The content of this article comes from the "Surveying and Mapping Bulletin" No. 3 of 2024, drawing review number: GS Jing (2024) No. 0499
This paper discusses the collaborative technical framework of territorial space governance driven by high-quality development
Li Yaxing1,2
, LI Xiaoming1,3,4, LIAO Chuangchang5, JIANG Lin1, HONG Wuyang1, WANG Weixi1,3,4, GUO Renzhong1,3,4
1. Institute of Smart City, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China; 2. Faculty of Engineering and Design, National University of Singapore, 117566, Singapore; 3. National Key Laboratory of Subtropical Architecture and Urban Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; 4. Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Smart City, Shenzhen 518000, China; 5. College of Resources and Environment, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (41930104); Major Project of Strategic Research and Consulting of Chinese Academy of Engineering(2022-XBZD-10); Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan (ZDSYS20210623101800001)
Keywords: high-quality development; technical needs; territorial space governance technology; Territorial space governance platform
Citation format: LI Yaxing, LI Xiaoming, LIAO Chuangchang, et al. On the Collaborative Technical Framework of Territorial Space Governance Driven by High-quality Development[J]. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping,2024(3):95-100, 144. DOI: 10.13474/j.cnki.11-2246.2024.0316
Abstract:The supporting technology for the modernization of territorial space governance is facing a series of severe challenges. In order to respond to the new strategy of high-quality development, this paper firstly sorts out the current situation and problems of the main technologies (perception technology, digital intelligence technology, planning technology and early warning technology) under the support technology system for the modernization of territorial space governance. Then, in response to the modernization needs of territorial space governance in the new era, an intelligent supporting technology system for territorial space governance with integrated perception and three-dimensionality, data valorization, rule graphing, intelligent decision-making, system platform, and platform digital governance was constructed. Finally, a modern platform system for territorial space governance based on the concept of high-quality development was designed and constructed, which is fully sensitive, learnable, adaptive, and intelligently governed.
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The concept of "high-quality development" was put forward in 2017 as a scientific judgment for the new development stage and development conditions of the mainland. Then, the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is necessary to build a regional economic layout and territorial space system with complementary advantages and high-quality development [1]. This complete, accurate and comprehensive implementation of the development concept in the new era is a key guide to solve the persistent problem of unbalanced and inadequate development on the mainland, and an important strategic measure to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern. The complexity and difficulty of the territorial spatial governance system continue to increase, and in order to realize the transformation of the object of spatial governance from a local single element to a global full element, the content of spatial governance from physical space to connotative space, and the transformation of spatial governance mode from extensive management to fine management, corresponding supporting technologies are needed to respond [2].
At present, the territorial space governance system is becoming more and more perfect, and the corresponding technical equipment system is gradually improving, and the breadth of the territorial space governance process has been expanded, but compared with the new needs and high requirements of territorial space governance in the new era, its depth is still insufficient [3]. First, the supply of relevant basic theories and key technologies is lacking, and the engineering logic needs to be improved. As the mainland enters the stage of high-quality development, the theory, technology and engineering construction logic of territorial space governance need to be effectively integrated and improved according to high-quality development, so as to realize the shift from extensive and discrete development and application to systematic, collaborative and intensive territorial space governance. Second, the research and development of forward-looking strategic science and technology is relatively lagging behind, and methods and models need to be innovated. On the whole, the governance of territorial space has not yet built a perfect system and a supporting technical framework for the modernization of governance capacity, which has become a bottleneck restricting the construction of a new pattern of high-quality territorial space development and protection. Third, the ability of collaborative innovation in science and technology needs to be improved. There is a lack of scientific planning for the coordination mechanism and path of territorial spatial governance, the operability and pertinence of the existing system are not strong, the spatial policy unit is too macroscopic, and the degree of spatial refinement is not high [4].
Therefore, this paper evaluates the current situation and problems of related supporting technologies in view of the demand for the modernization of territorial space governance, predicts the future technical needs, designs the supporting technology system of territorial space governance, and further supports the construction of a territorial space governance platform that is fully sensing, can learn, adaptive, and intelligent governance.
