Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was born in a peasant family and has always adhered to the idea of simplicity in life, so he not only does not like the elegant and luxurious calligraphy, painting, treasures and antique utensils, but also is quite disgusted. For example, he wrote the sayings of sages on the walls of the palace instead of the paintings of the magnificent palaces. Therefore, the court of the Ming Dynasty did not pay attention to the collection of paintings and calligraphy of ancient celebrities, and the collection in the palace was basically to receive the items of the inner government of the Yuan Dynasty. Because the Ming Dynasty did not establish a real painting academy institution, there is no complete record of the calligraphy and painting works collected in the court. Judging from the actual situation, the collection of calligraphy and painting in the entire Ming Dynasty palace not only did not increase after the early Ming Dynasty, but even lost a lot of it.
There are two reasons for this. First, the emperor gave the imperial relatives and nobles close ministers, such as Hongwu Shi gave Guo Xi's masterpiece "Stone Pingyuan Map" to the Jin King Zhu Yu in the inner palace, "In July of the thirteenth year of Yongle, the scholar Yang Shiqi and other servants of the Wenhua Palace, Zhao Meng's book "Preface to the Pavilion of King Teng" was given" [1]. Giving such an elegant and precious thing to a subordinate is, of course, not an ordinary pampering and loving feeling, but quite rich in connotation.
The second is man-made loss. The Ming Palace does not have a strict management system for the custody of calligraphy and paintings, and the collection is very chaotic. The imperial history Sima Gong looked forward to seeing many Jin, Tang and Song dynasties, and the Yuan family had no time to talk about it. and received Yunnan Mufu things, worth more than 40,000 gold" [2]. The treasures of calligraphy and painting in the court, the eunuchs can take them out at will and play with each other, so in this situation, damage and loss are inevitable.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the court did not pay attention to the collection of paintings and calligraphy, leaving a certain space for the collection of literati and doctors in the society. For example, Yang Shiqi was not only given by the emperor's previous dynasties, but also collected calligraphy ink rubbings through various channels. Yang Shiqi was a non-imperial examination scholar at that time, relying on his wisdom and ability, and he was promoted from the lower level to the cabinet step by step. He can write and like calligraphy, so although he likes to collect tablets, he is not a professional collector. The so-called not a professional collector means that he only collects by hobby, through exchanges between friends, and the purpose of collecting is to play elegantly, not for money and profit. Most of the gains in this way were the circulating things in the society at that time, not valuable goods. Yang Shiqi has a gentleman's demeanor, and the inscriptions in his collection all show who gave them, which is very open. Because of this, it can better represent the fashion hobby of the above people and inkmen in the society, and has a certain representativeness.
Yang Shiqi in the "Dongli Collection" volume 9, 10, 11 and "Sequel" volume 20, 21, 22 of the inscriptions, most of them are for the inscription he has seen and collected, especially in the "sequel" inscription, for his own collection and source, there are more detailed descriptions, now the collection is briefly described as follows: the earliest text has "Taishan Li Si Seal Four Posts", Han monument extension has "Han Lujiang Taishou Fan Jun Tablet", "Han Xiu Confucius Temple Tablet Yin", "Han Langzhong Zhenggu Tablet", "Han Sili School Wei Zhonghui Lujun Tablet", "Han Feng Longshan Tablet", "Han Taishan Duwei Kong Jun Tablet", "Han Valley City Mayor Zhang Jun Tablet", "Han Liyang School Official Tablet", "Han Xiu Confucius Temple Tablet", "Han Lu Xiangchen Confucius Temple Tablet", "Han Yuan Ling Zhao Jun Tablet", "Han Beihai Xiangjing Jun Tablet", "Baishi Shenjun Tablet", "Han Tablet Yin", etc., the early Wei Dynasty has "Shouzen Table" and "Shangzun", Jin Dynasty has Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Preface (Fourteen Kinds)", "Huang Tingjing" The Book of Relics", "The Theory of Le Yi", Wang Xianzhi's "Luo Shen Fu", and Sui Zhiyong's "True Grass (Thousand Character Text)". There are more works in the Tang Dynasty, including Ouyang Xun's "Jiucheng Palace Liquan Inscription", "Yu Gonggong Monument", Yu Shinan's "Confucius Temple Monument", Chu Suiliang's "Book of Mourning", Ouyang Tong's "Daoyin Master Tablet", Yan Zhenqing's "Dongfang Shuo Portrait Praise", "Duobao Pagoda Inscription", "Baguanzhai Tablet", Liu Gongquan's "Mysterious Tower Inscription", Li Yong's "Lushan Temple Tablet", "Yunlu General Tablet", Zhang Congshen's "Mr. Xuanjing Tablet" and so on. Su Shi of the Song Dynasty "Luochi Temple Welcomes and Sends God Poems", Mengying "Qianwen", Yuan people such as Xian Yushu, Zhao Meng, Yu Ji and others also have a lot. In the early Ming Dynasty, such as Song Ke's "Seven Ji Cuo Zhi", Chen Wendeng's "Tongbo Qian Table", Cheng Nanyun's "Thousand Character Text", etc., as well as a series of posts such as "Chunhua Pavilion Post", "Ru Post", "Baojin Zhai Post" and so on. Young's recollection is very simple and straightforward, and there is no lack of scholarly ideas, such as:
Dongming Jingshe "Yishan Tablet", Chen Sixiao sent Hui from Beijing, this post covers the engraved copy of Pujiang Zheng's Dongming Jingshe. Song Jinglian said that this is engraved with Chang'an, and then with the rest of the view, it is also out of Shaoxing, I don't know how to do it, when the seeker identifies it.
