Written by Zhu Haiyan
[iv]
The times determine the fate of the river.
Some of the economic and cultural achievements of the Song Dynasty surpassed those of the Han and Tang dynasties. Because the emperor of the Song Dynasty emphasized literature over military force and courteous to scribes, it was extremely prosperous in all literary and artistic aspects. Song Ci is the pearl of the night that is comparable to the continuous beauty of Tang poetry. However, compared with the previous Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the later Qing Dynasty's Kangqian Dynasty, the Song Dynasty can be described as poor and weak, with internal and external troubles.
The seeds of tragedy were quietly planted when the Song Dynasty was founded.
In the middle of the 167th year of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, when the Xia Kingdom in the northwest was at war with the Song Dynasty, even Fan Zhongyan, who had "a million armored soldiers in his chest", was in a hurry to turn gray hair, and the "general's white-haired tears" he spit out was proof.
The trouble in the north is even worse. In the continuous battles with the Liao State for many years, the Great Song Dynasty lost many victories. Later, he lured the wolf into the house, united with the Jin State, and destroyed the Liao State. In 1125, after the Song and Jin united to destroy the Liao, the Great Song Dynasty became another target of the rapidly rising Jin State, and they occupied the sixteen states of Yanyun that the Song Dynasty had never recovered. Its neighing war horses, like a hurricane that swept through North China, galloped suddenly, drank the Yellow River, and twice broke through the Kyoto Kaifeng of the Great Song Dynasty.
/"The Shame of Jingkang" (Image source: Internet thanks to the author of the painting)/
In 1126, in August of the first year of Jingkang, after they conquered Kaifeng for the second time, Qinzong led the ministers of the court to surrender. In April of the following year, the Jin soldiers captured Huizong, Qinzong, his concubines, princes, and ministers in thousands of people. The Northern Song Dynasty died.
Dajin, a small country that has only been established for 12 years, actually destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty with the momentum of wind and clouds.
After the change of Jingkang, Zhao Gou, who returned from the north, went south from Hebei to accompany the capital Nanjing, that is, today's Shangqiu, to worship the ancestral temple of Zhao and Song in Hongqing Palace, announced his accession to the throne, and changed the Yuan to Jianyan. It was established in this Southern Song Dynasty.
In 1128, the Jin soldiers attacked Kaifeng again, a man named Du Chong, at this time served as the defender of Kaifeng in Tokyo, in the face of the overwhelming Jin army, Du Chong actually thought of "breaking the Yellow River, from Si into Huai, in order to frustrate the Jin soldiers." ”
"History of the Song Dynasty" contains: "In the second year of Song Jianyan, on the day of Renyin, Du Chong, who stayed in Tokyo, heard that there was a gold division, and he decided that the Yellow River would enter the Qing River to frustrate the soldiers, and the river would no longer be there. ”
The largest man-made incident in history is the first time in Chinese history. Du Chong, a native of Anyang, Henan, was born in Jinshi, and was the prime minister in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, and finally surrendered to the Jin State and became a traitor. "History of the Song Dynasty" commented on him: "He likes fame and fame, but he is cruel." It's easy to kill, but it's shorter than strategy. ”
/ Du Chong (?-1141) was a native of Xiangzhou (now Anyang, Henan), a minister of the Two Song Dynasty, the prime minister of the early Southern Song Dynasty, and a traitor. (Image source: Internet thanks to the author of the painting)/
Du Chong once held the government decree of Cangzhou Prefecture. He was afraid that it would not be peaceful there, because there were many Jin people who came from Yandi to live in Cangzhou, and Du Chong did not distinguish between the good and the bad, regardless of men, women, old and children, and killed them all, on the grounds that he suspected that these people were the internal response of the Jin people.
But that's not all he has, in the face of the Yellow River, he can be called a sinner who has been killed for thousands of years.
In front of the military map, Du Chong imagined the scene of opening the Yellow River, and he seemed to see many golden soldiers washed away by the flood, and those who did not wash away were waiting to die in the mire. So, as soon as he said it, with almost no hesitation, he ordered someone to open the Yellow River. That place is in Li Gudu, which is now Huaxian County.
