【China's Six Geographical Divisions】Northwest China

Note: The total land area of the country is 9,652,700 square kilometers, the number of prefecture-level administrative regions is 374, the number of county-level administrative regions is 2,910 (as of 2023), the number of township-level administrative regions is 39,124, and the total permanent population (144103 10,000 people in the country), The total registered population (144216 00,000 nationwide) is from the seventh national population census in 2021, the total GDP (126.06 trillion yuan) is taken from 2023, the total funds (214.02 trillion yuan) are taken from June 2023, and the general public budget revenue (9,018.2 billion yuan) is taken from 2023. GDP per capita is calculated as RMB 100 million per person (1-2 decimal places + 4 decimal places) and population density is calculated as per person per square kilometer (decimal places are obtained).

overview

Northwest China is one of the six major administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China, and belongs to the northern division of the western development strategy, with the administrative center of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.

In Hu Huanyong's version of the Administrative Divisional Law, the Northwest Region (i.e., the "Northwest Region" referred to in this article) includes three provinces and four autonomous regions, including Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (including Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), and Tibet Autonomous Region. In Tan Qixiang's version of the Administrative Divisional Law, "Northwest China" does not include the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Tibet Autonomous Region belong to Tan Qixiang's version of North China and Southwest China, respectively.

The Northwest Territories is the only region in the country and the world that borders all six major regions of Asia. It is connected with European (North Asian) countries Russia (connecting Europe and the Americas, bordering Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia), East Asian countries Mongolia (connecting Chinese mainland and North Korea, South Korea, Japan, bordering Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia), Central Asian countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan (bordering Xinjiang), West Asian countries Afghanistan (connecting Africa and bordering Xinjiang), South Asian countries Pakistan (bordering Xinjiang), India (bordering Xinjiang and Tibet), Nepal, Bhutan (bordering Tibet) and Southeast Asian country Myanmar (connecting Oceania and bordering Tibet) and other eleven countries and regions. All the provinces under the jurisdiction of the northwest region are not coastal, and the nearest Bohai Sea (from Ningcheng County in southeastern Inner Mongolia to Liaodong Bay in Suizhong County, Liaoning) is less than 150 kilometers, and more than 1,000 kilometers from the Sea of Japan (from the Oroqunqi of Inner Mongolia to the coast of the Russian Far East).

Among them, Shaanxi Province is referred to as "Shaanxi" or "Qin", and the provincial capital is Xi'an. Gansu Province is referred to as "Gan" or "Long", and the provincial capital is Lanzhou City. Qinghai Province is referred to as "Qing", and the provincial capital is Xining City. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is referred to as "Ning", and its capital is Yinchuan City. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is referred to as "Xin" or "Xinjiang", with its capital in Urumqi. The Tibet Autonomous Region is referred to as "Tibet", and its capital is Lhasa. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has different abbreviations, the single word is called "Mongolia" (for domestic), the double word is called "Inner Mongolia" (for foreign countries), and the three characters are directly called "Inner Mongolia", which is the only provincial-level administrative region in the country that uses multiple words as abbreviations at the same time. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Xinjiang) Corps is the only existing production and construction corps in China, and the only so-called "invisible provincial-level administrative division" in China except for provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, autonomous regions and special administrative regions. The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is a special division at the provincial and ministerial level separately listed in the plan of the People's Republic of China, headquartered in Urumqi City, located in northwest China.

The total permanent population of the region is 131.25 million (about 132 million people), accounting for 9% of the country's total. Among them, 39.53 million are in Shaanxi Province, 25.86 million in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 25.02 million in Gansu Province, 24.05 million in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 7.21 million in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 5.93 million in Qinghai Province, and 3.65 million in Tibet Autonomous Region. The total registered population (from 2022) is 132.47 million (about 133 million people), 1.22 million more than the permanent residents, accounting for only 9% of the country's total. Among them, 40.92 million people in Shaanxi Province (1.39 million more than permanent residents), 27.78 million people in Gansu Province (2.76 million more than permanent residents), 24.26 million people in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (210,000 more than permanent residents), 23.07 million people in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2.79 million fewer than permanent residents), 7 million people in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (210,000 fewer than permanent residents), 5.98 million people in Qinghai Province (50,000 more than permanent residents), and 3.45 million people in Tibet Autonomous Region (200,000 more than permanent residents). The Tibet Autonomous Region, located in the southwest of Northwest China, is a provincial-level administrative region with the smallest permanent and registered population outside Chinese mainland (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan).

The total GDP reached 9.5341 trillion yuan, accounting for 7% of the country. Among them, Shaanxi Province 3.3787 trillion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 2.4628 trillion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 1.3553 trillion yuan, Gansu Province 1.1864 trillion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 531.6 billion yuan, Qinghai Province 380 billion yuan, Tibet Autonomous Region 239.3 billion yuan. The total amount of regional funds (the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of financial institutions) reached 187,000 yuan, accounting for only 8% of the country. Among them, Shaanxi Province has 6.6 trillion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 3.6 trillion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 3.3 trillion yuan, Gansu Province has 2.7 trillion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 1 trillion yuan, Qinghai Province has 0.8 trillion yuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region has 0.7 trillion yuan. The fiscal revenue of the regional public budget was 1,082.8 billion yuan, accounting for about 12% of the country. Among them, Shaanxi Province has 343.8 billion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 308.4 billion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 218 billion yuan, Gansu Province has 100.5 billion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 50.3 billion yuan, Qinghai Province has 38.1 billion yuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region has 23.7 billion yuan. The total tax revenue of the region was 729.2 billion yuan, accounting for 9% of the national (7,665.4 billion yuan). Among them, Shaanxi Province has 268.3 billion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 213.4 billion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 122.2 billion yuan, Gansu Province has 58.3 billion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 30.7 billion yuan, Qinghai Province has 25.6 billion yuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region has 10.7 billion yuan. The per capita disposable income of the region is 31,000 yuan. Among them, 39,000 yuan in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 33,000 yuan in Shaanxi Province, 32,000 yuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 29,000 yuan in Tibet Autonomous Region, 29,000 yuan in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 29,000 yuan in Qinghai Province, and 25,000 yuan in Gansu Province. The per capita GDP of the region is 72,641 yuan/person, including 102404 yuan/person in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 85,472 yuan/person in Shaanxi Province, 73,731 yuan/person in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 65,562 yuan/person in Tibet Autonomous Region, 64,081 yuan/person in Qinghai Province, 52,410 yuan/person in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and 47,419 yuan/person in Gansu Province. Gansu Province, located in the northwest region, has the lowest per capita GDP and regional per capita disposable income in the country. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) has the lowest GDP, total capital, regional public budget revenue, and total tax revenue.

The land area is 5,522,300 square kilometers, accounting for 57% of the country's total - that is, "more than half", known as "half of the world's land is out of the northwest". The land area of Northwest China also accounts for 80% of the total area of the Western Region (PS: total area of the Western Region = 5,522,300 square kilometers in the Northwest + 1,359,500 square kilometers in the Southwest = 6,881,800 square kilometers, accounting for 71% of the country, of which 80% in the Northwest and 20% in the Southwest). Among them, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 1,661,000 square kilometers, Tibet Autonomous Region has 1,229,100 square kilometers, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1,183,100 square kilometers, Qinghai Province has 722,400 square kilometers, Gansu Province has 454,500 square kilometers, Shaanxi Province has 205,700 square kilometers, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 66,500 square kilometers.

The Northwest Territories is known for being "vast and sparsely populated", with a population density of 24 people per square kilometer. Among them, there are 193 people per square kilometer in Shaanxi Province, 109 people per square kilometer in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 56 people per square kilometer in Gansu Province, 20 people per square kilometer in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 16 people per square kilometer in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 9 people per square kilometer in Qinghai Province, and 3 people per square kilometer in Tibet Autonomous Region. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous Region is the least densely populated provincial-level administrative division in the country (including 34 provinces including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan).

