Written by Zhu Haiyan
So, the Huai River set off from here.
In the vast land of the Central Plains, it has many tributaries such as the Shi River, the Hongru River, the Ying River, the Whirlpool River, the Middle Canal, the Yi River, and the Shu River, and flows into its arms all the way, slowly flowing eastward, flowing into the Yellow Sea or the Yangtze River respectively.
The main stream of the Huai River is 1,000 kilometers long, from the source to the upper reaches of the Honghe estuary at the junction of Henan and Anhui provinces, the river is 364 kilometers long, the basin area is more than 30,000 square kilometers, and its drop accounts for 90 percent of the total drop of the Huai River. Such a high drop is the main reason for the flooding of the Huai River.
/Huaihe River water map (picture source: network)/
The middle reaches of the Huai River are from the Honghe estuary to Hongze Lake, with a length of 490 kilometers and a basin area of 128,000 square kilometers.
The river is 146 kilometers long and has a basin area of 32,000 square kilometers.
Sanjiangying is a place where readers should pay attention to it. It is the son of the Yangtze River, the Xiaojiajiang River at the mouth of the Huai River, and the Taiping River in Yangzhong City, formerly known as the Sanjiangkou.
The Sanjiang camp is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River in Yangzhou, across the river and the mountain of Zhenjiang is far away, and it is an important place for river defense. In the fifth dynasty, Yang Pu, the king of Wu, inspected the water division here, and it was called the mouth of the Luan River. Because the Qing Dynasty stationed a naval battalion here, it was renamed Sanjiang Battalion. Zhang Ruoxu, a poet from Jiangdu in the Tang Dynasty, has a poem in his famous poem "Spring River Flower Moonlight Night": "The white sand on the court is invisible." "The ancient name of Daqiao Town, to which Sanjiangying belongs, is "Baisha". It seems that Zhang Ruoxu has a lot of fate with Sanjiangying, and he used the night view of the Spring River in the area of Sanjiangying to write a Hongjian covering the whole Tang Dynasty. The mountains and rivers of Sanjiangying respond to spring majestic, showing a kind of vigorous beauty, and the response of flowers, grasses, trees and trees of Sanjiangying to spring is gentle and graceful, showing a delicate beauty. "The spring breeze and the south bank of the Green River", the artistic conception of Wang Anshi's "Docking the Boat Guazhou" jumped on the paper. In fact, Sanjiangying and Guazhou are only a few dozen miles of waterway, a strip of water, and they are both in Yangzhou.
/Yangzhou Sanjiangying (picture source network)/
Sanjiang camp according to the Yangtze River, the gateway of the Yangtze River, since ancient times is the place where soldiers must fight, and Shanghai Wusongkou, Nantong Wolf Mountain, Jiangyin Fortress, Zhenjiang Xiangshan are listed as the five major fortresses of the Yangtze River. The Qing government once set up the Sanjiang Battalion Tongzhi Office and the Garrison Office here, which were the institutions to defend the river and patrol the smuggled salt.
Not far from the southeast of Sanjiangying, there is a horse ranch of dozens of acres of land, which can feed 100 war horses. There is a garrison barracks to the west, where more than 300 soldiers have been stationed. At the southern end of the Sanjiang Battalion, there are two forts, forming a heavy artillery control trend, and more than 50 cannons are set up at the most. These cannon ports are directly facing the river, guarding the river, and forming a great wall on the river with the Zhenshan and Yuanshan batteries on the other side of the river. In 1842, during the Opium War, the warships of the British invading army were rampant in the Yangtze River and wanted to occupy Zhenjiang. On July 13, nine British ships sailed to the river of Sanjiangying, which suddenly became the forward position of the anti-British resistance. With the cooperation of the local people, 88 defenders formed a fierce fire net with heavy artillery, forcing the British ships to retreat more than 20 miles in a hurry, achieving the first victory in the battle of the Yangtze River in the Opium War.