According to historical records: from the end of the Tang Dynasty, the lower reaches of the Yellow River gradually silted up, and by the beginning of the 11th century, in some places in Henan and Shandong, the Yellow River "Gaomin houses have been degraded." By the time of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River was like a wild horse on the loose, rushing everywhere, constantly changing course, sometimes flowing north, sometimes eastward, becoming the largest "Wuding River" in northern China.
Du Chong opened the Yellow River and seized the Huai River from Surabaya into the sea, causing the Yellow River to divert to the south in a real sense, and continued for more than 700 years thereafter, until 1855, when the Lankao Breach broke in the Qing Dynasty and returned to the north.
After the Yellow River was diverted to the south, because the waterway was narrower and shallower than the original channel of the Yellow River, and the river water contained a large amount of sediment, the Yellow River course was erratic for hundreds of years, which made the Huanghuai River basin suffer from floods, and the remnants of the Yellow Flood Area became a long existence.
/ The Northern Song Dynasty broke the embankment of the Yellow River, destroying the most prosperous Jianghuai region. (Image source: Internet)/
Du Chong broke the river, and there is no record in the history of the two Song Dynasty to prove that it prevented the Jin soldiers from going south, and the Jin soldiers continued to attack the city and plunder the land. That is to say, the Du Chong River did not flood the Jin soldiers, and the flood flooded the local people. The artificially ruptured the river, turning Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu into Zeguo, drowning 200,000 people, and killing several times as many people due to displacement and plague. At that time, the most prosperous Jianghuai region was destroyed by the flood that burst the levees, and tens of millions of people were homeless and became refugees. Once a place of singing and dancing, it has become a hell on earth.
After the river bursts, the original riverbed is abandoned and a new course is followed, which is called diversion. The Yellow River is known for its "good silting, good decision, and good migration", and it is said that "two rupture in three years, and one diversion in a hundred years". According to statistics, in the thousands of years before 1946, the Yellow River burst and flooded 1,593 times, resulting in 26 diversions, with the northernmost diversion of the Haihe River and the Dagu Estuary, and the southernmost through the Huai River into the Yangtze River. And the most destructive breach of these diversions was the Duchong Breaking River in 1128. This man-made breach created the conditions for the diversion of the Yellow River in 1194, so that the Yellow River changed from entering the Bohai Sea to the south into the Yellow Sea. Before 1855, the Yellow River swung mainly in the south, and although it sometimes rushed northward, it was forced to block the southward flow by manpower. During the period when the southward flow seizes the Huai River into the sea, the main stream of the Yellow River below Zhengzhou and above Qingkou migrates uncertainly, or enters the Bianshui, or into the vortex water, or into the Yingshui, or into the Huaishui. Because the yellow sand of the Yellow River blocked the passage of the Huai River into the sea, the Huai River had to choose the south and rush to the Sanjiang camp to find a way out.
/Huanghuai flooding (picture source network)/
In this way, during the flood season, floods in eastern Henan, northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu, and Huanghuai are frequent, causing starvation all over the coast. The flood affected the transportation of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and the problem of river and transportation became the most troublesome thing in the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that Pan Ji tamed the river, and the Yellow River was basically fixed in Kaifeng, Lankao, Shangqiu, Dangshan, Xuzhou, and Suqian, that is, the old road of the Yellow River in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the water traveled for 300 years.
[v]
When the 167-year-long Northern Song Dynasty died in the sound of horses' hooves in the wolf smoke array, the Southern Song Dynasty, which had been singing and dancing in the south of the Yangtze River, the villain was in charge, the loyalty and the good were degraded, and the Southern Song Dynasty, which had been lingering for 153 years, began in the rush to the south.
In times of hardship and hardship, there are often great evils, and heroes and heroes who save the times are often introduced.
When a group of heroes such as Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Xin Qiji, and Wen Tianxiang walked through the stage of history, they did not save the dynasty and regime that had lost their country. The war goes on year after year. The Huai River, which is the boundary river between Dajin and the Southern Song Dynasty, flows with blood and tears. With blood and tears, it witnessed the cruelty of war.