1 A review of supporting technologies for territorial space governance1.1 Perception technology
Due to the lack of unified integration and management of the underlying sensing hardware resources [5], and the lack of a complete set of multi-scale infrastructure system for the whole domain, the existing territorial spatial intelligent sensing system cannot realize the dynamic association of intelligent sensors, the ability of mutual access of sensing resources and automatic collaborative observation in the process of spatial perception, and it is even more unable to support and open up multiple business domains of territorial spatial governance. Therefore, the requirement of territorial spatial perception is both a "grassroots" and a "core" requirement in the task structure of territorial spatial governance. The requirements for intelligent perception of territorial space can be broken down into four levels: global perception, precise perception, heterogeneous perception and multiple perception. Global perception is the top layer of territorial spatial perception and the grassroots level of spatial twinning, and the basis for realizing the integration of urban virtual reality and global collaborative governance [6]. Accurate perception determines the availability of data, and is also conducive to the efficient use of computing resources. In the process of supporting the diversified needs of the system platform, the key to heterogeneous sensing lies in the coordination of the heterogeneous characteristics of the sensing device and the provision of adapted hardware resource combinations. Multi-perception not only emphasizes the multi-level and multi-granularity perception of static space, but also pays more attention to the perception of dynamic objects such as people, vehicles, and objects. To sum up, how to realize the multi-source and ubiquitous sensing facilities, system platforms and responsible subjects, and how to build multiple protocols such as natural disasters, infrastructure, and ecological environment under the same framework is the key direction of the future territorial space intelligent perception technology.
1.2 Digital intelligence technology
In different periods and regions of the mainland, there are problems such as inconsistent data content, data structure, and spatial mathematics basis [7], as well as incomplete basic data, scattered storage, and incompatible or erroneous data correlation between various businesses [8], which affect the performance of management efficiency and hinder accurate analysis and accurate decision-making [9].
There are still some existing challenges and unsolved problems in the process of providing data support and services for territorial space governance and realizing a complete closed-loop data governance process [10-13]. First, the spatiotemporal datum is not unified, and the scale, scale, granularity, datum, accuracy and other dimensions of territorial spatial data in the spatio-temporal domain are inconsistent. Second, the standards and specifications are inconsistent, and there are certain differences in data storage standards, data formats and metadata formats in different units or departments. Third, the data classification is not uniform, and there is a lack of a unified and connected database in the content with local characteristics and local concerns, resulting in low data reusability and scattered data storage and management. Fourth, it is difficult to clarify the ownership issue, a large amount of data belongs to different departments for management, and there are many obstacles in the process of data sharing and application due to data security issues. Fifth, the data quality is not up to standard, due to the large time span and wide range of land and space data collection, the process is difficult to monitor and there are manual errors, and there are great difficulties in data quality control. Sixth, the data requirements are not clear, and how to extract valuable data for detailed and in-depth organization, analysis, and mining is the key to promoting the efficient governance and application of data. Seventh, the problem of breakpoints in the data chain, the whole life cycle management mechanism needs to be further improved, the business has not formed a closed loop, there are breakpoints in the data, and the data in the upstream link cannot be transmitted to the downstream link in a real, complete and timely manner.
1.3 Planning Techniques
Planning is a long-term and holistic work for the process of shaping territorial space, but in the face of rapid iteration and development, there are still many problems in the traditional planning process that need to be solved urgently [14-15]. First, the integration of multiple regulations under horizontal coordination. Facing multi-scale spatial problems and differentiated planning needs, how to effectively coordinate the contents, logics and priorities of different plans, and effectively promote the "integration of multiple plans" is a key issue that needs to be solved urgently in the current territorial spatial planning. Second, the problem of synthesis fallacy under longitudinal conduction. It is the key and difficult point in the territorial spatial planning system to ensure the accuracy of the transmission of planning content between different scale levels, solve the planning errors caused by grading, and realize the accurate longitudinal transmission of indicators, functions and layouts. Third, the goal coordination problem in the whole process. The planning cohesion and coordination mechanism is not sound enough, and it needs to be controlled by upper-level institutions to ensure that all types of planning at all levels are coordinated and consistent in terms of main objectives, development directions, overall layout, major policies, major projects, and risk prevention and control.