During the War of Liberation, the People's Liberation Army killed more than 200 enemies, captured 352 enemies, sank an enemy ship, and our army suffered 266 casualties. In order to liberate the great rivers and mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, they rested on the land of Sanjiangying, and used their own flesh and blood to erect a towering monument to the revolutionary martyrs
/Yangzhou Sanjiangying Revolutionary Martyrs Monument (Image source: Internet)/
If you open the map of the Huaihai River Basin, you will find that the biggest difference between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River and the Yellow River is that the main road is not long, the tributaries are numerous, the river basin is very wide, the vertical and vertical latitudes, and the dense network is like a network.
Huaihai, west out of Tongbai Mountain, Funiu Mountain, east to the Yellow Sea, south to Dabie Mountain and Wanshan Yumai and the Yangtze River basin as the boundary, north of the Yellow River, with more than 30 cities, more than 180 counties, the population of the basin up to more than 160 million. Except for the western, southern and northeastern Xuzhou and Shandong areas, the Huaihe River Basin is an endless plain.
The section of the Huai River from Hongze Lake to Sanjiangying takes the waterway of Gaoyou Lake and Lixia River, and this section is the section of the Grand Canal in the past. However, the Huai River is by no means like the Grand Canal, so docile that it keeps itself within its own range, and it is free to lose its buildings in the fog and smoke the grass, or to dance the willows and sing the peach blossoms, and to consume it as much as it wants. The Huai River is also not like the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River is a macro stage, the dignitaries of the past dynasties, the literati and scholars, the talented and beautiful, all kinds of people, etc., the jade hall golden horse, the clothes are pink, and there are many colorful stories. Retreat and resurrection, indifference and perseverance, war and peace, transportation and salt merchants, excellent travel in the landscape and maneuvering officialdom, it seems that they all have their share. It has both style and shape. The stories that happened on it include big ups and downs, big openings, elegant and vulgar, and the heat of life in the Yangtze River is swayed into an eclectic historical landscape.
/Huaihe River floods caused by the flood season (picture source network)/
The Huai River, on the other hand, does not have the grace of the Yangtze River, and when it should be in the limelight, it hides and does not reveal it; when it should not be in the limelight, it will suddenly explode wild like a madwoman. It is usually docile and graceful, but once it has a temper, it will shock the world, and it may usually pretend to be like the alleys of the ancient town in the south of the Yangtze River, lingering and ecstatic. But when its wildness hits, the rushing waves of its river are all murderous guns, knives, thunder and lightning.
This is the elusive Huai River.
Because the Huai River is a big river running from east to west, and because this river lacks the beautiful cities of Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou, and Nantong, and because it cannot go directly to Beijing from this river. Although there were also rice, silk, embroidery, cotton, tea, tung oil and salt in the ships going east and west, it still lacked some calligraphy and painting, literary institutes, editions, children of the pear garden, and an endless stream of people to enter the Beijing Palace. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, on the Yangtze River or the Grand Canal, the bustling literati have become an enviable scenery on the river.
But the scenery on the Huai River is much inferior.
Fortunately, west of Hongze Lake, along the north bank of the Huai River, which is hundreds of kilometers away, there is a small city called Yingzhou, because of this factor, the Huai River has suddenly given birth to some cultural brilliance.
/Anhui Fuyang Wangjiaba Gate started to open the flood discharge (picture source: Internet)/
Because of the above factors, the Huaihe River naturally lacks some remarkable things. If it is like the Yangtze River, it may also become the river in the hearts of those true dragons and emperors of all dynasties, and its history of many disasters may be rewritten. A river with no background, sandwiched between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, has naturally been left out in the cold in the long history.
But snubbing is not forgetting. Because of its repeated disasters for mankind, its name is also engraved in the depths of history.
The average annual runoff of the Huaihe River basin is 62.1 billion cubic meters, of which 45.3 billion cubic meters are for the Huaihe River system and 16.8 billion cubic meters for the Yihe, Shuhe and Surabaya rivers.
According to historical records, in the 2,200 years from 252 BC to 1948, there were an average of 27 floods per 100 years in the Huaihe River Basin. In the 12th and 13th centuries at the beginning of the Yellow River in 1194, there were more than 50 floods every 100 years. In the 18th century, there were 74 floods in 100 years. In the 450 years from the 16th century to the beginning of New China, there were an average of 94 floods per 100 years. Floods have become more frequent as the years go by.