The right "Lanting" is engraved in Shu, or Yunshu Mansion is engraved by Zheng Kai's house in Pujiang. Liu Shao, the pedestrian of the rest of the day, and the one who covered Zhao Songxue. Looking at Beijing Linben, the pen is slightly victorious. It was also reviewed by Beijing's "Le Yi Post" in Qian Xili, and it was also Songxue, which was quite good. Then attached to the back cloud.
"Jiang Post", this post is the Dingguo Xu Gong, and it should be cherished. 【2】
Here, Yang Shiqi not only records the source of the inscription, which not only shows the friendship between friends, but also proves that it is not unreasonable, and at the same time does not forget to identify and display academic thoughts, which makes people feel like a spring breeze when reading. Looking at the series of posts he obtained, the record is rich in connotation, in addition to more interesting, the changes in the world are also written in the pen, and it is thought-provoking to read. The two posts of the "Ru Post" said: "This stone is carved in Ruzhou, Henan, Yongle Bingshen Dong, Chen Yixun, a scholar from Nanjing, and explores the two copies of the "Ru Post" that are finished, so I divide them. The right "Ru Ti" ten volumes, where thirteen pieces, each has the seal of Ruzhou, because of the record of two pieces of Henan Xian Xianshi, all depending on the rest of the previous obtained quite good, at this moment Chang Rui discerns very well. "Yang Shiqi is loyal, benevolent, and has the demeanor of an elder gentleman, and the court officials are willing to associate with him. Chen Yixunhu, a scholar from the Yongle Emperor, came back to meet Yang Shiqi, because the same dynasty is an official and a friend, so it is indispensable to pick up the wind and wash the dust, and then ask what he has gained. When Yang found out that he had to have two copies of "Ru Ti", he played with words and deeds, showing the meaning of asking for a share of the soup, Chen was smart and generous, so he gave a copy as he wished, and Yang remembered the word "exploration", which was humorous and witty, accurate and vivid, and a stroke of genius. There are also three posts of "Chunhua Pavilion Post":
This is my deceased Zhu Ji Jining's family belongings, Zhu Hongwu was Huguang Xian, tired of being arrested, selling all the literature for the travel fee, this post fell Jiangxia Shen's. This year, when Zhongju Zhan Province returned to Jiangxia, the Shen family fell very much, and his son also sold all his literary books, and Zhongju saw benefits because of this purchase. The signature is still handwritten, and the reading is more than a feeling. This post cover is engraved all down, only the "two kings" have a few posts, and there are not many.
Four copies of the right "Chunhua Post", Quanzhou carved also, Yu You Lu Boyang's old things. Hongwu Jiaxu winter, Yu returned from Wuchang, Lu gave farewell, signed the title of Lu's handwriting, the book was saved, and the deceased did not do it for a long time. And at this moment, it is impossible to return to the inner house.