1.4 Early warning and control technology
Early warning and control is a guarantee work in the process of space governance. At present, there are several problems in the process of early warning and control [16-17]. First, there is the issue of data quality. On the one hand, dynamic early warning and control is subject to practical problems such as scattered basic data, diverse sources, and poor timeliness, and it is difficult to support effective analysis. On the other hand, the large volume of data and information redundancy required for the calculation of various indicators of early warning and control work greatly affect the progress of analysis and the accuracy of results. Second, the reliability of the early warning process. Scientifically formulating evaluation standards, scientifically analyzing index data, and locating the crux of deep-seated problems are the basic tasks to be achieved in the process of early warning of land and space. The governance object of territorial space is complex [18], so it is necessary to deeply analyze the internal structure and root cause of the problem according to different indicators, study the spatial distribution of the problem for different spatial levels, and evaluate the magnitude and difficulty of solving the problem according to different criteria. Third, the real-time nature of dynamic monitoring. The early warning and regulation of land space in the new era requires further moving from result-oriented periodic measures to whole-process dynamic monitoring and adjustment, so as to achieve timely and rapid prevention and response. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously find the bonding point between the new generation of perception technology and the early warning and control of land and space, and empower the early warning and control work through digital technology. Fourth, the timeliness of regulatory intervention. The early warning and control of land space should fully exert its scientific value at the decision-making and optimization ends, conduct in-depth analysis around the core objectives of the plan, spatial development performance, special urban problems or specific areas, assist in digging out the root causes of problems, and rehearse the planning scheme, so as to provide more accurate decision-making guidance for the effective implementation and adjustment and improvement of the plan.
2 Based on the concept of high-quality development, the modernization of land space governance support technology system is constructed, and 2.1 intelligent perception technology system is constructed
In order to effectively support high-quality territorial space governance, an intelligent perception technology system for territorial space is constructed, as shown in Figure 1. On the one hand, in terms of perception objects, it is necessary to establish a full-area, full-time, and three-dimensional intelligent perception system for natural resources covering all elements such as mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses, sand, and ice. On the other hand, it is necessary to combine the perception information of social factors such as people, things, and energy to carry out multi-platform, multi-scale, multi-precision, and multi-timeliness intelligent perception of land space [19]. The high-quality development of human-land relationship is to combine human activities with land space development and utilization activities, reasonably cooperate with the carrying capacity of cities, transportation, industry, land, minerals, forests, grasslands, and water, and achieve coordination between people and land through planning, approval, and post-approval supervision [20].
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| Figure 1: Construction of land space intelligent perception technology system |
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The intelligent perception technology system will meet the requirements of four levels: global perception, precise perception, heterogeneous perception and multiple perception of the intelligent perception needs of land space. At the same time, space earth observation technology will also realize real-time, integrated, and intelligent, as well as "cross-platform, cross-space, and cross-task" collaborative perception of air-to-ground mobile sensing resources [21].
2.2 Digital intelligence technology system
Starting from the scenarios and goals of territorial space governance, we should dig deep into data needs and strengthen governance efficiency. According to the concept of "starting with the end in mind, rationalizing and applying", promote the efficient implementation and application support process of data governance. The technical architecture of territorial spatial data intelligence for the whole process is constructed, as shown in Figure 2. The starting point of the digital intelligence process is the mining of data requirements. According to different territorial and spatial governance scenarios, in the process of data governance, the top-level design of data governance should be carried out according to local conditions, and in-depth research should be conducted on the responsible departments involved in the scenarios, the form of data generated by each process link, and the current situation of information infrastructure, so as to dig deep into the data needs is the first step of data governance. The second step is to clarify the data rules. On the one hand, the process rules of the data are formulated by analyzing the scenario steps. On the other hand, the data relationship and specification requirements of the requirements are sorted out to lay the foundation for subsequent data governance and application support. The global all-element data resource directory system is classified according to different scenarios, the structure of the data resource system is clarified, and a multi-dimensional, multi-object, vertical and horizontal coupling data resource directory system is established in layers. On this basis, a system of data standards and specifications is formulated, including clarifying the mathematical basis of data, database standards, data collection process, and data sharing service standards. Finally, through the normalization and processing of data, the basic dimensions such as spatiotemporal matching and source reliability of the data are correct.
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| Figure 2: The technical architecture of territorial spatial data intelligence in the whole process |
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In addition, it is necessary to further strictly control and inspect the quality of data, and conduct efficient and automatic review and evaluation of data integrity, compliance, and availability. At the same time, the guarantee mechanism of the digital intelligence process should be strengthened, one is to standardize the system and process of data governance, the second is to establish a supervision and management system from top to bottom, and the third is to design a hierarchical and hierarchical security guarantee system. For different scenarios and different users, data is shared in an orderly, compliant, open and open manner, ensuring both efficiency and territorial security.
2.3 Smart planning technology system
The technical system of intelligent planning of territorial space is guaranteed by institutional norms and the information platform is used as a technical means to integrate planning business and informatization construction to build a technical system of intelligent planning of territorial space as a whole, as shown in Figure 3.