There are 71 cities (prefecture-level cities, autonomous prefectures, regions, leagues, and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), 551 counties (districts, county-level cities, autonomous counties, banners, autonomous banners, county-level administrative committees, divisions directly under the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and county-level cities), and 6,162 townships (towns, sub-districts, ethnic townships, sumu, ethnic sumu, and town-level administrative committees). The number of municipal, county, and township-level administrative districts accounted for 19%, 19%, and 16% of the country, respectively. Among them, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 15 cities (regions, autonomous prefectures and divisions of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), 111 counties (districts, county-level cities, autonomous counties, 14 divisions and cities directly under the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) and 1,128 townships (towns, sub-districts, ethnic townships), 14 cities (autonomous prefectures), 87 counties (districts, county-level cities, autonomous counties and Jiayuguan City) and 1,356 townships (towns, sub-districts, ethnic townships) in Gansu Province, 12 cities (leagues) and 104 counties (banners, Autonomous banners, districts, county-level cities) and 1,024 townships (towns, sub-districts, ethnic townships, sumu, ethnic sumu), Shaanxi Province has 10 cities, 107 counties (districts, county-level cities) and 1,313 townships (towns, sub-districts), Qinghai Province has 8 cities (autonomous prefectures), 46 counties (districts, county-level cities, autonomous counties, administrative committees) and 403 townships (towns, sub-districts, ethnic townships, town-level administrative committees), Tibet Autonomous Region has 7 cities (regions), 74 counties (districts, county-level cities) and 697 townships (towns, subdistricts, Ethnic Townships), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 5 cities, 22 counties (districts, county-level cities) and 241 townships (towns, sub-districts).

Major cities: (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 9 cities and 3 leagues) Hohhot City, Hulunbuir City, Bayannur City, Ordos City, Ulanqab City, Wuhai City, Baotou City, Chifeng City, Tongliao City, Xing'an League, Alxa League, Xilin Gol League, (10 cities in Shaanxi Province) Xi'an City, Xianyang City, Tongchuan City, Weinan City, Baoji City, Hanzhong City, Ankang City, Shangluo City, Yan'an City, Yulin City, (12 cities and 2 prefectures in Gansu Province) Lanzhou City, Baiyin City, Pingliang City, Qingyang City, Tianshui City, Wuwei City, Jinchang City, Jiuquan City, Zhangye City, Dingxi City, Longnan City, Jiayuguan City, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, (2 cities and 6 prefectures in Qinghai Province) Xining City, Haidong City, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, (5 cities of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) Yinchuan City, Wuzhong City, Zhongwei City, Guyuan City, Shizuishan City, (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 4 cities, 5 prefectures and 5 regions) Urumqi City, Karamay City, Turpan City, Hami City, Hotan Prefecture, Kashgar Prefecture, Aksu Prefecture, Altay Prefecture, Tacheng Prefecture, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Alar City, Tiemenguan City of the Second Division, Tumshuk City of the Third Division, Kekedala City of the Fourth Division, Shuanghe City of the Fifth Division, Wujiaqu City of the Sixth Division, Huyanghe City of the Seventh Division, Shihezi City of the Eighth Division, Baiyang City of the Ninth Division, Beitun City of the Tenth Division, Construction Engineer of the 11th Division, Farm of the 12th Division, Xinxing City of the 13th Division, Kunyu City of the 14th Division, Lhasa City, Changdu City, Shannan City, Nyingchi City, Nagqu City, Shigatse City, Ali Prefecture (6 cities and 1 region of Tibet Autonomous Region).

Telephone area code: 047X/048X (Inner Mongolia), 089X (Tibet), 029/091X (Shaanxi), 093X/094X (Gansu), 095X (Ningxia), 097X (Qinghai), 099X/090X (Xinjiang).

Administrative number: 15 (Inner Mongolia, Tan Qixiang), 54 (Tibet, Tan Qixiang), 60 (Inner Mongolia, Hu Huanyong), 61 (Shaanxi), 62 (Gansu), 63 (Qinghai), 64 (Ningxia), 65 (Xinjiang, Hu Huanyong), 66 (Tibet, Hu Huanyong).

Postal code: 01/02 (Inner Mongolia), 71/72 (Shaanxi), 73/74 (Gansu), 75 (Ningxia), 81 (Qinghai), 83/84 (Xinjiang), 85 (Tibet).

License plate number: Shaanxi A-U (Shaanxi/Xi'an Lao-Xi'an Xin), Gan A-P (Gansu/Lanzhou-Gannan Prefecture), Qing A-H (Qinghai/Xining-Haixi Prefecture), Ning A-E (Ningxia/Yinchuan-Zhongwei), New A-R (Xinjiang/Urumqi-Hotan), Mongolia A-M (Inner Mongolia/Hohhot-Alxa League), Tibet A-J (Tibet/Lhasa-Golmud).

Famous sights

(Inner Mongolia) Hohhot Dazhao Temple, Saishang Old Street, Xili Tuzhao, Mosque, Moni Mountain, Hadamen Grassland, Eilechuan Grassland, Wuta Temple, Suiyuan City General Office, Qingshui River Laoniuwan, Dayao Ruins, Zhaojun Tomb, Hulunbuir Prairie, Mordoga, Hailar Pinus sylvestris, Erguna River Wetland, Erguna Birch Forest, Daxing'an Mountains, Morgrad River, Sino-Russian Manzhouli Port, Anti-Japanese War Hailar Memorial Park, Hulun Lake, Bear Lake, Aoluguya Evenki Envoy Deer Tribe, Murowei Scenic Area, Enhe Russian Village, Montenegro Tou Ancient City, Ordos Genghis Khan Mausoleum, Batu Bay, Xiangsha Bay, Qixinghu Desert, Mu Us Desert, Kubuqi Desert, Grassland Silk Road Cultural Scenic Spot, Junggar Yellow River Grand Canyon, Alzhai Grottoes, Ulanqab Grassland, Huiteng Xile Grassland, Huanghuagou, Liangcheng Daihai, Huangqihai, Ulan Hada Volcano, Dahong Mountain, Linhu Gusai, Sumu Mountain, Gegentala Grassland, Hongshi Cliff Temple, Chahar Volcanic Group, Chifeng Keshiketeng Grassland, Huanggangliang, Daoxugou, Hunshandak Desert, Dalinor, Baiyin Aobao, Gongger Grassland, Ashatu Stone Forest, Liaozhong Capital Ruins, Hongshan Cultural Site, Yulong Shahu, Hongshan Military Horse Farm, Ulan Butong Grassland, Tongliao Horqin Grassland, Khan Mountain, Yinshawan, Daqinggou, Xiao Manor, Tamin Chagan Desert, Lavender Garden, Baotou Wudangzhao, Meidaizhao, Big Buddha Temple, Woniu Lake, Kundulun Reservoir, Xilamuren Grassland, Northern Weapons City, Guyuan Qin Great Wall, Wuhai Lake, Jinshawan, Manbala Temple, Bayannur Wuliang Suhai, Yinshan Rock Paintings, Onyx Lake, Nalin Lake, Urad Grassland, China-Mongolia Ganqimaodu Port, Puji Temple, Ganlu Temple, Yellow River Dahoutao, Xing'an League Arshan, White Wolf Peak, China-Mongolia Arshan Port, Arshan Hot Spring, Genghis Khan Temple, Hai Sacred Spring, Taoer River, Bokeda Temple, Hanshan, Laogar Lama Cave, Xilin Gol Prairie, Wulagai Grassland, Yuanshangdu Ruins, Luanhe Shenyun, Beizi Temple, Zhongmeng Erenhot Port, Zhongmengga Dabuqi Port, Duolun Lake, Mongolian Khan City, Erenhot Dinosaur Park, Lima Peak, Taifu Temple Royal Horse Courtyard, Alxa Tengger Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, Ejina Poplar Forest, Heishui City Ruins, Tonghu Grassland, Western Dream Canyon, Helan Mountain (Ao Bao Pimple), Juyanhai (Gashun Naoer), Ulan Lake, Dongfeng Space City, Moon Lake, Dingyuanying Ancient City.