Five copies of the right "Chunhua Post", engraved in Quanzhou, Yongle Yiweichun, and the remaining military department of Shangshu Siming Jin Shizhong. The Yu family got the old Lu family, and this quite has its own shortcomings and mistakes, so they have to refer to each other, and Song Mi Fu tried to distinguish the fake book, and Huang Bo Si Fa Ti published the wrong theory, all see the Yu of the other record. 【4】
One of them is that it is said that the post was originally the family property of Zhu Ji of Huguang, and the family was defeated after being arrested, and was obtained by the Shen family in Jiangxia. After Zhongju purchased this post, he gave it to Yang Shiqi. "History of the Ming Dynasty" contains: "Yang Zhu, the word Zhongju, also Wu people, less lonely and poor, with his brother Wuchang, self-sufficiency. When Yang Shiqi was slight, he was embarrassed, and he let him go to the building, and he taught him. Shiqi is virtuous. and noble, recommended by the Ming Xingxiu, Xuanzong edict test officials, the decree, awarded the Hanlin Academy review, the history of the revision. In orthodoxy, the edict is simple and the palace officials, and all the Hanlin do not want to do it, but to give the service the honor and the long history. Over time, the year will return. The king is the great throne, enters the court, and worships the right attendant of the Ministry of Worship. Jingtai entered the book for three years and gave it to Lu Zhishi. Died next year, at the age of eighty-five. Those who are unconventional and virtuous for a while are the most virtuous. [5] It can be seen from this that Yang Zhu is a virtuous and noble person, and Yang Shiqi is also a person who must repay the affection, and the relationship between the two is very close, so Yang Zhu gave the obtained post to Shiqi, although it is a person who "copies and engraves all the times", but it also achieves a beautiful conversation between gentlemen. Song Dynasty copy of Quanzhou "Chunhua Pavilion Post", in the early Ming Dynasty circulated very little, Yang Shiqi obtained the "Chunhua Pavilion Post" five copies and "Chunhua Pavilion Post" four, is incomplete Quanzhou book, the two complement each other certification, add a lot of fun to it.
Yang Shiqi also recorded the collection process of "not finishing the "Silk Post": "The right is not finished "The Silk Post" counts the paper, Hong Wu Gengwu is in the Wuchang Hotel, and he has to be in the neighbor's house, the paper and ink are very dim, and he can't bear to give it up. The table is a volume, and the fountain and the cover are far away. [6] During his business trip, Yang Shiqi picked up the "faint" "Silk Post" paper abandoned by others, and found that after mounting it, it was higher than his own Quanzhou "Chunhua Pavilion Post" and "Ru Post". Yang Shiqi's collection represents the collection of inscriptions in general, not seeking their monetary value, but for fun and appreciation, and at the same time, in order to expand their knowledge and help the study of calligraphy. With the stability of society, the continuous development of agricultural production, commerce, and handicrafts, the country's economy has shown a prosperous scene, and people have paid great attention to literary and artistic matters, and it has become a phenomenon to specialize in collecting calligraphy.
Shen Zhou is a very good calligrapher and painter in Wuzhong, who does not take the imperial examination and makes a living with calligraphy and painting. In order to make great achievements in his calligraphy and painting art, he spared no effort to buy his favorite calligraphy and painting to study and research, so as to achieve the purpose of improving his artistic level. His collection of calligraphy and painting is more famous, please his friend, champion, calligrapher, court member Wu Kuan for the inscription. For example, it collected the calligraphy of the four masters of the Song Dynasty, and Wu Kuan had the "inscription of the four books of the Song Dynasty" and said: "Zhu Wengong commented on the famous books at that time, and the book of Jun Mo was only recommended to have a penalty, and it was said that the yellow rice was out, and there was a tendency to fall crazy, so the secular A and B said, Su Huang Mi Cai was not a public comment." Shen Qinan got these four books, and the list was deeply in line with the meaning of Wengong, so he decided to say Cai Su Huangmi. [7] In the early Ming Dynasty, the Song Dynasty did not prosper the Song people's books, and Shen Zhou was not affected by the imperial examination system and scholars' thoughts. However, because Zhu Xi is a master of science, he is subservient to the ranking of the four masters, which can be said to be uncommon in the world.
Shen Zhou in the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian has a soft spot for books, a lot of collections, Wu Kuan in the "Bagu Valley Book Wishes" said: "Qi Nan has a collection of several kinds of yellow books, to taste the whole view, should be this volume the most." [8] Shen Zhou's outstanding achievements in painting were inseparable from his extensive borrowing of lines from Huang Tingjian's calligraphy, so he collected more Huang's calligraphy, and Wu believed that the "Wishing Text" was the best among the yellow books in Shen's collection. Later, Shen Zhou obtained the ink of Zhong Xuan's "Recommended Season Straight Table", and invited Li Yingzhen, Wu Kuan and other friends to enjoy it together. This recommendation is straightforward, and it is seen that it is the beauty of the country. The special stone inscriptions seen in his book life, if the authentic works survive in the world, it is only that. There are a lot of Dharma books in Qi Nan, and I know that they can't come out of here. [9] Here Wu Kuan said that Shen Zhou's collection is very rich, with "Recommended Season Straight Table" as the first, not to mention the authenticity of "Recommended Season Straight Table", but it can be seen that Shen is indeed rich in collections, and has been envied by the world.
