned 9 times during his difficult political career, and was forced into exile. Her time in prison adds up to nearly six years. As a woman, the courage and confidence she has shown in her political struggles is commendable.
The year after Bey Bhutto was killed, her husband Zardari took over as the co-chairman of the BJP and participated in the general election, winning a big victory, the BJP became the largest political party in Pakistan, and Zardari became the president of Pakistan with great power, which was the last glory of the Bhutto family.
However, the Bhutto family, which had been hampered by rumors of corruption for decades, eventually fell on corruption, lost the trust of the people, lost power, and overnight shrank from the largest family in the country to the symbol of the local (Sindh Province), and the People's Party also fell from the largest political party in the country to a local force, struggling in the starting base of Sindh Province, trapped in the last turf.
The reason why the fate of the Bhutto family is full of sorrow is not only because neither father nor daughter, who served as prime minister, has not died well, but also the fate of other family members. Ali Bhutto had two sons and two daughters, but both sons died of unknown causes. The youngest son, Navaz, was found dead in 1985 in his apartment on the French Riviera (Côte d'Azur). Bey Bhutto said her brother was poisoned. The eldest son, Mutaza, was killed along with six supporters in a clash with police in Karachi in 1996. The Bhutto family said it was a deliberate murder.
Before her death, Bey Bhutto was interviewed by the Indian lookout magazine at her home in Dubai. She said at the time that she hoped her three children would stay away from politics. "My kids told me they were worried about my safety. I can understand this concern. But they belong to the Bhutto family, and we must face the future with courage, no matter what storm it will be. ”
The Bhutto family wants to rise again and regain its glory, and the most promising person in politics today is Ber Bhutto's only son, Bilavar. But he still has a long way to go to revive his family, born in 1988, he still lacks political experience, skill and strength, and carries the super burden of corruption in his father, Zardari.
After The attack on Bhutto's death, the BJP published her will, in which Bhutto designated her only son, Biraval, as the party's heir and president after completing her studies. However, there was some disagreement within the Bhutto family, and did not believe that Bilavar could be the heir, believing that he was a member of the Zardari family. Biravar was indifferent, saying, "My mother always said that democracy is the best revenge. ”