(Shaanxi) Xi'an Bell and Drum Tower, Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, Terracotta Warriors, Huaqing Pool, Xi'an Ancient City Wall, Daming Palace, Tang Furong Garden, Xi'an Forest of Steles, Lintong Lishan, Zhongnan Mountain, Cuihua Mountain, Wang Shunshan, Louguantai, Afang Palace, Weiyang Palace, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Tower, Shaanxi History Museum, Hancheng Lake Park, Xi'an Expo Park, Yongxingfang, Qinling Wildlife Park, Tongchuan Yaowang Mountain, Yuhua Palace, Zhaojin Xiangshan, Yaozhou Kiln Museum, Chenlu Ancient Town, Yunmeng Mountain, Baoji Zhougong Temple, Qishan Zhouyuan Ruins, Famen Temple, Taibai Mountain, Ao Mountain, Huangbaiyuan, Wuzhangyuan, Yaling, Red River Valley, Jiulong Mountain, Guanshan Grassland, Fengxian Jialing River Source, Bronze Museum, Xianyang Hanyang Mausoleum, Han Mao Mausoleum, Han Zhao Mausoleum, Han Qianling, Binxian Big Buddha Temple Grottoes, Weinan Huashan, Shaohua Mountain, Qiachuan, Tangqiao Mausoleum, Dangjia Village, Hancheng Ancient City, Tongguan Ancient City, Sima Qian Ancestral Tomb, Yan'an Hukou Waterfall, Yellow Emperor Mausoleum, Zao Garden, Revolutionary Memorial Hall, Pagoda Mountain, Nanniwan, Yan'an Revolutionary Site, Yangjialing Revolutionary Site, Qingliang Mountain, Thousand Buddha Temple Grottoes, Hanzhong Zhangliang Temple, Zhang Qian's Tomb, Mianxian Wuhou Temple, Wuzi Mountain, Yangxian Huayang, Shimen Plank Road, Qingmuchuan Ancient Town, Foping Panda Valley, Zibai Mountain, Zhuge Ancient Town, Yulin Stone Ridge Ruins, Zhenbeitai Great Wall, Hongjianao, Baiyun Mountain, Yulin Bell Tower, Gaojiabao Ancient City, Wave Valley, Hongshi Gorge, Xiangniu Temple, Chiniuqi, Mu Us Desert, Ankang Nangong Mountain, Yinghu Lake, Fengyan Ancient Terraces, Zhongba Grand Canyon, Tube Car Bay, Xiangxi Cave, Tianzhu Mountain, Niu Mountain, Liyu Mountain, Qianjiaping, Sandaomen, Shangluo Jinsi Grand Canyon, Tayun Mountain, Niubeiliang, Tianzhu Mountain, Caolian Ridge, Moon Cave, Danjiang Rafting, Luonan Laojun Mountain, Muwang Mountain Forest Park, Tianfo Cave, Fulong Lake, Fengguan Mountain.

(Gansu) Lanzhou Yellow River Scenic Area (Zhongshan Bridge), Xinglong Mountain, Qingcheng Ancient Town, Shichuan Ancient Pear Garden, Waterwheel Expo Park, Qilihe Stone Buddha Ditch, Tulu Ditch, Renshou Mountain, Western Dinosaur Water Park, Jiayuguan Great Wall, Jiayu Guandong Lake, Jinchang Zijin Flower City, Jinshui Lake, Lijing Ancient City, Baiyin Jingtai Yellow River Stone Forest, Red Army Huining Huishi Site, Shuichuan Yellow River Wetland, Jingyuan Waterfront Sanhe, Tianshui Maijishan Grottoes, Wushan Water Curtain Cave, Fuxi Temple, Zhangjiachuan Hui Customs Garden, Wuwei Leitai Han Tomb, Wuwei Confucian Temple, Minqin Manhole, Suwu Desert, Tianti Mountain Grottoes, Liangzhou Ancient City, White Horse Temple, Zhangye Colorful Danxia, Gaotai Crescent Lake, Zhangye Wetland, Shandan Military Horse Farm, Shandan Big Buddha Temple, Yanzhi Mountain, Sunan Yugur Customs Garden, Binggou Danxia, Biandukou Grand Canyon, Pingliang Chongxin Longquan Temple, Kongtong Mountain, Yunya Temple, Tianjiagou, Jiuquan Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Mingsha Mountain, Crescent Spring, Dunhuang Yadan Landform, Qiyi Glacier, Dunhuang Yangguan, Yumen Pass, Guazhou Suoyang City, Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, Dongfeng Space City, Boluo Zhuanjing, Jinta Poplar Forest, Qingyang Zhou Zu Mausoleum, Huachi Nanliang, Yaowang Cave, Dingxi Bangluo Conference Memorial Hall, Weiheyuan (Bird and Mouse Mountain), Shouyang Mountain, Shayang Mountain, Longxi Lijialong Palace, Langdutan Grassland, Longnan Wudu Wanxiang Cave, Wenxian Tianchi, Xixia Song, Guan'e Gou, Sunset Lake, Yunping Three Gorges, Baima River Tibetan Village, Hadapu Revolutionary Site, Linxia Bingling Temple Grottoes, Bafang Thirteen Lanes, Songming Rock, Da Dun Gorge, Yongjing Yellow River Three Gorges, Gannan Labrang Temple, Laga Mountain, Gahai, Yeli Pass, Dayugou, Dangzhou Grassland, Sangke Grassland, Zhagana, Lazikou, Langmu Temple.

(Qinghai) Qinghai Lake, Xining Taer Temple, Dongguan Mosque, Mojia Street, Riyue Mountain, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Wildlife Park, Haidong Mutual Aid Tu Customs Park, Ledu Chaoyang Mountain, Beishan Danxia, Mengda Tianchi, Qutan Temple, Haibei Menyuan Rape Flower Sea, Qilian Mountain Grassland, Zhuoer Mountain, Gangshika Snow Peak, Erlangjian, Jinyintan Atomic City, Hainan Longyangxia Reservoir, Haixi Chaka Salt Lake, Kunlun Mountain, Mangya Emerald Lake, Qarhan Salt Lake, Hala Lake, Hoh Xili, Aiken Spring, Altun Mountain, Usut Yadan, Qaida Musuo Forest, Keluk Lake, Tuosu Lake, Alar Grassland, Nuomuhong Cultural Site, Yushu Sanjiangyuan (Yellow River Source, Yangtze River Source, Lancang River Source), Jiegu Temple, Yushu Grassland, Wencheng Princess Temple, Jianamani Shijing City, 4.14 Earthquake Site, Longbao Beach, Guoluo Nian Baoyuze, Laga Temple, Animaqing Snow Mountain, Dari Grassland, Gesar Linka, Huangnan Regong Art Museum, Kambra, Wutunxia Temple, Longwu Temple.

(Ningxia) Yinchuan Xixia Tomb, Helan Mountain Forest Park, Helan Mountain Rock Paintings, Zhenbeibao Western Cinema, Nanguan Mosque, Suyukou, Shuidonggou, Minning Town, Shizuishan Shahu, Huangsha Gudu, Zhongwei Shapotou, Tengger Jinsha Island, Yellow River Suji, Guyuan Liupan Mountain, Sumeru Mountain Grottoes, Xiji Flint Stone Village, Fanjiaxia, Wuzhong Qingtongxia Yellow River Grand Canyon, Sanqing Pavilion, Huama Temple, the former site of the Red Army's Long March.