Shen Zhou's collection influenced his friends and disciples of calligraphy and painting, and calligraphers and painters such as Wen Zhengming and other hobby collectors influenced the north and south of the country, forming an uncontrollable fashion. Regarding the harvest of calligraphy, Shen Defu's "Wanli Ye Ed.":
In the last years of Jiajing, the sea feasted, and the scholars and doctors were rich and rich, and they governed the garden pavilion, taught the gap of singing and dancing, and occasionally antiques. For example, the grandson of Wu Wenke in Wuzhong and the son of Shi Shangbao in Liyang, they are all treasured in the world, and they are not fake. Yanling is Ji Taishi (Yingke), Yunjian is Zhu Taishi (Dashao), Wujun Xiang Taixue (Xishan), An Taixue, and Huahu are not stingy to acquire heavy money, and they are famous in Jiangnan. The southern capital is Yao Taishou (Ru Xun), and Hu Taishi (Ru Jia) is also known as a good thing. If it is under the line, this wind is slightly inferior, but it is appropriate to divide the father and son of Yan Xiangguo, Zhu Chenggong and the brothers, and to the general is quite a way, rich and rich, and next to the elegant road. So Yan robbed with power, Zhu took the goods, and the storage was as much as Tianfu. There are few icebergs, and the gold holes are empty, or there is no inner money, or the wealthy are sold, and they are no longer guarded in a blink of an eye. In the early years of today's (Wanli), Zhang Jiangling was the country, and he also had this hobby, but the way into the country was slightly narrow, and the essence was good, and the people were afraid of its flames, and they did not dare to bully it, nor did they return to the inner and scattered the world. When Han Taishi (Shineng) was in Beijing, he received it quite honestly, and the Xiang family of my county bought it at a high price, and occasionally Wang Yizhou brothers, and Wu Yue's admirers, all rose up and were called great appreciation. In recent years, Dong Taishi (Qichang) was the last, and the name is also the most important. 【10】
Among these people recorded by Shen Defu, most of them are meritorious officials, which shows that this kind of atmosphere has involved high-level officials. Their collections have the power, connections, and financial and material conditions that ordinary people do not have. Among them, the most representative are Yan Song and Yan Shifan, who are regarded as the great traitors of the Ming Dynasty, and their special collection of paintings and calligraphy of celebrities in the past dynasties is set up in the Shan Hall. Yan Songguan to the young master, Huagai Hall scholar, and his son Shifan in collusion, unauthorized power of the court, slander loyal ministers, attack virtuous, evil deeds will eventually be rewarded, Yan Song was removed from the people, his son Yan Shifan was executed. When copying his home, Wen Peng recorded in the "Records of Calligraphy and Painting in the Shan Tang", and the calligraphy of the famous masters of the past dynasties were: [11]
Wei Zhongxuan "Rong Road and Travel" "Recommend Hou Ji Zhi Table"
Jin Wang Xizhi's "Sleeping and Eating Post", "This Post", "Wrapping the Fish Post", "Thought Post", "Moon Half Post", "Big Hot Post", "Huang Su Huang Ting Neijing Jing", Wang Xianzhi's "Duck Head Pill", "Fengshu Post", Suo Jing's "Ode to the Teacher"
Six Dynasties Chen Dajian "True Grass Thousand Character Text"
Tang Yu Shinan's "Confucius Temple Tablet", Ouyang Xun's "Qianwen", Tang Ren's Double Hook "Seventeen Posts", Zhao Mo's "Collection of Jin Characters (Qianwen)", Chu Suiliang's "Ni Kuanzan", Liu Gongquan's "Xiaokai's "Durenjing", Yan Zhenqing's "Shu Zhu Juchuan", "Send Liu Taichong's Preface", "Send General Pei's Poems", "Fight for the Seat", Sun Guoting's "Book Spectrum", Lin Zao's "Deep Comfort Post", Li Huailin's "Broken Friendship Book", Wu Tongwei's "Thousand Character Text", Zhang Xu's "Spring Grass Post", Huaisu's "Self-Narrative Post", Silk's "Cursive Thousand Character Text", Sheng Tang Mobao, Zhong Shaojing's Moji, Wei Zhuang's "Borrowing Book"
