The 100-year evolution of "Leo Tolstoy" in China

　　Leo Tolstoy is a literary giant in the world, widely popular in China, and has long attracted the attention of intellectual circles, and related research has left a strong mark in the history of foreign literary research. For more than 100 years, "Nursery School" has provided a spiritual product with unique value for the development of Chinese society and Chinese academics.

　　The germination and foundation of "Nursery School" in China

　　The end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China was the embryonic stage of "toddler" as a discipline in China. Around 1900, brief introductions and short translations of Tolstoy appeared in foreign languages. In 1902, Liang Qichao examined Tolstoy from a political perspective in his article "On the Power of Academia Controlling the World", which was the earliest text written by the Chinese and evaluated Tolstoy with new insight. In 1904, Han Quanzi (Huang Naishang) gave a comprehensive evaluation of Tolstoy's religious thought in the article "The Biography of Tolstoy and His Thoughts", which was one of the first works of China's "Tolstoy". Since then, a large number of articles about Tolstoy have appeared in China, such as Wang Guowei and Gu Hongming's comments on Tolstoy. Lu Xun showed his initial grasp of Tolstoy's thought in the article "Breaking the Evil Voice". Li Dazhao has a unique interpretation of Tolstoy's thought in many articles related to Tolstoy. At that time, while people praised the artist Tolstoy, they also valued the value of the thinker Tolstoy. Ma Junwu, Lin Shu, and Chen Jialin began to translate some of Tolstoy's important works into China in literary language.

　　During the May Fourth period, Tolstoy attracted much attention, and "Tolstoy" became an important field of study of foreign writers. The number of monographs on Tolstoy written by Chinese people has increased significantly, and the research perspective has begun to expand from multiple aspects. Shen Yanbing, Geng Jizhi, Qu Qiubai, Zheng Zhenduo, Yang Quan, Zhou Zuoren, Liu Dajie, Zhang Wentian, Gan Yuxian, etc., published many special articles such as "Tolstoy and Today's Russia", "Tolstoy's View of Art", "Tolstoy's Tolstoy in China", and some publications arranged "Tolstoy's special issue". Qu Qiubai, Geng Jizhi and others translated more of Tolstoy's works, such as "Tolstoy's Short Story Collection", "The Forces of Darkness", "Resurrection", "Art Theory" and so on. The first complete "Biography of Tolstoy" translated by the Chinese also came out at this time.

　　The development and adjustment of "childcare" in China

　　In the nearly 20 years from the end of the 20s to the end of the 40s of the 20th century, the Chinese nation withstood the test of blood and fire, and the development of "nursery education" was affected, but it was still moving forward slowly. From the late 20s to the 30s, Lenin's "Leo Tolstoy is the Mirror of the Russian Revolution" and other articles were translated many times, marking the beginning of Lenin's important insights on Tolstoy into the Chinese literary circle. In the early 30s, there was a disagreement in the evaluation of Tolstoy in the Chinese literary circles, and the reason for the disagreement was related to Tolstoy's thoughts. Lu Xun, Ba Jin, and others have analyzed this controversy to the point. During this period, while the academic community paid attention to Tolstoy's theories, they began to pay more attention to his literary creation. Writers and scholars such as Xia Yan, Liang Shiqiu, Li Jiye, Ge Baoquan, Cao Xiangqu, Xu Qinwen, and Yiqun published some high-quality articles. Lang Qingxiao, Liu Dajie and others have published a number of works on Tolstoy, such as "The Life of Tolstoy and His Doctrine". Tolstoy's main works have been basically translated, and Gao Zhi, Guo Moruo, Zhou Yang, Luo Jinan and others have contributed to the translation of Tolstoy's works.

　　In the 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of "nursery school" in China has experienced twists and turns. In the 50s, Tolstoy's research made progress, Ge Baoquan, Ni Ruiqin, Wang Zhiliang, Qian Chinese, Cheng Daixi, etc. published related articles, and Dong Qiusi, Liu Liaoyi, Wu Junxie, etc. published related translations. The relevant articles that appeared at that time had elements of academic analysis, but the mode of thinking could not escape the atmosphere of the time. Lukács and Hu Feng's views on the relationship between Tolstoy's worldview and creative methods have been criticized. Around 1960, there was a sharp debate in the literary world about how to evaluate Tolstoy. From the mid-60s to the mid-70s of the 20th century, there were no research articles on Tolstoy and his works, except for critical texts, and the development of "Tolstoy" was interrupted. In the late 70s of the 20th century, Tolstoy research resumed after a hiatus of many years. Most of the articles in the recovery period are still in the process of re-exploration, and there are few high-quality papers, but as the first academic research results, these articles are still worthy of attention.