(Xinjiang) Urumqi International Grand Bazaar, Tianshan Grand Canyon, Hongshan Park, Shuimogou, Chrysanthemum Terrace, Karamay World Devil City, Dushanzi Grand Canyon, Heiyou Mountain, Dayugou, Jiulong Pond, Baiyang River Canyon, Karamay Poplar Forest, Turpan Flame Mountain, Ayding Lake, Tuyugou, Grape Valley, Karez, Kumtag Desert, Jiaohe Ancient City, Baizi Creek Thousand Buddha Cave, Hami Devil City, Dahaidao, Huiwangfu, Huiwang Tomb, Yiwu Poplar Forest, Balikun Prairie, Balikun Lake, Hami Wang, Phantom Lake, Sandaoling, Shihezi Corps Military Reclamation Museum, Kashgar Old Town (Ancient City), Sino-Mongolian Lao Ye Temple Port, Xiangfei Garden, Ati Kah Mosque, Zhongba Hongjerab Port, Qiaogori Peak, Gonger Peak, Kashgar Grand Bazaar, Gaotai Residence, Karakul Lake, Dawakun Desert, Stone Town, Princess Fort, Hajifu Tomb, Shache King Tomb, Moer Pagoda, Tarim Desert Golden Populus, Hotaniya Ruins, Zhawa Ruins, Dandan Ullik Ruins, Cele Small Buddha Temple, Rewak Buddhist Temple, Tarim Desert Highway, Yulong Kashgar River, Uluwati, Hotan Tuancheng, Aksu Old Street, Shayanzhou, Kizil Thousand Buddha Caves, Tianshan Mysterious Grand Canyon, Kuqa Grand Canyon, Qiuzi Ancient City, Kuqa Huibu Prince's Mansion, Awati Daolang Tribe, Ayibag Township Grape Village, Shaya Moon Bay, Tomur Peak, Tomur Grand Canyon, Wushi Yanquan Mountain, Xinhe Desert Flower Sea, Duolang River, Tacheng Anjihai Grand Canyon, Wusu Hot Spring, Tasti, Hanhai Liulang, Lujiao Bay, Ganjia Lake Suosuolin, Mongolian Temple Grassland, Baruch Mountain, Tarbagatai Mountain, Tacheng Red Mansion, China-Kazakhstan Bakhtu Port, Altay General Mountain Ski Resort, Kanas Lake, Hemu Village, Keketuohai, Wucaitan, Jikepulin, Baisha Lake, Sea Devil City, Ulungu Lake, Jia Dengyu, Haba River Birch Forest, Jimunai Grassland Stone City, Altai Mountain, Irtysh Grand Canyon, Ili Nalati Grassland, Ili River, Lavender Flower Sea, Karajun, Zhaosu Grassland, Guozigou, Zhongha Horgos Port, Huiyuan Ancient City, Daxigou, Qingshui River, Swan Spring, Aktas Grassland, Qiafuqihai, Turgen, Gongnaisi, Qiongkushtai, Turks Bagua City, Bortala Abi Lake, Sailim Lake, Zhongha'ala Pass Port, Strange Stone Valley, Arxiati, Xihai Grassland, Xiaerxili, Etuokesai Tianquan, Haritureg, Jinghe Ecological Park, Xin Great Wall Ski Resort, Bayingoleng Loulan Ancient City, Luobu Village, Bayinbrook Grassland, Peacock River, Bosten Lake, Taitma Lake, Lop Nur, Luntai Poplar Forest, Taklamakan Desert, Kaidu River Nine Bends and Eighteen Bends, Luobu Village, Xihai Fishing Village, Acacia Lake, Swan Lake, Thousand Buddha Caves, Tiemen Pass, Kunlun Mountain, Kizilsu Muztag Mountain, Baisha Lake, Oyitak Glacier, Artush Tianmen, Artush Grand Canyon, Green Ridge Sacred Lake, Strange Willow Forest, Xinghuagou, Red Valley, Krakul Lake, Changji Qitai Devil City, Kalamaili Mountain, Bogda Peak, Tianshan Tianchi, Wucai City, Jiangbulak, Gurbantunggut Desert, Hutubi Park, Xinjiang Agricultural Expo Park, Manas Big Buddha Temple, Khosbulak, Nurga Canyon, Mulei Poplar Forest.

(Tibet) Lhasa Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Jokhang Temple, Drepung Temple, Sera Temple, Ganden Temple, Zaki Temple, Norbulingka, Barkhor Street, Zongjiao Lukang, Tibetan Tombs, Chubu Temple, Lhasa Mosque, Qugong Ruins, Yaowang Mountain, Drikung Kagyu Temple Group, Nianqing Tanggula Mountain, Namco, Yangbajing, Qamdo Qiang Balin Temple, Zizhu Temple, Qamdo Temple, Nujiang Seventy-two Turns, Jueba Mountain, Mangkang Ancient Salt Well, Laigu Glacier, Ranwu Lake, Karuo Ruins, Tianwan Zizhu, Dora Sacred Mountain, Bangda Grassland, Sapu Sacred Mountain, Meiyu Grassland, Shigatse Mount Everest, Xixia Bangma Peak, Zhangzi Peak, Lhotse Peak, Zhuo Aoyou Peak, Sino-Nepalese Zhangmu Friendship Bridge, Rongbu Glacier, Rongbu Temple, Sakya Temple, Baiju Temple, Tashilhunpo Temple, Karola Glacier, Qilin Gorge, Yarlung Zangbo River, Gyantse Zongshan Castle, Manla Reservoir, Gyatsola Pass, Pala Manor, Nyingchi Lulang Linhai, Taohuagou, Yigong Lake, Sejila Mountain, Mila Pass, Midui Glacier, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Basongcuo, Cuomu Jiri, Kadinggou, Fozhang Dune, Bonri, Guoguotang Big Bend, Kading Tianfo Waterfall, Guxiang Lake, Biri Sacred Mountain, Gongbu Impression, Baima Wangda, Juberlin, Bujiu Lalama Lin Monastery, Rinchen Bang Temple, Shannan Yalong Scenic Area, Yangzhuo Yongcuo, Pumo Yongcuo, Gangbala Mountain, Rituo Temple, Samye Temple, Changzhu Temple, Kajiu Temple, Min Zhulin Temple, Nangserin Manor, Yongbulakang, Cuojia Glacier, Tuiwa Village, Kula Gangri Sacred Mountain, Nagqu Serin Co., Dangjak Yongcuo, Bang Ge Tso, Zhari Nan Mu Co, Nam Tso Holy Elephant Heavenly Gate, such as the Skull Wall, Tangbo Ancient Road, Qiangtang Grassland, Jiagang Peak, Medika Wetland, Zhuoma Canyon, Shangniwu Canyon, Alipangong Tso, Kailash Peak, Guge Kingdom, Sheep Lake, Pekutso, Laang Tso, Mapanyong Tso, Torin Monastery, Koga Monastery, Zadaburi Monastery, Namunani Peak, Zada Tulin.

History

Northwest China is the birthplace of the Chinese nation, the birthplace of Chinese civilization and one of the early inheritors of Chinese culture. There is not only the breadth and profundity of the Central Plains culture, but also the diversity of ethnic minority cultures. There is not only the subtlety and heaviness of agricultural civilization, but also the enthusiasm and unrestrainedness of the nomadic civilization of the grassland. In addition, Northwest China was also the "cultural leader" of early Chinese humans, including the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. As early as 600,000 years ago, in the Paleolithic Age, in today's Shaanxi region, archaeologists excavated the "Lantian Man" (Homo erectus lantianensis), which is as famous as the Beijing Man and the Yuanmou Man. It is a branch of Homo erectus in early antiquity (while Peking Man belongs to Homo erectus) and is the earliest aboriginal living in Shaanxi and even the northwest region. In 2005, an anthropologist discovered that the ancestral home of the "Lantian people" was not on the Loess Plateau, but in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River south of the Qinling Mountains. This is because Lantian County is located on the Loess Plateau, which is not suitable for human habitation at all.

In the Paleolithic Age, 15-200,000 years ago, archaeologists excavated the "Dali people" in Dali County, not far from Lantian County, Shaanxi, which belonged to a type of Homo sapiens Var. Early. Since then, ancient paleolithic humans such as the 40,000-year-old Ningxia "Shuidonggou Man", the Xinjiang "Jimunai Man", the 37,000-year-old Inner Mongolia "Hetao Man", the 10,000-year-old Ningxia "Pigeon Mountain Man" and the Inner Mongolia "Dayao Man" have emerged in Northwest China. In particular, the "Hetao Man" excavated in Wushenqi, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, broke the erroneous judgment of the Western academic community that "there is no Paleolithic Age" in Asia, and caused a sensation in the international academic community, becoming the first Paleolithic human fossil (discovered in 1922) confirmed in Asia.

