#寻找家乡最好的水果 #
Yanbian apple pear, a specialty of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province. Yanbian apple pear belongs to the white pear system, is one of the excellent varieties of pear in China, mainly produced in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province. The fruit is flat and round, and the fruit surface has a dotted red halo, resembling an apple, so it is called an apple pear. Yanbian apple pear has the characteristics of cold resistance and abundant yield, sweet fruit, excellent quality, strong storage, etc., and is known as the "show of northern pears". Apples and pears all over China originate here.
Apple pear trees bloom in mid-May every year, and the fruit matures from late September to early October, and the young trees grow to fruit in 4-5 years, and enter the full fruit period in 8-9 years. Pear fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 254.31 grams, the largest of which can reach 700 grams.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > morphological characteristics</h1>
The peel is yellow-green, turned into bright yellow after storage, the yang side has a bright red halo, yellow and red, the whole fruit surface is more heterogeneous light color rust spots, more bright and dazzling; the flesh is white, tender, the heart is small, the water is rich and juicy, and the taste is sweet.
The biggest feature is that the sweet and sour moderate nutrition is rich, the taste is delicious and sweet, the fruit is large and fleshy, the flesh is milky white and delicate, the texture is crisp and juicy, the core is small, the edible part accounts for 85.9%, and the quality is superior.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > nutritional value</h1>
Yanbian apple pear is rich in vitamin C, B1, B2, calcium, phosphorus, iron and other components, rich in nutrients. It has the effect of moisturizing the lungs, eliminating phlegm, cough, lowering fire, purifying the heart, diuresis, and can also enhance appetite and help digestion, which is beneficial to those who are weak and insufficient.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > growing environment</h1>
Apple pear is an excellent variety of cold pear in the sand pear system in the cold area of China, which is an important part of the cold fruit trees. It prefers a cold and humid climate, is resistant to high cold, can safely survive the winter within minus 32 degrees Celsius, and should grow on hilly slopes with a large temperature difference between day and night at an altitude of about 300 meters. Located in the Changbaishan Mountains of Jilin Province and offshore, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has the ecological environment required by apple pears, so it has become the "birthplace" and main production area of apple pears.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the establishment of apple and pear orchards</h1>
1 Select in place
The choice of apple and pear garden site is generally selected in the north slope with deep soil layer, fertile soil, high organic matter content, good drainage, slope direction and gentle slope, the slope is generally 5 °-15 °, the groundwater level is 1.5 meters, and the soil pH is 5.5-7.
2 Seedling selection with pollinator tree configuration
Seedlings should be selected with grafted pears, with well-developed roots, full buds and thick trunks. Pollinator trees can choose Nanguo pear, Yang pear, Jinfeng pear, etc., and the pollination variety and main planting variety are 1:4. Not less than 1:8 configuration, using the central configuration.
3 Planting period and method
Seedling treatment. Plant seedlings in situ with planing, and try to hurt the roots as little as possible. The transport of seedlings is often due to poor transportation or storage of water loss, affecting survival. Before planting, you must soak it in clean water, and if there is a root that is broken and rotten, it should be cut off. It is convenient for post-planting management, and should be planted according to the size of the root system and the strength of the seedlings before planting, and 5%-10% of the preparatory seedlings should be prepared for planting to prepare for missing seedlings. The planting time is suitable for mid-to-late April, and it is planted in a rectangular shape. Dense plants can have row spacing of 2×3, 2.5×3, 3×4 meters, etc., and rare plants can use 4×5×46 meters of plant spacing. Prepare the ground according to the fixed point, the depth of the hole is 60-80 cm, and the diameter of the opening is 1 meter. Subsoil and topsoil are stacked separately, when planting, the farm manure and topsoil are mixed evenly into the pit, and the soil is 2/3 in the shape of a bun, stepping on solid and watering through the water, and then two people in a group, one person lifts the seedlings, puts the seedlings straight into the planting pit to stretch the root system, the other person fills the soil, with the filling with the roots slightly shaken up, while filling and stepping, the depth of the seedlings should be suitable, fill the soil area of the original seedlings and make a tree tray, ready to water.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > apple orchard management</h1>
1 Deep ploughing of soil
In autumn, deep turning and expanding the hole are carried out, combined with deep turning and hole expansion, and the application of farm manure, green manure, orange stalk and mineral fertilizer is carried out to improve the soil.