When Song and Jin negotiated peace in Shaoxing, they signed an unequal treaty. The dividing line between Song and Jin is bounded by the Huai River in the east and the Dasanguan in the west. The hinterland of the Central Plains has become a boundary between countries! This is a great absurdity!
The Huai River flows painfully, and all that flows in the river are the blood and tears of the sons and daughters of the Central Plains.
Lyricist Zhang Xiaoxiang wrote "Liuzhou Song Head" at this time:
Changhuai looked at the break, and the plug was reckless. The dust is dark, the frost and the wind are strong, the quiet sound, and the gloom is condensed. Reminiscing about the events of the past, the number of days of death, non-manpower; Across the water felt township, under the sunset cattle and sheep, the district is off vertically and horizontally. Look at the famous king night hunting, riding the fire and a river, the drum is sorrowful, and it is shocking.
Reading the arrow on the waist, the sword in the box, the empty anvil, how can it be! Gan Yu Fang Huaiyuan, Jing Fengsui, and truce. Hearing the old man of the Central Plains, he often looks south, and the green is beautiful. So that the pedestrians came here, loyal and indignant, and there were tears poured out.
/ Zhang Xiaoxiang (1132-1170), the name Anguo, alias Yuhu Jushi, was a native of Yinxian County (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). Famous poet and calligrapher of the Southern Song Dynasty. (Image source: Internet thanks to the author of the painting)/
This poem was written in the first year of Xiaozong's Longxing, that is, in 1163, when Zhang Xiaoxiang was left behind by Jiankang. In that year, the army of the Southern Song Dynasty sent out the Northern Expedition was defeated in Fuliji, Anhui, and the government and the opposition were shocked. Xiaozong's will to resist Jin was shaken for a while, and the lord and faction in the court gained momentum and sent people to Jin to negotiate peace.
At a banquet, Xiaoxiang was indignant about this, and wrote this poem on the spot, and the tone was desolate and tragic. The first film focuses on the bleak scene of the occupied area, and the next film expresses the loyalty and indignation of unpaid ambitions.
At the beginning of the word, the two sentences of "Changhuai" are written from a distant sorrow, and the momentum is vast, enveloping the whole article. "Changhuai" is the Huai River, an inland river that flows through the hinterland of the Central Plains, but now it has become an outpost of the border stopper, how can it not make the author break the liver and intestines. The poet raised his eyes and looked into the distance, and the area around the Huai River was dense with vegetation and was already high enough to pass the blockage. The three sentences of "Conquering the Dust and Darkness" are written on the scene, outlining a desolate and slaughtering autumn scene. The following seven sentences of "gloom and condensation" directly express the infinite emotion of the loss of the country. "Reminiscing about the past" is triggered by a gloomy and sad attitude. The events of that year refer to the difficulties of Jingkang, and the sad historical fact that the two emperors Huizong and Qinzong were exiled to the north. This earth-shaking historical change is probably determined by providence, and cannot be reversed by manpower. "Susi", that is, Sushui Surabaya, flows through Qufu, Shandong. Confucius once gave lectures here, referring to the areas with developed culture and education, including the Central Plains. "Fishy" is originally the smell of cattle and sheep, which means that the former cultural land is now occupied by the enemy.
The following three sentences of "across the water" are reminiscent of the scene on the north bank of the Huai River. Just a water separation, the north bank of the Huai River is full of golden soldiers stationed in felt tents. The sentence "sunset" borrows the poetry of "the sun is on the sun, the sheep and the cows come down" in the "Book of Songs, Wang Feng, and the Gentleman in Service", and writes the scene of the return of a group of cattle and sheep in the twilight, which is a true portrayal of the nomadic life of the Jin people. The cavalry of the Jin army, holding torches in groups, illuminated the water of the Huai River brightly. That is clearly the tears of the Huai River!