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| Fig. 3 Technical system of intelligent territorial spatial planning |
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In the process of compiling, approving and supervising planning at all levels, the overall goal of building multi-subject integration, multi-party collaborative innovation, and multi-track system coupling is to standardize the territorial space intelligent planning system. Promote the integration of knowledge and technology in different fields such as urban planning, land management, ecology, resources and environment, and geographic information system through policy means. First, make full use of the open platform in the process of planning and implementation, and establish timely, effective and two-way communication channels between the government and the public. Then, a technology sharing and collaborative innovation system should be established to promote the mutual circulation and high sharing of knowledge among different departments and organizations, and to coordinate and comprehensively utilize resources inside and outside the department in a balanced manner, so as to jointly promote the technological innovation of territorial spatial intelligent planning. Finally, relying on the existing infrastructure, a unified and coordinated planning technology process and related standards are constructed, on the one hand, it promotes the application of information technology in all levels and types of planning processes, and on the other hand, it standardizes the construction of the system platform from the aspects of system architecture, functional design, deployment environment and operation and maintenance requirements, and realizes the intelligent planning logic through system engineering.
In the face of high-quality development and complex status quo in the new era, the construction of an information platform for territorial spatial intelligent planning needs to further deepen the collection, integration and application of multi-source data such as social, economic, and population activities, and promote the construction of a scientific system based on quantitative indicators and mathematical models. The platform revolves around the perception layer, information layer and application layer, so that the level and the level complement each other and integrate vertically; Relying on the administrative and power and responsibility systems, the platforms continue to build an intelligent ecology with vertical coupling of the country, provinces, cities and counties and horizontal connection of relevant departments and units.
The informatization construction of land and space intelligent planning business combines artificial intelligence engine and spatial analysis module to effectively promote the collaborative application of natural resource information and social and economic big data, and promote spatial intelligent assessment, planning auxiliary design, intelligent review of planning schemes and dynamic supervision of planning implementation.
2.4 Early warning and control technology system
The land space early warning and control technology system for dynamic monitoring, accurate assessment, timely early warning, and regulation and control optimization needs to combine the characteristics of professional technology and industry application, and rely on advanced monitoring and evaluation technology means to build a land space early warning and control technology system that is applicable to multiple fields and can be implemented, as shown in Figure 4.
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| Fig. 4 Technical system of early warning and control of land space |
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At the level of data support and data service, due to the demand for continuous monitoring and timely response of specific objects, the real-time integration and efficient processing of data are put forward. On the one hand, it is necessary to explore the storage management and real-time computing problems of streaming spatial data, and make reasonable use of the technical architecture of the cloud edge to achieve fast geographic data processing functions and more flexible geographic information services at a low unit resource usage cost. On the other hand, on the basis of the existing distributed computing, we will continue to develop various cloud geographic computing development, testing, operation and maintenance, and deployment technologies that reflect the characteristics of geographic computing, and realize key technologies including cloud geographic computing middleware, the establishment and management of virtual geographic computing clusters, and the expansion and expansion of geographic resources, and support the research and development and deployment of open geographic algorithms under this framework, so as to realize the online discovery and real-time combination of cloud geographic information services.
At the level of application and decision-making, the multi-scale visual expression method of land space early warning and control data, the multi-dimensional space visualization and human-machine collaborative analysis method, and the visual simulation and reproduction method of land space dynamic change based on virtual reality and simulation technology are studied, so as to ensure the scientificity and effectiveness of optimizing and supporting the decision-making process of land space early warning and control.
3 Construction of the technical system of the territorial space governance platform under the leadership of high-quality development
Under the guidance of the concept of high-quality development, a technical system of territorial space governance platform is constructed with the cooperation of four main technologies, as shown in Figure 5. The all-perception technology based on real-time perception and the air-space-air-ground-sea integrated intelligent perception network with full-space perception, real-time perception and intelligent perception functions can perceive the changes and trends of various subjects in the territorial space. The self-learning technology supported by spatial intelligence can intelligently analyze and think about territorial spatial data based on artificial intelligence; The adaptive technology with the goal of problem solving can timely discover and adapt the problems of territorial space governance. With the goal of system optimization, the smart governance technology is an intelligent optimization aggregator for accurate decision-making, early warning and control, and intelligent optimization of land and space governance.
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| Figure 5 Framework of the technical platform for territorial and spatial governance |
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3.1 Full perception technology based on real-time perception
The full perception technology is embodied in the acquisition and storage of multi-scale 3D data in the whole space, the full coverage of various dimensions and elements, the whole process of business, and the coupling of various technologies. Under a unified platform system, the complex heterogeneous world is shielded downward, and open and diverse applications are empowered upward, and the information management system of the past departmentalization is changed from vertical coupling to horizontal coupling, and the integration of information is realized in a territorial space.