Song Huizong's "Scholar Girl Shi Zhen", "Big Character Poems", Gaozong's "Shudu Renjing", "Linfu Post", Cai Xiang's "Entering the Imperial Poetry Table", "Tea Record", "Xiao Jian", Su Shi's own book "Former Chibi Fu", "Xiaokai "Furong City Poems", "Big Character Book" Tao Yuanming's "Drinking Poems", "Brief Post", "Nine Songs", "Two Fu Before and After Chibi", "Changgong True Works", "Bachen's Family Teaching", Huang Tingjian, "Zhu Shangza Post", "Songfeng Pavilion Post", "Hundred Character Order", "Valley Ink", "Fubo Shrine Poems", "Valley Cursive Script", "Valley Thousand Character Text", "Wenjie Mohan", "Huang Taishi Authentic Works" Valley Authentic Writings", "Valley Writing", "Huang Tingjian Ink Volume", "Cursive", Mi Fu, "Tianma Fu", "Cursive Nine Posts", "Easy to Say", "Hands", "Jinshan Fu", "Big Character Poems", "Tea Song", "Cai Su Huang Rice", "Su Huang Rice Volume", "Su Huang Rice Ink Miao", "Su Huang Mi Cai", "Song Si Family Book" ink, Wen Yanbo, Ouyang Xiu, Lu You, "Shihan", "Zhu Zi and Zhang Jingfu Poems", "Xiao Jian", Zhang Jizhi's "Big Character Poems", Shi Jingbin, "Hundred Yong Plum Blossom Poems", Jin, Tang and Song Dynasty ink, Tang and Song Dynasty ink, collection of Song Dynasty famous pen collections
Yuan Zhao Meng's "Six-Body Thousand Character Text", "Three-Body Thousand Character Text", "Thousand Character Text", "Xingshu Thousand Character Text", "Writing the Book of Broken Friendship", "Pro 'Seventeen Posts'", "Pro 'Lanting'", "Supplement the Tang Dynasty's Incomplete Post", "Xiaokai's "Dongyu Sutra", "Heart Sutra", "Four Things of the Right Army", "Lin's "Oriental Shuo Painting Praise", "Luo Shen Fu", "Pro 'Luo Shen Thirteen Lines'", "Changqing Jingjing", "Writing Tao Yuanming's Poems", "Handwriting", "Shou Le Tang Ji", "Huiju Temple Tibetan Palace", "Golden Book" Tao Te Ching", "Golden Book" "Jindan Sutra", "Big Character Four Words Poems", "Wen Min's True Works" Zhao Yong's "Seal Book of Thousand Characters", Feng Haisu's "Characters", Qian Liangyou's "Small Characters 'Magu Tan Ji'", Qian Kui's "Seal Book 'Huang Tingjing'", Zheng Yuanyou's "Youxian Poems", Duan Tianyou's "Lin's Seventeen Posts", Yu He's "Baishi's Continuation of the Book"
Song Ke of the National Dynasty "Tao Yuanming Poems", famous sages Hanmo (all Teng Quan Xie Jinshu), Shen Du "Shengxue Xinfa Preface", Li Dongyang "Cursive Poems", "Chunxing Eight Poems", "Xiya Ink", "Xiya Poems", "Qiao Yu Poems", Zhu Yunming "Eight Songs of Qiuxing", "Wen Fu", "Cursive Script", "Zhishan Weng Scroll", "Zhishan Characters", Xu Lin "Seal Book "Chibi Fu", Wen Zhengming, "Ci Han", "Poetry Scroll", "Hanlin Poems", "Miscellaneous Poems", "Tai Epic", "Poems", "Lisao Nine Songs", "Thousand Character Texts".
Yan's collection of the Shan Tang is not only a large quantity, but also of very high quality, most of them are rare treasures, priceless, it can be said that the famous handwriting in history is mostly included in the Shan Tang. In terms of the methods obtained, most of them were bribes, or even overt robbers, and finally fell into confiscation. "Wanli Ye Edited by Wanliye" cloud:
When Yan was registered, other people who played well did not see it, but the genus of calligraphy and painting, those who entered the inner house. In the early years of Mu Temple, it was used as a military attaché, and the price of each scroll was not surplus, even the famous deeds of the Tang and Song dynasties. So the Zhu brothers of Chengguo got it at a good price, and Changjun was especially loyal. There is a "Baozentang" print reporter is also. After Zhu was ill, he gradually paid Jiangling Xiang, because he had to enter the king of Dingxiang, he was defeated in a few days, and he was confiscated from the official. In a few years, it was sold by the eunuchs in charge of the treasury, and those who did good things for a while, such as Han Jingtang Taishi and Xiang Taixue Mo Lin, competed for it, and all the reserves were exquisite. At that time, it was still incorruptible, and to this day, it is nothing less than a hundred. Those who have entered the Yan clan have the experience of Yuanzhou Mansion and the half-seal of the Yuanzhou Mansion, and those who have entered the Zhang clan have the experience of the Jingzhou Mansion and the half-seal of the Jingzhou Mansion, which was used to register at that time. In this scroll, there are two seals, and the first one, cover for 20 years, and then be punished by filling the palace, and finally fall into the world. Every time I play from the Haojia Exhibition, it is often a low back cover. But since then, the people who have pretended to be half-sealed, and those who deceive the ears and eaters, have all come up with the tricks of the Su people and the Hui people, and there are nearly a hundred fakes, and they can't be asked. 【12】