/ Liu Kezhuang (1187~1269) Southern Song Dynasty poet, lyricist, and poetic theorist. The word Qianfu, the village after the number. A native of Putian, Fujian. The leader of the literary world at the end of the Song Dynasty, an important representative of the Xin faction, with a heroic and generous style of words. (Image source: Internet thanks to the author of the painting)/
After Zhang Xiaoxiang, there is also a lyricist named Liu Kezhuang, who also left a sad chapter for Huaihe:
Thank you, the plug wall is frozen and the Hong returns early. Hong returned early, with Yi inquiring, Liang was old.
The west side of the Zhejiang River is quiet, and there is little smoke in the north of the Huai River. There is little cooking smoke, Xuanhe Palace, cold smoke and decayed grass.
This poem is a poem that expresses concern for the fate of the people in the occupied areas of the Central Plains. Hong, is the wild goose. The wild goose is a migratory bird, and people call it the "bird of time". When the autumn wind rises, the northern geese fly south, and in the spring, they return from the north and south. When people are in the warmth of spring or under the autumn wind and autumn clouds, they decide to look forward to the north and south, it is easy to cause a kind of nostalgia for the homeland and homesickness. Because spring is coming, the Huai River, which was defined by the national disaster, has been "thawed", the author in the spring independent court, seeing the plum blossoms, thinking that the fathers and elders of the Central Plains in the north are still under the rule of the Jin people, and he does not know what the situation is? However, he looked north and saw a group of geese returning from the north and south, and he couldn't help but sigh in his heart: Wild geese, how are you looking for the north? But only if you can return to the land of the Central Plains, when will the monarchs and ministers of the Southern Song Dynasty, who live in the southeast corner, return to the land of the Central Plains?
Zhu Xi believes that "the homeless people compare themselves with the wailing of wild geese. Therefore, in the poems, it is difficult to write things with Hong, in addition to being sent from afar and returning to the home, sometimes it also has the meaning of the sentimental rhyme of "wailing and wailing" of the sender or recipient. Therefore, in addition to sending the author's feelings of missing the homeland of the Central Plains, there is also the meaning of relying on the wild goose to comfort the remnants of the northern country and live with grief and wailing under the iron hooves of the Jin people.
/Huaihe River Flood (Image Source Network)/
Hongfei went north, first passed the "west of the Zhejiang River", then went north through the Huai River, and then went to the "Xuanhe Palace". The wild geese returned to the north, and the mountains and rivers they saw were still the same, but the people were completely unbelievable: the scene presented there was "quiet sound", "less cooking smoke", "cold smoke and decaying grass".
In the north of the Huai River, it is so solemn! In its layers of waves, there seems to be no more fragrance of rice, no more cattle and sheep singing!
The Huai River, this boundary river, is not rowed on the land, but on the bloody hearts of the people.
In Huangqiao Township, Jishui County, Jiangxi Province, in the first year of Jianyan, that is, in 1127, a baby cried to the ground. This boy is Yang Wanli.
Yang Wanli was one of the "Four Great Poets of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Song and Jin Dynasty negotiated peace, and the monarch of the Southern Song Dynasty submitted to the Jin State in the name of "Nephew Emperor", and the two sides took the middle stream of the Huai River as the national boundary. In December 1189, the sixteenth year of Chunxi, the 63-year-old Yang Wanli was appointed as a "diplomat" to welcome and send off the envoys of the Jin State, and accompanied him throughout the process. For an upright patriot, this is a chore against the will. During this period, the poet wrote a series of poems about the sorrow of the time and the country, such as "Four Quatrains of the First Entry into the Huai River":
The boat is away from the sand on the shore of Hongze, and the people are not in good sense when they go to the Huai River.
Why bother Sanggan Fang is far away, and the north of the middle stream is the end of the world.
Liu Yue, Zhang Han, Xuan Guowei, and Zhao and Zhang built the imperial foundation.
Changhuai is close to the north and south, who do you want to complain about in the tear-wet autumn wind?
Boats on both sides of the strait are running on their own sides, and it is difficult to negotiate with wave marks.
Only the gulls and herons are unrestrained, and they fly from north to south.
The fathers and elders of the Central Plains don't talk emptyly, and they can't complain when they meet the king.
But it is Guihong people who can speak, and they go to Jiangnan once a year.