In the 500 years from 1400 to 1900, there were 280 major droughts in the basin. The frequency of floods and droughts has exceeded two floods in three years and one drought in two years. Disasters account for more than 90 percent of the total number of years, and many of them are floods and droughts, often with floods and droughts in one year. Sometimes, there is a drought followed by a flood, and there are frequent inter-annual floods and droughts.
Historically, there have been major floods in 1593, 1612, 1632, 1730, 1848, 1850, 1898, 1921, and 1931.
In 1950, a basin-wide flood occurred in the Huaihe River system, with a peak flood flow of 12,770 cubic meters per second in Zhengyangguan and 8,900 cubic meters per second in Bengbu Station.
In 1968, the upper reaches of the Huai River flooded, with a rainfall of 600 mm, the peak flood flow of Xixian County reached 15,000 cubic meters per second, and the flow of Wangjiaba in Funan reached 17,600 cubic meters per second, plus the reduction of the breach, reaching 20,650 cubic meters per second.
In 1931, the flood flooded 5.13 million acres of farmland in the whole basin, affected more than 21 million people, killed 75,000 people, and caused an epidemic of plague after the disaster. However, it is believed that this death toll is unreal, and it shrinks the death toll by at least 50 times.
In 1938, the Kuomintang army, in order to resist the Japanese army, opened the mouth of the Yellow River Garden in Zhengzhou, and 54,000 square kilometers became the Yellow Flood Area, with a total of 3.91 million people fleeing and 900,000 deaths.
In 1954, the Huai River system flooded, flooding 3.35 million acres of fertile land, and 1,930 people died in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces.
In August 1975, heavy rains in Henan affected 8.2 million people and inundated 1.077 million acres of fertile land. 26,000 people were drowned due to a dam failure, 102 kilometers of the Beijing-Guangzhou railway embankment were washed away, and the park was stopped for 18 days. Anhui suffered 4.58 million people and flooded 608,000 mu of cultivated land.
/Huai River flooded farmland (picture source: Internet)/
Think about it, how can such a big river allow people to live and work in peace? And how can people build a beautiful homeland? The river should provide people with a unique mode of production and spiritual enjoyment, and the boatmen on the Gechuan River are like this, and the same is true for the residents of Furong Town, the people who live by the river mainly depend on the river for their life and survival, and their actions are mainly carried out on the river, and they should sing and shout trumpets when fighting against the wind and waves to obtain spiritual pleasure. This is not the case with people on the banks of the Huai River, who are always struggling on the line of life and death.
The river is always connected to the bank, but the river is not enough to survive, and people must survive better in the combination of the river and the bank. The river is only a part of the living space, even if it is a very distinctive part, but life requires a variety of material exchanges, and most of the commodity world is still in the docks, on the shore, in the bazaars and towns not far from the river, people rarely rely solely on the river economy to survive, they need to move in a variety of spaces. However, since the riverbank is flooded almost every year, where can the people on the bank go to find their ideals and future? There is no place for flowers and willows to flourish, a land of gentleness and wealth. As for the Huaihe cultural characteristics of the Huaihe River, which is half urban and half rural, and also urban and rural, on the banks of the big river, it is even more difficult to establish.
Is this your true face? Is this your future path?
[c]
The Rhine River divides the culture of Western Europe into north and south. In China, the river that separates the north and the south – the natural objects endowed by culture and people – is the Huai River.
/Qinling-Huaihe-line is the climatic dividing line between the north and south of China (picture source: network)/
Huai River, Qinling Mountains line is the continental climate, soil and crops of the north and south dividing line, with this as the boundary, the south of the warm and humid lively and the north of the dry, cold and resolute, forming a clear contrast, the so-called "orange Huainan is orange, orange Huaibei is orange", is not only a biological proposition, but also a very interesting philosophical proposition.
On the issue of the Huai River, human beings and the natural world are also changing the original appearance of the Huai River again and again.