After the fall of the Yan family, all the family property was confiscated, and the collected stolen paintings and calligraphy of the imperial court were not merged into the imperial collection. This approach is very correct, and the reason is very simple, that is, the imperial court cannot compare and confuse these ill-gotten possessions with the treasures of calligraphy and painting in the palace. Therefore, the Ming court converted most of the confiscated paintings and calligraphy into cheap ones and distributed them to the officials as salaries, which was not the reason why the treasury had no money, but a manifestation of the contempt for these ill-gotten gains, so that the collection of calligraphy and paintings could be returned to the society. Dong Qichangyun: "Huaisu's "Self-Narrative Post" is a genuine work, Jiaxing Xiang's family bought Zhu Jinyi's house with 600 gold, and Zhu De's inner house. Cover the strict division of suitable things, submerged into the big interior, and then gave Uncle Hou as the month, and Zhu Taiwei Xi Xiaoxuan received it. At the beginning of Wu County, Lu Wan also collected, Wen Zhi Zhao had copied and engraved "Stopping Cloud Pavilion" in the world, more than 20 years ago in the Mai Li to see the true copy, over the years also repeatedly Huai Su he cursive appreciation, only this is the most. [13] Dong Youyun: "Mi Yuanzhang is a good book, and the "Tianma Fu" written by him has seen several copies. However, the large character scroll is in Chang'an, Zhu Taibao, Xi Xiao's house. It is also divided into suitable things, both into the inner house, and on behalf of the Hou Boyue, Taibao purchased it from all the nobles, and then it was hidden by Li Huang Zhongcheng. Taste and play. Now it has been transferred to Jinsha Yu's family. [14] The return of these calligraphy and painting treasures to society has provided great convenience for the study of calligraphy and painting.
After that, Xiushui Xiang Yuanbian became famous for his collection of paintings and calligraphy, and he was a very influential private collector. Xiang Yuanbian (1525-1590), the character Zijing, the name of the Molin Hall, the Tianlai Pavilion, the master of the Jingyin Nunnery, etc. Zhu Yizun, a villager of his country, said: "Zijing produces wealth with good governance, can identify the ancient calligraphy, painting, gold and stone playthings, and lives in the Tianlai Pavilion, sits on the quality library for valuation, and returns more than 19 treasures in the sea." [15] Xiang Yuanbian's grandfather Xiang Gang was a county magistrate, and his father Xiang Quan did not do the imperial examination, but concentrated on running the family business, and became a wealthy local person in Jiaxing. He had three sons, and Yuan Bian was the youngest. The eldest brother Yuan Qi is not good at managing his family, but he is also kind and generous, and in his later years, his family assets are exhausted, and he is poor; the second brother is Deshou, Jinshi and the first, and the official is Langzhong, and his children and grandchildren have many meritorious names; Xiang Yuanbian is diligent and thrifty, spares no effort to develop the family business, and his assets live in the south of the Yangtze River. Although he is not involved in the imperial examination, he is smart and wise, can write and be good at writing, and is particularly fond of collecting calligraphy and painting antiques.
The characteristics of Xiang's collection are that the collection is numbered with "Thousand Character Text" and the price of each painting and calligraphy work in the collection is recorded, which has a very important reference value for people to understand the exchange of calligraphy and painting at that time. In this regard, the Korean scholar Zheng Yinshu has a monograph "Xiang Yuanbian's Collection and Art of Calligraphy and Painting", and in recent years, Li Wankang has written a book "Number and Price: Two Interpretations of Xiang Yuanbian's Old Collection of Paintings and Calligraphy", and has made more discoveries on many issues in Xiang's collection. Regarding the total number of paintings and calligraphy in Xiang's collection, in 1979, Weng Tongwen published an article entitled "Xiang Yuanbian Qianwen Numbered Calligraphy and Painting Bibliography" in the "Chinese Art History Quarterly" of Soochow University in Taipei, speculating that the total number of paintings and calligraphy in Xiang's old collection was about 2,190 pieces. [16] Li Wankang, through his own investigation and analysis, believes: "The total estimate of Xiang's old collection of paintings and calligraphy is probably less than 1,100. Although this number is not too much on the surface, the actual capacity is huge: even if the average piece of calligraphy and painting is calculated as three, the total number of paintings and calligraphy in Xiang's old collection (not counting the inscriptions of famous sages) is at least 3,300, and optimistically estimated, it may be between 4,000 and 4,500. That's a staggering number. [17] At the back of the book, there is a list of Xiang's calligraphy and painting collections, including 657 pieces of calligraphy and a total of 791 paintings, which is shocking.