In the Neolithic Age, as the birthplace of Chinese civilization, the northwest region, with the Yellow River basin as the center, first gave birth to the 7,000-year-old Majiayao culture in Lintao County, Gansu Province, in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which constituted all the ethnic sources of the Sino-Tibetan language family, including the Han nationality, and its neighboring language families. Later, the Majiayao culture developed the Qijia culture (located in Guanghe County, Gansu Province) from 2200 to 1600 BC. Also in the Neolithic Age 7,000-8,000 years ago, Xinglongwa culture and Zhaobaogou culture were born in the territory of Aohanqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which later cultivated the Hongshan culture 5,500 years ago.

Also 8,000 years ago, Qin'an County, Tianshui City, Gansu Province, developed an earlier Neolithic culture - "Dadiwan Culture". The faience here is the best in China because of its exquisite craftsmanship.

6,500 years ago, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other places in Northwest China successively gave birth to various microlithic cultures in the northern grasslands, such as the Kelren culture in Inner Mongolia. 5,500 years ago, located in the southeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chifeng City, and the famous "Hongshan Culture" was born, and it is said that the ancestor of Chinese civilization, Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, was "born in Si and buried in Si" here. The jade pig dragon, the statue of the goddess, the mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, and the ancient sacrificial altar are known as the "Four Uniques of Hongshan Culture". After the Hongshan culture, in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 1000 to 2000 B.C., the representative of the early bronze culture in the north, which is comparable to the most developed culture in the Central Plains of the same era, was born - "Xiajiadian Culture", but this "culture" is divided into "upper layer" (300-1000 BC) and "lower layer" (1000-2000 BC) according to the age.

6,000 years ago in Shaanxi Province, one of the ancient Neolithic Yangshao cultural settlement sites was also born "Banpo Ruins", the main body of which is the "Banpo Culture" that can be as famous as the Hemudu culture in Zhejiang, which is a typical representative of the ancient northern farming culture. The 22 symbols found on pottery may be the original form of Chinese characters. The ancient semi-crypt building technique shows the diligence and simplicity of the local people.

The "Karo Culture", which is located in the territory of Changdu City in the Tibet Autonomous Region, about 5,000 years ago, shows that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which was once considered "cold" and "barren", has been inhabited, moved and multiplied by human beings in history. The "Karo culture" thus constitutes the "cultural leader" of the entire Tibetan nation and even the ethnic groups in East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

Located in Minhe County, Qinghai Province, about 4,000 years ago, the "Lajia Culture" unearthed "the first bowl of noodles in human history".

Other Neolithic cultural sites that have emerged include the Inner Mongolia Yellow Banner Nairen Tolgoi Culture 8,000 years ago, the Inner Mongolia Hailar Hake Culture 7,000 years ago, the Shaanxi Lintong Jiangzhai Culture 5,000 years ago, the Shaanxi Baoji Beishouling Culture, the Ningxia Haiyuan Vegetable Garden Culture, the Inner Mongolia Kezuozhong Banner Hamin Culture 5,300 years ago, the Shaanxi Yan'an Lushan Culture 4,500 years ago, the Gansu Banshan Culture, and the Shaanxi Yulin Shiyuan Culture, the source of the "Xia Dynasty" in northern China 4,000 years ago. Gansu Jishishan Sanping Culture, Gansu Huining Niumendong Culture, Qinghai Tongde Zongri Culture, Gansu Zhangjiachuan Majiayuan Culture 3,000 years ago and Xinjiang Shufu Wupal Culture 2,000 years ago.

During the Xia and Shang dynasties, most of the northwest regions belonged to ethnic minority areas.

The royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty once rose from the Qishan area of Shaanxi. The ancestor is Houji (Ji Qi), a martial artist in Shaanxi.

After King Ji of Zhou Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty moved to the land of Feng and Ho in 1046 BC, west of present-day Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. In the northwest of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in addition to the Zhou Dynasty, vassal states such as Zheng, Liang, Qin, Yu, Dai, and Bai emerged.

Most of the ethnic groups in this land belong to the Qiang people, and their descendants are the Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples such as the present-day Han, Qiang, Tibetan, Yi, Burmese, Bai, Shui, Hui, Nu, Hani, Lisu, Lahu, Naxi, Kino, Achang, Jingpo, Menba, Lhoba, Tujia, and Gelao, as well as the Austro-Asian language peoples such as the Wa, De'ang, Brown, and Vietnamese.

In the northwest of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, there are Guifang and Xiongnu, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, there are Altaic ethnic groups such as Wuzhong, Linhu, Donghu, Shanrong, and Lou Fu.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Indo-European speaking Serbs in Xinjiang rose from here.

In 771 BC, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was captured by the Dog Rong in the north, and King Zhou Ping (Ji Yijiu), a descendant of King Wu of Zhou, had to move the capital to Luoyang, Henan.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was Qin Mugong during the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons, and there was Qin State, one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.

The first emperor of the Qin state, Yingzheng (Qin Shi Huang), destroyed the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, swept Liuhe, and set up the capital in Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province in 221 BC. Most of the land in the northwest region, such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia, has not yet been incorporated into China's territory.

At this time, in addition to the Inner History Department area located in the Guanzhong Plain, the Shaanxi region also included Hanzhong County and Ba County in southern Shaanxi, Shangjun in northern Shaanxi, Beidi County in Ningxia and northeastern Gansu, Longxi County in central Gansu, Jiuyuan County, Yunzhong County and Yanmen County in Hetao Region of Inner Mongolia and Dai County, Shanggu County, Yuyang County, Youbeiping County and Liaoxi County in eastern Inner Mongolia.

The Western Han Dynasty destroyed Qin, and Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, set the capital in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. In the central part of Shaanxi, there is a division of the department, called Yongzhou.

In addition, the southern part of Shaanxi and the area of Longnan in Gansu belong to Yizhou, the southeastern part of Shaanxi belongs to Jingzhou, most of Gansu (especially the Hexi Corridor area), the western part of Inner Mongolia, the eastern part of Qinghai and most of Ningxia belong to Liangzhou, the northeastern part of Ningxia, Qingyang in Gansu, Ordos in Inner Mongolia and the northern part of Shaanxi belong to Shuofangdi, and the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia and parts of the Yellow River in Ningxia and northern Shaanxi belong to the Xiongnu. Southwestern Gansu, most of Qinghai, Tibet and other places are entrenched in the Qiang, Tangyang and other plateau tribes. In the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, there are ethnic minorities such as Wuhuan, Xianbei and Fuyu.

In 119 B.C., Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, and opened a friendship road connecting China with Europe, Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia, Africa, Mongolia, Russia and other countries in the world - the "Silk Road".

The opening of the Silk Road brought Xinjiang into China's territory. At this time, Xinjiang belonged to the Western Regions Protectorate during the Western Han Dynasty.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu moved the capital to Luoyang, the original central part of Shaanxi still belonged to the Sili School Commandery, the southeast of Shaanxi belonged to Jingzhou, the southern part of Shaanxi and Longnan of Gansu belonged to Yizhou, most of Gansu, the whole territory of Ningxia, the northwest of Inner Mongolia, the eastern part of Qinghai and part of Yulin of Shaanxi belonged to Liangzhou, the northern part of Shaanxi and the Hetao area of central and southern Inner Mongolia belonged to the state, and most of Inner Mongolia belonged to Xianbei (the northeast belonged to the Fuyu people). The Xiongnu, Jiankun, Dingling, and Huqi were entrenched in the Altay region of northern Xinjiang, and most of Xinjiang belonged to the Changshi Mansion of the Western Regions.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei belonged to Yongzhou (a small part of the eastern part belonged to Sizhou) in the former Chang'an (present-day Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) and in the central and eastern parts of Gansu, southern Ningxia, and south of Qinghai Hehuang, Ankang and Shangluo in the southeast belonged to Jingzhou of Wei, and Liangzhou near Lanzhou, Gansu, the Hexi Corridor and Qinghai Hehuang region, and the northwest of Inner Mongolia. The south of Cao Wei, present-day Hanzhong in Shaanxi and Longnan in Gansu Province were under the jurisdiction of Shu Han established by Liu Bei.