In 252 B.C., the Huai River was flooded, and in 132 A.D., the beginning of the third year of the Han Yuanguang Dynasty, the Yellow River gradually invaded the Huai River, although it had a certain impact on the ecology of the Huai River Basin, but the fragmented history found that before the 12th century, the flood and drought disasters in the Huai River Basin were not too many. At that time, Huaihe was as quiet as a charming lady, and as warm as a dignified beauty who was a first-time mother. On the land of the Central Plains, there is the singing voice of the clear and mellow river water, dragging the skirts of the tributaries that are like the roots of big trees, the sun, moon and stars that are as pleasant as light yarn, the smoke of rain and wind power, and the net weaving Zhong Lingyuxiu, outstanding people, abundant food and clothing, and the beautiful scenery of the Huai River like "Qingming Riverside Map".
In fact, our human ancestors were born in the belly of such a virtuous and warm mother, and our Chinese civilization grew up in such a soothing cradle. As a result, the Huai River has lived a peaceful and stable life for thousands of years.
Of course, this is related to the independent opening of the Huai River to the sea. It has its own outlet to the sea, and it doesn't need to change its doors to open to the sea.
At that time, south of Xuzhou to the current Yangtze River, the Huai River was the Huai River, and the Grand Canal was the Grand Canal, and they basically got along with each other in a friendly manner, with clear warp and weft.
/Su Shi rafting (picture source: Internet)/
/Su Shi rafting (picture source: Internet)/
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Huai River traversed the Huaibei Plain, connecting Yingshui in the north and the canal in the south, communicating with the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and was the main artery of north-south traffic in the Song Dynasty. Su Dongpo has been up and down in the sea all his life, and has traveled many times on the Huai River. He started from 1071 from Bianjing to Hangzhou for the first time to cross the Huai, walking on this big river again and again, he has a lot of affection for the Huai River, how much emotion!
In February 1092, he was reappointed as the prefect of Yangzhou from Yingzhou. In his poem "Huaishang Early Hair", he described the scene of departure: "The light moon pours over the clouds and the corners of the dawn mourn, and the light wind blows the water and the blue scales open. In this life, he is old in the rivers and lakes, and he silently counts ten times in Huaizhong. At that time, he recalled that there were more than 10 times on the Huai River, and he couldn't help but feel a lot of emotion.
On March 3, when the Huaishui went south, Su Dongpo boat passed through Huaiyuan, where there were Jing and Tu two mountains, and the Huai confrontation was carried out. Mr. immediately got off the boat to swim it, he noted in "Shangsi Day and the Second Son Traveled to Tushan Jingshan Ji" that he climbed Tushan first: "There is a temple under the temple, there is Yuhui Village in front of it, Huainan people say that Yu was born on June 6, that day, tens of thousands of people will be on the mountain." Although the biography does not contain it, it is said that it is so. Then, cross the Huai River and swim to Jing Mountain. "Jing Shan is blue, and Chu Shui is clear and chaotic. "The mountains and rivers are beautiful and the scenery is beautiful. Legend has it that the Chu people Bian He got the jade here and offered the king of Chu. The king thought it was a stone, and he didn't have any feet. In the face of "there is more than one pit for the people, and the beautiful stone Xiao Wenzan", Dongpo sighed. Moving forward, I saw "the turtle spring wood is out, and the milk stone pool is overflowing." In the Tang Dynasty, there was a white turtle crawling out of the mouth of the spring, so it was called "White Turtle Spring". Later generations changed the name to "White Milk Spring" because Su Shi had the word "milk".
Su Dongpo wrote in another poem "Tu Mountain": "The water is still muddy in the Sichuan lock branch, and the geography should exist. Qiao Su has entered the Yellow Bear Temple, and the black magpie is still in Yuhui Village. Mr. expressed support for Dayu's severe punishment of Zhiqi and Wang Gang, and lamented the decay of the Yellow Bear Temple, and was pleased that Yuhui Village was not forgotten.
At that time, the Huai River left Mr. with a river of clear water, willows on both banks, flocks of egrets, thousands of miles of sail shadows, as well as his full poetry, a river's feast and endless nostalgia.