2 Intercropping
Young orchards intercropp wheat, legumes, melons and early ripening vegetables, oil crops or green manure to increase income. Keep a certain distance between crops and fruit trees. Adult orchards are intercropped with green manure and pressed green.
3 Farming
Shallow ploughing in spring and summer, loosening soil to preserve moisture, weed removal; deep ploughing in autumn and winter, maturing soil; combined with rainfall and watering, tree rowing and tree pan loose soil.
4 Apply base fertilizer
After the fall of leaves in autumn and winter, before the soil freezes, young trees are fertilized with 50-100 kg/plant, and other chemical fertilizers can also be applied, ring ditches or radial applications.
5 Topdressing
Soil topdressing
The young trees were fertilized with 0.1-0.3 kg/plant and 0.5-1.5 kg/plant with phosphate fertilizer; the resulting trees were subjected to ammonium nitrate by 1.0-2.5 kg/plant and 1.5-2.5 kg/plant with phosphate fertilizer. According to the soil nutrient status in different growing seasons, N fertilizer is applied in late spring and summer, more P and K fertilizer are applied in autumn and early winter, and the proportion of N, P and K is mixed to meet the needs of tree growth and development.
Foliar topdressing
4-5 months spray 1-2 g/L borax 1 time; May-6 spray 3-5 g/L urea 2-3 times, 50 mg/L sodium naphthalene acetate 1 time; 3 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 3 g/L calcium superphosphate and urea 1-2 times in July-August, and foliar micro-fertilizers such as Shibao and Dryland Dragon can also be sprayed according to the growth status of fruit trees.
6 Water
The pear orchard in the irrigation area is watered 4-7 times a year, and the amount of watering each time is 1000-1500 cubic meters per hectare. Spring watering early, winter watering late, irrigation sufficient; according to the phenology of pear trees, germination to flowering or leaf spreading stage, new shoot growth and young fruit expansion stage, new shoots before the second growth period and rapid fruit growth period of timely watering; new shoots second growth period, after fruit picking to before leaf fall control irrigation.
7 Ground cover
The mulch film and orange pole are used for tree disc and tree row covering, the width of the film is more than 1 meter, the width of the covered grass is more than 1 meter, the thickness is 20 cm, and the length is determined according to the needs.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > apple pear shaping and pruning technology</h1>
1 Fixed drying
At a height of 0.7-0.8 meters in the trunk, cut the wax, cut the first bud to the northwest, leaving 7-10 buds for the plastic band.
2 Grafting
After drying, the rootstock garden adopts high-level bud joint or high-pitched branched bud joint for grafting, 3-4 buds per plant, 100°-140° angle between each bud, and 15-30 cm spacing between buds.
3 Basic tree shape
The dense plantation adopts the free spindle shape, and the rare plantation adopts the trunk thin layer shape.
Free spindle shape
The height of the main trunk is 40-50 cm, the height of the tree is 2.5-3.5 meters, the central stem is upright and vigorous, leaving 8-12 main branches on it, and the opening angle is 70°-90°.
The trunk is sparsely layered
The trunk height is 50-70 cm, the tree height is 3.5-4.0 meters, the main branch is 5-7, the branch angle is 90°-120°, 3-4 layers, and the layer spacing is 1.5-2.0 meters.
4 Pruning of young trees
It is mainly based on light shearing and long-term release and cultivating tree bodies.
Summer pruning
It mainly adopts the pruning method of release, injury and change to promote the formation of branches and trees.
Winter pruning
The central leadership stem is moderately shortened, the tree height is controlled and the main branch is cultivated, and the main branch is lightly shortened to promote the development of lateral branches.
5 Fruit trees pruned
Happy to be down
Control the height of the tree, retract the central leadership stem and main branches, adjust the ratio of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and ensure the balance between growth and fruit.
Adjust the ratio of flower buds to leaf buds
The ratio of flower buds to leaf buds is generally 1:4; the ratio of vegetative branches to fruiting branches is 1:3-4, and the amount of flower buds in the whole tree accounts for about 30%, and the small and medium-sized branches are more than 90%.
Thinning flowers and fruits
Leave 1-3 flowers per inflorescence, leave 1-2 fruits, and the inflorescence spacing is 15-20 cm, so as to achieve a reasonable load.