At this time, the Qiang, Tang and other plateau tribes were still entrenched in present-day Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu, while Qianghu lived in most of Ningxia, northern Shaanxi and southern Inner Mongolia, and the Changshi Mansion of the Western Regions in Xinjiang belonged to Wei. Xinjiang Tacheng area Wusun, Xinjiang Altay and Inner Mongolia most of Xianbei, Inner Mongolia the easternmost part of Fuyu.

After the fall of Cao Wei, the Western Jin Dynasty established by the Sima royal family was once set at Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. The central part of Shaanxi, Qingyang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia are Yongzhou, and the south-central part of Gansu and the south of Hehuang in Qinghai belong to Qinzhou. The Hexi region north of Lanzhou in Gansu Province, the Hehuang Valley in the northwest of Inner Mongolia and the eastern part of Qinghai belong to Liangzhou, and the area around Hanzhong in Shaanxi Province belongs to Liangzhou. The central and northern parts of Ningxia, the northern part of Shaanxi and the southern part of Inner Mongolia belong to Qianghu, the area of Xinjiang is the Changshi Mansion of the Western Regions, the area of Tacheng in Xinjiang is Wusun, most of Xinjiang Altay and Inner Mongolia belong to Xianbei, and the easternmost part of Inner Mongolia belongs to Fuyu. As for the Faqiang, Tang and other tribes, they are distributed in Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu.

The capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was Nanjing, and at this time the five Hu and sixteen kingdoms were set in the northwest land. Among them, the former Qin Ding capital established by the Di nationality is now Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, covering Shaanxi, Ningxia, most of Xinjiang, most of Gansu, eastern Qinghai and the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia.

In southern Shaanxi, there are descendants of the Di ethnic group into the Han Dynasty, in central Shaanxi, central Gansu and southern Ningxia, there are Xiongnu descendants of Qianzhao (the capital of the country is in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi), in the central and southern parts of Gansu there are descendants of the Xianbei ethnic group in the Western Qin (the capital is in present-day Lanzhou, Gansu), in the Hexi Corridor of Gansu and Inner Mongolia Alxa, eastern Qinghai and Xinjiang and other places have the descendants of the Han people Qianliang and Houliang (the national capital is in present-day Wuwei, Gansu), eastern Gansu, north-central Shaanxi and Ningxia, In the southern part of Inner Mongolia, there are descendants of the Qiang people Houqin (the capital of the country is now Xi'an, Shaanxi), and the Hexi Corridor area of Gansu and the eastern region of Qinghai are divided into Xiliang established by the Han people, Nanliang established by the Xianbei people, and Houliang established by the Xiongnu people in some periods, and the national capital is in the three cities of Jiuquan, Wuwei and Zhangye in present-day Gansu.

Huxia, a descendant of the Xiongnu, has its capital in the southeast of Hangjin Banner in present-day Inner Mongolia. It encompasses Qingyang in Gansu, most of Ningxia, southern Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi, and was once part of the Later Zhao state founded by the Qian.

The Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by the Xianbei people, was distributed in present-day central Inner Mongolia. The southern part of Gansu belongs to the ancient state of Qiuchi established by the Di people. Most of Inner Mongolia used to be entrenched in the Rouran tribe, and then there were Xianbei tribes, Fuyu, Murowei, and Wuhuan who lived here for a long time. Xinjiang was ruled by the former Liang, Houliang, and Western Liang regimes. The Qinghai-Tibet high principle is distributed in the Tuyuhun, Dangxiang, Tangyang, Faqiang and other tribes.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the central and northern parts of Shaanxi, the eastern part of Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, the eastern part of Xinjiang and most of Inner Mongolia belonged to the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty (the capital of the country was Xi'an, Shaanxi), and the southern part of Shaanxi belonged to the Southern Dynasties Song, Qi, Liang and other regimes.

The southeast of Inner Mongolia later belonged to the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the area of Xinjiang was once entrenched in the Western Regions such as Gaochang, Jimo, Shanshan, Ruoqiang, Khotan, Shule, Shache, Jiashi, Qiuzi, Gaoche, Jiaohe, Loulan, Yanqi, etc., while the southeast of Xinjiang and most of Tibet, Qinghai and the southeast of Gansu were the land managed by the Tuyuhun, Bailan, Dangxiang, Tubo and other ethnic groups. The northern part of Xinjiang is Rouran.

During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, present-day Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, western Inner Mongolia and eastern Qinghai belonged to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the capital was Xi'an, Shaanxi. The southeast of Inner Mongolia belongs to the Northern Qi Dynasty. There are Turkic ethnic groups in north-central Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang, Khitan and Kumoxi in the Chifeng region in southeastern Inner Mongolia, and Murwei and Wuluohou in northeastern Inner Mongolia. Most of Xinjiang still belongs to the Western Regions, while Tuyuhun extends from southwestern Gansu and most of Qinghai to southeastern Xinjiang, while southwestern Qinghai and eastern Tibet belong to the Bailan and Dangxiang ethnic groups.

The capital of the Sui Dynasty was Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, and it belonged to Guanlong in the north-central part of present-day Shaanxi, central Gansu, Ningxia and southern Inner Mongolia, most of Gansu, northern Qinghai and eastern Xinjiang belonged to Hexi, southern Shaanxi belonged to Bahan, southeastern Shaanxi belonged to Henan, southern Gansu belonged to Minshu, and central Inner Mongolia belonged to Hedong and Hebei. In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, there are ethnic minorities such as Kumoxi, Xia, Khitan, Murowei, and Eastern Turks. The central and western parts of Xinjiang belong to the Western Turks. The southern part of Qinghai, Tibet and the southwestern part of Gansu were the vassals of Tibet.

During the Tang Dynasty, the Tibetans established Tubo was like a Gesang flower blooming on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the capital of present-day Lhasa, Tibet (the capital was later moved to Xining City, Qinghai Province), covering present-day Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu, as well as western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. The capital of the Tang Dynasty was located in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, with the name "Chang'an".

At this time, the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi belongs to Gyeonggi Province, the northern part of Shaanxi, the northeast of Gansu, Ningxia and the southern part of Inner Mongolia belong to Guannei Province, most of Gansu belongs to Longyou Province, the southern part of Gansu belongs to Jiannan Province, the southern part of Shaanxi belongs to Shannan West Province and Shannan East Province, and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia belongs to Hedong Province and Hebei Province. Most of present-day Inner Mongolia is inhabited by the Turkic people, while in Tibet, most of Qinghai, and southwestern Gansu are the Tubo people mentioned above. The "national capital" of the northwest, Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, belonged to the Tang Dynasty during the most prosperous period in history. It can be said that the Tang Dynasty watched over the Great Northwest and Great China with its own strength.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion led to the birth of five dynasties and ten kingdoms. Most of present-day Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, and eastern Ningxia belonged to the Later Jin Kingdom, the Hanzhong region in southern Shaanxi belonged to the Later Shu Kingdom, the central and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia belonged to the Liao State established by the Khitans (there were also Kumoxi, Murowei, Jurchen and other ethnic groups), the western part of Inner Mongolia and most of Gansu, the central and western parts of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Tibet belonged to the Tubo State (there were also Dangxiang, Ganzhou Uighurs, and other ethnic groups), and the Xinjiang region was the world of various Uighurs including the Xizhou Uighurs and the Gaochang Uighurs. The Uighurs are the ancestors of the Uyghur people in Xinjiang.