Coincidentally, when Su Dongpo returned to the Huai River many times, his student, Qin Guan, a native of Gaoyou, also came to Sizhou, north of Gaoyou, and wrote a poem "Evening Hope in the East City of Sizhou". At that time, Sizhou was located on the edge of the Huai River. "Taiping Huanyu Ji" said: "Sizhou is one mile south of Huaishui. "In the northeast of present-day Xuyi, Jiangsu. He writes:
The white water ring of the lonely city, the words of the people in the evening.
The treetops are green and picturesque, and it should be the mountain where the Huai Stream turns.
/Now Jiangsu Sihong Huai River scenery (picture source network)/
What a beautiful sight this is! The white river surrounds the city of Sizhou, and it seems so far away. Under the light mist of dusk, the boat was quietly moored, and from time to time the words of the boatmen were heard. Shadows float over the woods, verdant and picturesque. The poet thought that there must be a green mountain at the turning point of the Huaishui.
As Liu Xian's words in "Wenxin Carving the Dragon", this poem "The mountains and rivers are turning, the trees are mixed with the clouds, the eyes are going back and forth, and the heart is also breathing." In his paintings, the woods are just a foil, and the mountains are the main body. But this "protagonist" came belatedly and did not appear until the final sentence.
"Zhuan Mountain" refers to the South Mountain of Sizhou. The land of Huaibei is leveled, from the Beijing division to Biankou, there is no mountain, but there is a South Mountain across the Huai River, and the Mi Yuanzhang names its mountain as the first mountain. There is a poem: "Jingluo is still dusty for thousands of miles, and the bow of the ship haunts the green screen." Mo Nengheng Huo hit the stars, and it is the first mountain in the southeast. This poem is engraved on the stone cliff of Nanshan, on the side of the stone cliff, there are Su Dongpo's "Xingxiangzi" words, and the title cloud: "Make it with Si Shou in Nanshan." ”
Nowadays, there is a city called Si County in the lower reaches of the Huai River, and I originally thought that Si County was Qin Guan's Sizhou. After investigation and understanding, I learned that Sizhou and Sixian were two different things. In the past, Sizhou governed Wuhe and Si counties in Anhui, and Sihong and Xuyi counties in Jiangsu. Its geographical location is not in Si County, nor in Sihong, but under the water of Hongze Lake. In the thousand-year-old history of Chinese politics and culture, the name appears quite frequently, especially during the more than 100 years of confrontation between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom, the name Sizhou is often associated with the conquest of the army and the political events caused by it. But Sizhou's fall was not due to the ravages of iron and horses' hooves, but because it was swallowed up by the flood waves that overflowed the Huai River embankment, and since then it has been buried deep under Hongze Lake.
However, despite this, we still appreciate the beautiful scenery of the Huai River at that time from the poems of Su Dongpo and Qin Guan. How good it would be if the Huai River, which has been flowing for thousands of miles, as always, to this day, is full of the rhymes and poems of the river, irrigating the hearts of the children of the Huai River who yearn for culture. (To be continued)
Introduction of Zhu Haiyan
Zhu Haiyan, a native of Lixin, Anhui Province, enlisted in the army in 1976 and served as a soldier, platoon commander, deputy instructor, and cultural officer of the division's Political Department in the Seventh Division of the Railway Corps.
In 1983, he was transferred to the "Railway Soldier" newspaper, and in February 1984, he was transferred to the "People's Railway" newspaper and served as a reporter, chief reporter and chief reporter. In 1998, he served as editor-in-chief, president and editor-in-chief of China Railway Construction News, and a senior reporter. In March 2010, he was transferred to the Engineering Management Center of the Ministry of Railways as the deputy director at the bureau level, specializing in the writing of railway construction reports.
The winners of the 6th Fan Changjiang Journalism Award are the "four batches" of talents in the national propaganda system, leading figures in China's press and publishing circles, and senior experts directly controlled and contacted by the central government. He has won the China Journalism Award eight times, won the first and second prizes of provincial and ministerial news awards more than 90 times, and won the "Five One Project" award of the Central Propaganda Department for his long-form reportage "There is War in the North". He has published 40 collections of various works, with a total word count of 20 million words. He enjoys the allowance of the State Council and is a member of the Chinese Writers Association.
Edit: Have fun