/ Yang Wanli (October 29, 1127 – June 15, 1206) was a writer and official of the Southern Song Dynasty, known as the "Four Great Poets of Zhongxing" in the Southern Song Dynasty along with Lu You, You Hao, and Fan Chengda. (Image source: Internet thanks to the author of the painting)/
In the past, the Huai River, which was deep in the interior, has now become the frontier of the northern part of the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Taiping era, the poet wrote that the Huai River may be indispensable for the beautiful scenery of the good day, but now, Yang Wanli passed here in a special era, a special time and space, and a special identity, and he could only sigh that the scenery was not different from the mountains and rivers. In this way, he erupted a poem as cold and bloody, passionate and almost desperate. This can be said to be the "Biansai poem" of the Southern Song Dynasty. But the translocation of time and space has long since lost the majestic atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty's poems, and some are just the hidden pain of the heart, the hazy tears, and the praise of the four famous generals of Zhongxing and the anti-war faction, as well as the long and long sorrow like Huaishui!
There is also a poem by Huaishangnu, who writes:
Huai Mountain is faint, thousands of miles of clouds and peaks are hated. Huaishui is long, thousands of miles of smoke and waves are sad.
The mountains and rivers are far away, blocking the eyes of pedestrians looking eastward. Hate the old and worry about the new, there are tears and no words for late spring.
Huaishang female, unknown surname. During the Jiading period, it was captured by the Jin people and went north.
/Song Jin Bing invaded Huai Nu was captured (picture source: Internet)/
Yuan Haowen recorded in his "Continuation of Yi Jianzhi": The inscription on the wall of Sizhou "Article bets" said: "At the end of Xingding, the four captains marched south, and the sergeants plundered the women of the Shangliang family and returned to the north. "The Huaishang woman was the victim and one of the countless women who were taken captive. On the occasion of saying goodbye to her hometown, this woman with a certain level of literacy wrote this poem, expressing her infinite attachment to her hometown and relatives and her bitter hatred for the enemy.
Yes, in her eyes, the Huai Mountain is faint, and the farther and farther, the beautiful Huai Mountain, the Huai Mountain in her hometown gradually becomes blurred. "A Thousand Miles of Cloud Peak" is a description of the Huai Mountain on a larger scale, which stretches and stretches, and the clouds cover the fog barrier, which seems to be full of endless sorrow and hatred in the eyes of the author. The long Huai water, thousands of smoke waves, also seems to bring boundless sorrow. "Thousands of miles" and "ten thousand acres", how deep and wide this sorrow and hatred are! The Huaihe daughter's depiction of landscapes, or "clouds" or "smoke," smeared the scenery with a layer of misty and dull tones, which coincided with her melancholy mood of uncertain future and many auspicious and unlucky. It can be said that the mountains are "thousands of miles of hatred", and the water belt is "ten thousand sorrows"!
Is there a time when the tragedy of the Huai River will end? History is asking! The sky is asking again! (To be continued)
Introduction of Zhu Haiyan
Zhu Haiyan, a native of Lixin, Anhui Province, enlisted in the army in 1976 and served as a soldier, platoon commander, deputy instructor, and cultural officer of the division's Political Department in the Seventh Division of the Railway Corps.
In 1983, he was transferred to the "Railway Soldier" newspaper, and in February 1984, he was transferred to the "People's Railway" newspaper and served as a reporter, chief reporter and chief reporter. In 1998, he served as editor-in-chief, president and editor-in-chief of China Railway Construction News, and a senior reporter. In March 2010, he was transferred to the Engineering Management Center of the Ministry of Railways as the deputy director at the bureau level, specializing in the writing of railway construction reports.
The winners of the 6th Fan Changjiang Journalism Award are the "four batches" of talents in the national propaganda system, leading figures in China's press and publishing circles, and senior experts directly controlled and contacted by the central government. He has won the China Journalism Award eight times, won the first and second prizes of provincial and ministerial news awards more than 90 times, and won the "Five One Project" award of the Central Propaganda Department for his long-form reportage "There is War in the North". He has published 40 collections of various works, with a total word count of 20 million words. He enjoys the allowance of the State Council and is a member of the Chinese Writers Association.
Edit: Have fun