During the Liao and Song dynasties, most of today's Shaanxi belonged to Yongxing Military Road, western Shaanxi, southern Ningxia, central Gansu and eastern Qinghai belonged to Qinfeng Road, Shaanxi Ankang belonged to Jingxi South Road, and Shaanxi Hanzhong belonged to Lizhou Road. Most of Inner Mongolia belongs to the Liao Dynasty Tokyo Road, Zhongjing Road, Xijing Road and Shangjing Road. Among them, the locations of Shangjing Road and Zhongjing Road are both in Linxi County and Ningcheng County in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia.

In addition, Shangjing Road also encompasses part of northern Xinjiang. The Hexi Corridor in Gansu, northern Ningxia and western Inner Mongolia belonged to the Western Xia state established by the Dangxiang clan. The capital of Western Xia, in present-day Yinchuan City, Ningxia. In addition, there are the yellow-headed Uighurs in the Qaidam Basin of Qinghai, the Black Khan Uighurs in the southwestern part of Xinjiang, and the Xizhou Uighurs in the central and eastern parts of Xinjiang, all of which belong to one of the branches of the ancient Turkic people. Southwest Gansu, most of Qinghai, Tibet and other places are still entrenched in Tibetan descendants.

During the Jin and Song dynasties, the Western Xia extended from the Hexi Corridor in Gansu, northern Ningxia and western Inner Mongolia to eastern Qinghai and northern Shaanxi. Central Gansu, southern Ningxia and most of Shaanxi belong to Jin Dynasty Xiqin Road (later renamed Lintao Road), Fengxiang Road, Qingyuan Road, Yanyan Road and Jingzhaofu Road. Longnan in Gansu and Hanzhong in Shaanxi belong to Lizhou West Road and Lizhou East Road in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Ankang District in Shaanxi belongs to Jingnan Road in the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, the Tibetan and other tribes were still entrenched in Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu, and the descendants of the Khitans who fled after being hunted down by the Jurchens established the Western Liao State in most of Xinjiang. The central and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia are Jinchao Xijing Road, Beijing Road and Shangjing Road, of which Beijing Road is located in present-day Linxi County, Inner Mongolia. The Hulunbuir grassland in northeastern Inner Mongolia is one of the birthplaces of the Mongolian people.

The descendants of the Mongols who originated and walked out of here established the Yuan Dynasty in the 12th century, and the Yuan Dynasty had Shaanxi Province in central Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and southern Inner Mongolia, and Gansu Province in Hexi in present-day northwestern Gansu, western Inner Mongolia, eastern Qinghai, and eastern Xinjiang, and the Hulunbuir grassland in Inner Mongolia and the Altay region of Xinjiang belonged to Lingbei Province, and the southwestern part of Shaanxi and the southernmost part of Gansu belonged to Sichuan Province. In addition, southwestern Gansu, most of Qinghai and Tibet were under the jurisdiction of the Xuanzheng Yuan, and the central and western parts of Xinjiang were under the jurisdiction of the Chagatai Khanate. It was also during the same period that Tibet, Qinghai and the southwestern Tibetan areas of Gansu were added to China's territory.

During the Ming Dynasty, in present-day Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and eastern Qinghai, it belonged to the former Shaanxi Province, of which the Hexi region of Gansu belonged to the former Shaanxi Dusi. In the Qaidam Basin in the northern part of Qinghai, there are the Tatar Tumut tribe, the eastern part of Xinjiang has the Turpan Uighur region, the central and western Xinjiang region has the Yarkand region, the Ili Prefecture in the northwest of Xinjiang has the Kazakh department, the northern Xinjiang part belongs to the Warat department, and most of Inner Mongolia belongs to the Tatar department. Southwest Gansu, most of Qinghai and Tibet belong to the Wusi-Tibet Propaganda Division and the Duogandu Propaganda Division.

By the time of the Qing Dynasty, the entire territory of Inner Mongolia had been incorporated into the Chinese territory, and the former Shaanxi Province was divided into Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, of which the original Gansu Province also included today's eastern Qinghai and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Inner Mongolia covers northern Shaanxi and a small part of Gansu. At that time, Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, belonged to Gansu Province. Most of present-day Qinghai belongs to the former Qinghai Province, but the administrative center is located in the former Xining City, Gansu Province. At this time, the territory of Tibet and Xinjiang took shape.

During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1862), some Hui people who claimed to be "descendants of Islam" (such as Bai Yanhu) encircled and suppressed the "Han people" in Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces in the name of appeasing the Han people, and merged with the British foreign force Agubai from Xinjiang, often burning and plundering these Han villages, repelling the Qing army many times, and causing great damage to Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces. In a critical situation, the late Qing Dynasty politician Zuo Zongtang (1812~1885) fought with Bai Yanhu and other "Hui people's army". Hui troops such as Bai Yanhu and foreign forces such as Agubai fled to Xinjiang and even to Central Asia, and were called "Dungan people". Zuo Zongtang thus recaptured Xinjiang from Agubai and incorporated Xinjiang into China's territory.

During the Republic of China (1912-1949), Xining and Haidong, which originally belonged to Gansu Province, were included in present-day Qinghai Province. At this time, Tibet, Xikang, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia, Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Xing'an, Liaobei and other provinces were established in the northwest region one after another. The western part of the present-day Tibet Autonomous Region is Tibet, and the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region to the west of the Jinsha River is part of Xikang Province. Mongolia, which has not seceded from independence, is actually part of Northwest China. At that time, Ningxia Province included the northern part of the present-day Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Wuhai City and Alxa League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Suiyuan Province encompasses the cities north of the Great Wall in present-day Shaanxi Province and the cities of Ordos, Bayannur, Hohhot, Baotou and Ulanqab in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Chahar Province included the eastern part of present-day Ulanqab City and Xilin Gol League in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province and Yanqing County in Beijing City. Rehe Province includes Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Chaoyang City, Fuxin City, Jianchang County, Huludao City, Chengde City, Hebei Province, Qinglong County, Qinhuangdao City, and Huairou District, Beijing City. Liaobei Province includes Tongliao City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baicheng City, Songyuan City, Siping City in Jilin Province, and Tieling City in Liaoning Province. Hung Yen Province includes present-day Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and other places. The southern part of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is still part of Gansu Province.

In 1932, after the September 18 incident, Japan supported the former Qing Dynasty emperor Pu Yi to establish the "puppet state of Manchukuo". The provinces of Rehe, Hung Yen West, Hung Yen East, Hung Yen South, Hung Yen North and the southern part of Longjiang Province (such as Tuquan County) under this "state" all occupy parts of today's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a number of ethnic minority regions in the northwest region were successively "liberated" and four autonomous regions of ethnic minorities were established in turn.

On May 1, 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established, and the capital was Ulanhot City of the Xing'an League (later moved to Hohhot). This is the first provincial-level administrative division (ethnic minority autonomous region) established under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is dominated by the Mongolian ethnic group (whose language belongs to the Altaic language family-Mongolian language family), and the Mongolian language (belonging to the Uighur phonetic script) is commonly spoken, and the religious beliefs are mainly Tibetan Buddhism, Christianity, and Catholicism.

In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded. Ningxia Province and Suiyuan Province, located in the western part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, still retain their administrative structure, and the southern part of the present-day Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region still belongs to Gansu Province. The Xilin Gol League, which originally belonged to Chahar Province, the Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City), which originally belonged to Rehe Province, the area north of the Xilamulun River, the Zhelimu League (now Tongliao City), which originally belonged to Liaobei Province, and the Xing'an League and Hulunbuir League (now Hulunbuir City), which originally belonged to Xing'an Province, united to form the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region". The southern part of Chifeng City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region still belongs to Rehe Province.