The Wang Yizhou brothers mentioned by Shen Defu are Wang Shizhen (1526-1590) and Wang Shimao (1536-1588) from Taicang. Wang Shizhen was one year younger than Xiang Yuanbian, and died in the same year, his official to the criminal department of Shangshu, one of the "seven sons" in literature, after the death of Li Panlong, he dominated the literary world for more than 20 years, wrote many books, and had a great influence. Its collection has a lot of origins, important representative works are "Yishan Hall Collection" 100 volumes, "Yizhou Four Manuscripts" 174 volumes, "Continuation" 207 volumes, "Ancient and Modern Law Library" 76 volumes, including calligraphy documents, calligraphy history and appreciation and other texts, and their own collection of past dynasties and contemporary calligraphy is also recorded, descendants will be collected into "Calligraphy and Painting Bad" and "Art Garden Dialect" into a separate volume circulation, it can be seen that its dedication to the collection of law books, and there are many comments, for people to study the Ming Dynasty calligraphy provides very valuable information.
The craze for collecting calligraphy and painting in the late Ming Dynasty society was still high, and there were collectors, and most of the collectors compiled a compendium of records, such as Zhang Chou's "Qinghe Calligraphy and Painting Boat", and the "Four Library Summary" commented: "It is listed in the table, with the era of calligraphy and painting as the scripture, and the lineage as the weft: the first grid is the collection of its ancestor elements, the second grid is the collection of its great-uncle Weiqing, great-grandfather Zihe, and the third grid is its ancestor covenant, Uncle Chengzhi hidden, the fourth grid is hidden by his father Mao Shi, the fifth grid is hidden by his brother with rope, the sixth grid is hidden by Chou, and the seventh grid is hidden by his nephew. From the top to the bottom of the Ming Dynasty, there are eighty-one authors, forty-nine posts, one hundred and fifteen pictures, and many traces. [18] This is a record of six generations and nine members of his family, which also reflects the grandeur of collecting in society at that time. Later, Wang Peiyu's collection also had a duplicate name, and he wrote "Coral Net", which was known to the world. "Summary of the Four Libraries" cloud: "Pei Yu also made friends with Jiaxing Xiang Yuanbian with his father's love Jing, and built 'Ningxia Pavilion' to store calligraphy and paintings, and the wealth of the collection was a while. It has some basis, and it is about the same. Therefore, they can all be collected and collected, and they are compiled as giants. [19] Wang's Huizhou people were born in Jiaxing, and the father of Peiyu was influenced by Xiang Yuanbian, and also loved the collection of calligraphy, painting and antiques, and built the "Ningxia Pavilion" to store the shaft artifacts, which was comparable to Xiang Yuanbian's "Tianlai Pavilion". Wang Peiyu mixed in the officialdom, the official is the judge of the salt transport, although this is the duty of the six products, but the salt transport is very important, the official has more surplus profits in this, and provides an economic basis for his collection. Although the society was chaotic in the Ming Dynasty, the style of collecting calligraphy and painting continued, which played a very important role in promoting the collection of the Qing Dynasty and the prosperity of gold and stone studies.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the collection of paintings and calligraphy flourished, but there was no such collection as Xiang Yuanbian, and many ancient paintings and calligraphy works entered the hands of more collectors. At this time, a very obvious feature appeared, the large merchants joined the collection team, although they were vassals and elegant acts, but they could play a role in the formation of social customs. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, regional merchants arose, especially the Hui merchants and Jin merchants, especially the Hui merchants who started with the salt and silk industries.
The economic affluence aroused their yearning for high culture, so many outbreaks of merchants invested their surplus financial resources in the calligraphy and painting market. "Yanshan Outer Collection" contains: "Su Chou, the word Shuwu, Sheren. After Yi Jian, he died in more than 80 years of orthodoxy. With seclusion and self-exaltation, the ancient law of sex books and paintings, at the expense of thousands of dollars to buy it. He said: 'This is enough to nourish the heart, and it is not comparable to him playing well.' His character can also be described as a liberal arts. Recently, there are good antiques in the Jiangnan family, as for the losers and the dead, this can also be a warning. [20] Su spared no expense to buy paintings and calligraphy, but it was still due to his true hobby, although he was a businessman, but he also had the heart of a literati and a writer, which was very valuable. However, there are still a large number of merchants who do not understand calligraphy and painting, and their collection of calligraphy and painting is completely subordinate and elegant, or has other purposes. "Calligraphy and Painting" cloud: "Recalling the prosperity of my Hui in the past, it is better than Xiu and She's two counties, and the distinction between elegance and vulgarity lies in the presence or absence of antiques, so it does not hesitate to regain the value of the struggle and income." When the Quartet players heard the wind, they rushed to the business, and those who were outside the business, searched and returned, so they gained a lot. [21] The participation of merchants had a tremendous impact on the social atmosphere and the calligraphy and painting market. They collected paintings and calligraphy for four purposes: first, to be vassal and elegant to enhance their status; second, to advertise to prove their economic strength; third, to use them as a means of handling officialdom relations; and fourth, to treat them as commodities that maintain and appreciate their value. Therefore, the merchants compared with each other, competed with each other, did not distinguish between the real and the fake, and made generous individual moves, and the calligraphy and painting market seemed to be both prosperous and chaotic for a while. Shen De Fuyun: "The great estimates are said to be thousands, hundreds, and they are often rewarded with money, and the real and fake cannot be recognizable, so that the paintings of Shen and Tang, the first-class Jingguan, the book of Wenzhu, and the participation in Sumi, I don't know what it is." ”【22】
Hui merchants and Jinjia merchants are all over the world, especially in the economically developed Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, everywhere is their footprints, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Songjiang and other cities businessmen gathered, which has played a certain role in promoting the development of the city's economy. In addition to power and businessmen, there is a group of artists who love calligraphy and painting. Their collection is not purely for economic interests, but more for study and research, and only when calligraphy and painting fall into their hands can they truly play the role of inheriting art. But they are financially weak, and sometimes they even embarrass the family financially for the sake of collecting.