3.2 Spatial intelligence-based learning technology
At the level of "learning", the platform needs to expand the functions of intelligent data analysis, thinking and decision-making to support the learning ability of the territorial space governance platform, so as to provide a virtual environment for territorial space governance. Relying on the multi-source, heterogeneous and massive data connotation in the territorial space, the intelligent analysis and thinking of the governance process based on artificial intelligence technology, and the data processing, rule mining, analysis and diagnosis and decision-making optimization capabilities of the spatial intelligent model algorithm are used to realize the early detection, early diagnosis, early optimization and early governance of problems, and provide the support of emerging technologies for the governance of the territorial space, so as to achieve refined management and efficient governance.
From the perspective of spatial scale, the intelligent analysis and decision-making system for various scales such as cities, communities and streets, it is necessary to construct a meta-model of territorial spatial governance with autonomy, reactivity and adaptability for each scale, and customize different standard knowledge systems. Each meta-model of territorial space governance needs to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge in the space, and by building a spatial model with the help of BIM/CIM technology, the relationship between the virtual city and the real physical space can be established, and the real-time situation of the city can be accurately mapped. On the basis of a set of standard indicators and model libraries, these libraries can be attached to BIM/CIM models in virtual cities. Through the encapsulation and open interface of indicators and model libraries, it can provide brains for different business departments involved in urban governance, and derive inference libraries for different industries according to the actual business needs. Corresponding algorithm models are formed for the diagnosis and early warning of problems in different cities to support the discovery, law summary, trend judgment, and decision-making of urban governance in a comprehensive digital and intelligent manner.
3.3 Problem-based adaptive techniques
At the level of "self-adaptation", through the multi-level, multi-level and three-dimensional monitoring of the mainland land space, dynamic monitoring can be realized in the development, utilization, protection, self-regulation and restoration of ecological space, and social and economic development. On the basis of the formation of a dynamic monitoring and evaluation system, through the formulation of development goals, the development law of territorial spatial units is analyzed from macro to micro scales, so as to comprehensively understand the natural, economic and social comprehensive effects brought about by the development and protection of territorial space, and evaluate its impact and consequences.
Furthermore, the simulation is realized based on expert knowledge and pre-built scheme library and knowledge base. On the basis of supervision and supervision, intelligent simulation technology is introduced to construct a simulation model to simulate and predict the changes in urban spatial performance and positive and negative effects brought about by policy implementation, plan implementation, and factor allocation optimization, so as to assist spatial planning and governance decision-making, and form a closed loop of spatial governance. Dynamically adjust the mode and content of spatial governance, so that the system as a whole develops towards the established goal, and constitutes an adaptation system of territorial spatial governance.
3.4 Smart governance technology based on system optimization
At the level of "smart governance", the platform can make accurate decisions based on the problem solving process and complete the closed loop of system optimization. On the premise of understanding the evolution mechanism of territorial space, intelligent decision-making assistance and optimal regulation are realized through technical means, and the global evolution and local behavior are organically integrated, so as to promote the transformation of territorial space to an efficient operation mode.
The technology of "smart governance" is not only reflected in the wisdom of technology and tools, but also emphasizes the process of multi-party game and collaborative wisdom between multiple subjects in the space. Based on the platform's cross-time and space-time interaction capabilities, with the help of multi-terminal devices such as PCs, large screens, mobile devices, and wearable devices, it supports the information transmission and interactive operation of multiple subjects such as the government, the market, and the public. Furthermore, we should promote the transformation of the business model of spatial governance, explore new business models and business fields, and realize the collaborative and co-governance of space with wide cluster intelligence under a unified spatial governance cognition and business system.
4 Conclusion
In the context of high-quality development, the transformation of territorial space governance requires the response of supporting technologies for the modernization of territorial space governance, and it is necessary to judge the needs and directions of technological development from a scientific perspective. By combing the relevant technical problems and application practices, this paper summarizes the application status and problems of the existing supporting technologies for territorial space governance, proposes a supporting technology system for the modernization of territorial space governance with four key technologies as the core: intelligent perception, digital intelligence technology, intelligent planning, and early warning and control, and constructs a technical system of territorial space governance platform based on the design concept of "full perception, learning, self-adaptation, and intelligent governance", which is conducive to the promotion of the high-quality development goal of territorial space governance modernization.
作者简介作者简介：李亚星(1995—)，女，博士生，研究方向为国土空间优化、空间模型优化。 E-mail:[email protected] 通信作者:郭仁忠。 E-mail:[email protected]
First instance: Yang Ruifang review: Song Qifan
Final Judge: Jin Jun
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