　　The prosperity and prosperity of "childcare" in China

　　After the reform and opening up, Tolstoy soon became "the writer who won the most respect of writers", and the total number of translated works of Russian writers ranked first. In 1980, the "National Tolstoy Academic Symposium" was held in Shanghai for the first time, which was a symbol of the prosperity of "Tolstoy" and was of great significance in the history of the development of "Tolstoy" in China. In the 80s of the 20th century, scholars had extensive discussions on how to view the category of Tolstoy's thought, how to evaluate "Tolstoyism", and how to understand the "resurrection" in "Resurrection". In the active academic atmosphere, scholars such as Ge Baoquan, Chen Shen, Xia Zhongyi, Ni Ruiqin, Yu Shaoyi, and Li Mingbin published many important papers such as "Philosophy, Revolution, and Literature: Lenin on Tolstoy", "Tolstoy and the Development of Long Art", "On the Concreteness of Tolstoy's Creation", "Leo Tolstoy and the Stream of Consciousness", and published "Collected Papers on Tolstoy", "Comparative Studies of Leo Tolstoy", "Russian Writers and Critics on Leo Tolstoy", and "European and American Writers on Leo Tolstoy" and other distinctive works. Translators such as Ligang and Feng Lianyu have also published many translations of Tolstoy's works. Chen Jianhua and Zhang Hailing and other graduate students who studied Tolstoy began to enter the academic arena.

　　In the 90s of the 20th century, China's "tory" circles launched some solid and innovative research results with a calm and pragmatic attitude, and carried out extensive discussions on many aspects of Tolstoy's research. Many important areas involved in the world's "learning from the world" have been touched by Chinese scholars in a more or less profound way, and the research fields have expanded and the research methods have become more diverse. Cheng Zhengmin, Lei Chengde, Hu Rijia, Wang Jingsheng and Wang Zhigeng have conducted fruitful research on Tolstoy's spiritual exploration and artistic achievements, and published "The Religious Interpretation of the Philosophy of Secular Life", "The Philosopher Tolstoy", "Tolstoy and German Classical Aesthetics: A Revisit to Tolstoy's View of Art", "The Change of Tolstoy's "Dialectic of the Mind", "A New Theory on the Theme of War and Peace", "The Interpretive Dilemma Left by Tolstoy", " Tolstoy's Artistic Originality and the Change of Artistic Thinking and the Psychology of the Russian Peasant" and a large number of excellent papers. At the same time, some innovative works also appeared, such as "Tolstoy's Religious Doctrine" and "The Soul of the Candle: Leo Tolstoy's New Theory of Psychological Descriptive Art". During this period, the cultivation of high-level talents in the field of "childcare" has made new development, and young and middle-aged scholars have grown rapidly, among which the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Peking University, Beijing Normal University and East China Normal University and other research institutes and universities are particularly prominent. Tolstoy's works have been heavily retranslated and reprinted, with huge circulation, and translations by translators such as Cao Ying and Liu Liaoyi are very popular.

　　In the first 20 years of the 21st century, the state's support for academic research has been continuously increased, which has promoted the development of disciplines, and China's "toddler" has ushered in new development opportunities. The symposium held on the occasion of the centenary of Tolstoy's death was of great significance. The construction of disciplines is in full swing, more young and middle-aged scholars have joined the research team, and young scholars with active theoretical thinking have gradually become the main force of research, bringing new knowledge structures and new research horizons, and more diverse methods and perspectives. Since the beginning of the new century, the sum of journal papers and dissertations on Trotten research has approached the number of papers published in the entire 20th century, and a considerable number of them are excellent. Many of the achievements are unique, such as the discovery of the earliest Chinese translation of Toh's works, the study of foreign critics on Toh's, the history and recent situation of the study of "Toh's studies" in the world, the application of new theories and methods in the study of writers' works, and the interdisciplinary (such as legal history, intellectual history, art, political science, etc.). At the same time, the cross-border study of Chinese writers is also unique. During this period, scholars such as Li Zhengrong, Qiu Yunhua, Wu Zelin, and Zhang Xingyu published many innovative works, such as "Tolstoy's Realization and Tolstoy's Novels", "Tolstoy and Chinese Classical Cultural Thought", "Poetic Enlightenment: A Study of the Poetics of Tolstoy's Novels", "A Study of Leo Tolstoy's View of Natural Life", "Leo Tolstoy's Earth Worship Complex and Its Crisis", etc.

　　China's "Nursery School" in the World

　　Leo Tolstoy had a great influence in many parts of the world, and the criticism and study of this writer and his works has become an important spiritual and cultural phenomenon. For a long time, the "Trusteeship" in various countries has always aimed to get close to and restore the Tuo's ontology, expounding Tuo's thoughts and works based on their own positions and the context of the times, and at the same time, people from all walks of life have often used "Tuoxue" to sharpen their own ideological edge. In Russia and the Soviet Union, "toddler" has long become a subject that has attracted much attention, and has produced rich results for more than a century. During the old Russian period, academic criticism and research on Tolstoy were almost synchronized with Tolstoy's creation. During the Soviet period, expert scholars appeared, and related writings increased significantly, and the "study of learning" expanded to the depths. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Forces nouvelles became the main force of research. Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions have also achieved a lot of "childcare" results. Soon after Tolstoy began to write, there were criticisms of Tolstoy in Germany, but the really extensive research began after the French translation of War and Peace appeared. Many critics in various countries have expressed very distinctive opinions about Tolstoy. Contemporary Western scholars are still active in the field of "tossophoria", and some unique perspectives can inspire people. (Produced by the "Thought Workshop" of the social science newspaper, the full text can be found in the social science newspaper and its official website)