He Liangjun's "Four Friends Zhai Cong Said" cloud: "Yu Yu is a good calligraphy and painting, thinking that this is all ancient masters." The dwelling place of the god of the wind makes it possible for me to meet it one day. The so-called people in the Zhenghuang Valley can fight three buckets of vulgar dust on the face. Once the real work is bought in a generous amount, although it is not hesitated to dump the property, the family business will be poor. [23] Of course, this is an isolated phenomenon. It is worth affirming that the collection of calligraphers and painters is different from that of ordinary enthusiasts, for them, the size of the reputation of the collection is secondary, and the main thing is that it plays a very important role in promoting their learning and creation of calligraphy and painting.
[1] [Ming] Huang Zuo, Hanlin Ji, vol. 16, Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu, vol. 596, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 1036. [2] [Ming] Wang Peiyu, "Coral Net", vol. 47, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu" vol. 818, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 883 [3] [Ming] Yang Shiqi, "Dongli Collection", vol. 20-22, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1238, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986 [4] [Ming] Yang Shiqi, "Dongli Collection, Anthology", vol. 21, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1238, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, 645— 646 pages [5] History of the Ming Dynasty, vol. 152, "The Biography of Yang Zhu", Zhonghua Book Company, 1974, p. 4194. [6] [Ming] Yang Shiqi, "Dongli Collection: Sequel", vol. 20, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1238, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 634 [7] [Ming] Wu Kuan, "Family Collection", vol. 49, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1255, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 452. [8] [Ming] Wu Kuan, "Family Collections", vol. 49, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1255, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 452 [9] [Ming] Wu Kuan, "Family Collections", vol. 54, "Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu", vol. 1255, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 493. [10] [Ming] Shen Defu, Wanli Ye Shu Ed., vol. 26, Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 654. [11] [Ming] Wen Peng, "The Records of Calligraphy and Painting in the Shan Shan Tang", The Complete Book of Chinese Calligraphy and Painting, vol. 3, Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Publishing House, 1992, pp. 829-832. [12] [Ming] Shen Defu, Wanli Ye Shu Ed., vol. 8, Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 211 [13] [Ming] Dong Qichang, "Essays on Painting Zen Room", vol. 1, The Complete Book of Chinese Calligraphy and Painting, vol. 3, Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Publishing House, 1992, p. 1004. [14] [Ming] Dong Qichang, "Rongtai Collection", Selected Essays on Ming and Qing Calligraphy, Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 1994, p. 242. [15] [Ming] Zhu Zunyi, "Exposing the Book Pavilion Collection", vol. 53, Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu, vol. 1318, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 254. [16] Weng Tongwen, "Xiang Yuanbian Qianwen Numbered Calligraphy and Painting Bibliography", Chinese Art History Quarterly, Vol. 9, Soochow University, Taiwan, 1979. [17] Li Wankang, "Number and Price: Two Interpretations of Xiang Yuanbian's Old Collection of Paintings and Calligraphy", Nanjing University Press, 2012, p. 92. [18] "Summary of the Siku Quanshu", vol. 113, Hebei People's Publishing House, 2000, pp. 2909-2910. [19] "Summary of the Siku Quanshu", vol. 113, Hebei People's Publishing House, 2000, p. 2910. [20] [Ming] Lu Shen, "Yanshan Waiji", vol. 12, Jingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu, vol. 885, Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986, p. 66. [21] [Qing] Wu Qizhen, "Records of Calligraphy and Painting", vol. 2, Liaoning Education Publishing House, 1997 edition, p. 63. [22] [Ming] Shen Defu, "Wanli Ye Won the Ed.", Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 653. [23] [Ming] He Liangjun, "Siyou Zhai Cong Shuo", Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 255.
This article is excerpted with permission from Vientiane: Calligraphy and Social Culture in the Ming Dynasty, by Zhang Jinliang, Shanghai Painting and Calligraphy Publishing House.