In 1955, the Qamdo region was abolished along with Xikang Province and included in the present-day Tibet Autonomous Region along with Tibet. Rehe Province was abolished, and parts of the former Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) and Zhelimu League (now Tongliao City) in the province were included in the present-day Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

On October 1, 1955, Xinjiang was officially liberated peacefully. During this period, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was established with the capital of present-day Urumqi. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is dominated by the Uyghur people (whose language belongs to the Altaic language family, Turkic language family, and Qarluq language branch), and the Uyghur script (Arabic phonetic script) is commonly spoken, and the religious belief is mainly Islam. Since then, a new chapter has been opened in which all ethnic groups represented by the Uygur nationality work together in unity, struggle and develop together. Urumqi is a "holy city" in the hearts of countless people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, represented by the Uyghur people around the world.

On October 25, 1958, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established, with Yinchuan as its capital. At this time, Haiyuan, Guyuan and other places under the former Gansu Province were included in the present-day Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is dominated by the Hui (common Chinese), using Chinese characters, and its religious beliefs are mainly Islamic. In the same year, even earlier, on March 5, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, located in the southwest region, was established, with the capital city of Nanning. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is dominated by the Zhuang people (whose language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, Zhuang-Dong language family, and Zhuang Dai language branch), and the Latin Zhuang language is commonly spoken, and the religious beliefs are similar to those of the Han people.

On September 9, 1965, Tibet was officially liberated peacefully (the first liberation was in 1953), and the "peasant slave (serf) system" that had plagued Tibet and the Tibetan areas of the four provinces (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu) for thousands of years was formally abolished, and the internal class rule in the Tibetan areas was overthrown. Millions of Tibetan people have "turned into serfs and sang," and through socialist transformation, Tibet has embarked on the road of socialist development and implemented the system of regional ethnic autonomy. During this period, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established with the capital of present-day Lhasa. Lhasa is the "holy city" in the minds of countless Tibetans around the world. The Tibet Autonomous Region is dominated by Tibetans (the language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Tibeto-Burman language family, and the Tibetan language branch), and the common Tibetan language (belonging to the North Brahmi phonetic script), and the religious beliefs are mainly Tibetan Buddhism.

In 1963, Shangdu County, which originally belonged to Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, was included in Ulanqab City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In 1969, in order to adapt to the international situation, the Alxa Left Banner and Ejina Banner of the Alxa League under the former Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were transferred to the Alxa (Ejina) Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, and the Alxa Right Banner was transferred to the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Alxa Mongolian Autonomous County was established. The Alxa League was officially revoked. At the same time, the Zhaowuda League (present-day Chifeng City), the Hulunbuir League (present-day Hulunbuir City), the Xing'an League, and the Zhelimu League in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were included in present-day Liaoning, Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces respectively.

In 1979, the Alxa Right Banner and Ejina Banner of Gansu Province, the Alxa Left Banner of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) of Liaoning Province, the Xing'an League and Zhelimu League of Jilin Province (now Tongliao City), and the Hulunbuir League (now Hulunbuir City) of Heilongjiang Province were successively transferred back to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

At this time, the territory of Shaanxi Province has not changed greatly.

So far, the administrative division pattern of the northwest region has finally taken shape.

Today, Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province in the northwest region, was historically the ancient capital of 13 dynasties, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Xinmang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Former Zhao, the Former Qin, the Later Qin, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. In particular, the "Zhou" (1046-770 BC, i.e., "Western Zhou"), "Qin" (221-206 BC), "Han" (206-8 BC, i.e., "Western Han") and "Tang" (618-907), which founded the capital of Xi'an (formerly Chang'an), are among the four most glorious dynasties in the entire history of China. Among them, "Zhou (Dynasty)" opened the establishment of the "feudal system" in ancient China, "Qin (Dynasty)" laid the earliest "great unification" and "great integration" of ethnic groups in China's territory, "Han (Dynasty)" named China's "Juche Nation" and "Mainstream Culture", and "Tang (Dynasty)" put Chinese history on the "highest peak" of unprecedented times to the world. The "Chinatowns" that are now all over the world are proof that Chinese wanderers scattered abroad should not forget that their "roots" come from China and from the "Tang Dynasty".

Today's Xi'an is one of the country's first batch of famous historical and cultural cities, and can be as famous in the world as Athens in Greece, Cairo in Egypt, and Rome in Italy. In China, it is also comparable to Beijing, the "capital" of today, Luoyang, which is also the "ancient capital of the Thirteen Dynasties", and Nanjing, the "ancient capital of the Six Dynasties". Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia, which is also located in the northwest region, was the capital of the Western Xia Dynasty that competed with the Liao, Jin and Song dynasties in ancient times. Chifeng City, located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, had three national capitals of the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty respectively, namely "Liao Shangjing", "Liao Zhongjing" and "Jin Beijing". Also in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on the grassland of the Xilin Gol League, there is a large-scale ruins of the "Yuan Shangdu", which was one of the capitals of the once famous Mongol dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty (1234-1368). In 2012, the "Yuan Shangdu Ruins" was included in the list of "World Cultural Heritage" by UNESCO. In addition, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qian, Di, Qiang and other "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" and the "Northern and Southern Dynasties" states, as well as some regimes of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, also regarded a certain town in the northwest region, such as Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and other places in Gansu, as the capital of some regimes.

geography

Location: Between 26° and 54° N (28 degrees of latitude) and 73° and 127° E (54 degrees of longitude). Shaanxi Province is between 31° and 40° north latitude and 105° and 112° east longitude (9 degrees latitude and 7 degrees longitude), Gansu Province is between 32° and 43° north latitude and 92° and 109° east longitude (11 degrees latitude and 17 degrees longitude), Qinghai Province is between 31° and 40° north latitude and 89° and 104° east longitude (9 degrees latitude and 15 degrees longitude), and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is between 35° and 40° north latitude and 104° and 108° east longitude ( The difference between 5 degrees of latitude and 4 degrees of longitude) is between 34° and 50° north latitude and 73° and 97° east longitude (a difference of 16 latitudes and 24 degrees of longitude), the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is between 37° and 54° north latitude and 97° and 127° east longitude (a difference of 17 latitudes and 30 degrees of longitude), and the Tibet Autonomous Region is between 26° and 37° north latitude and 78° and 100° east longitude (a difference of 11 latitudes and 22 degrees of longitude). It stretches from the foot of the valley of the Assam Plain in the south of the Himalayas in Langpo Township, Cuona County, Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, to the north of Erguna City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the main channel area of the Ergun River (Heilongjiang) at the junction with Russia in the north. It stretches from Aktao County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the west, a snow-capped mountain on the Pamir Plateau at the junction with Tajikistan in the west, to the Daxinganling Mountains on the border with Heilongjiang Province in the east of the Oroqen Autonomous Banner in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Heilongjiang Province in the east.

According to the easternmost to westernmost distribution, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is from the Nenjiang Big Bend of the Oroqen Banner of Hulunbuir City (E126.08°) to the Menggan Junction of the Ejina Banner of the Alxa League (E97.18°), the Yellow River of Huangfu Town, Fugu County, Yulin City (E111.25°) to Majiashan, Qingmuchuan Town, Ningqiang County, Hanzhong City (E105.50°), and the Gansu Province is Taibai Mountain, Taibai Town, Heshui County, Qingyang City (E108.71°) to Heping Township, Aksai County, Jiuquan City (E92.34°) , Qinghai Province is Xiadong Village, Longzhi Township, Minhe County, Haidong Province (E103.07°) to Kunlun Mountain Uninhabited Area, Suojia Township, Zhiduo County, Yushu Prefecture (E89.43°), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is Liushuliang (E107.66°), Yanchi County, Wuzhong City, Liushuliang (E107.66°) to Ganningmengsan Junction, Shapotou District, Zhongwei City (E104.29°), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is Xinganmeng Junction, Qincheng Township, Yizhou District, Hami City (E96.38°) to Pamir Plateau, Muji Township, Aktao County, Kizil Suzhou ( E73.51°), the Tibet Autonomous Region is Jinsha River, Huorong Village, Suoduoxi Township, Mangkang County, Changdu City (E99.09°), to Gaia Mountain, Qusong Township, Zada County, Ali Prefecture (E78.40°). Among them, a snow-capped mountain on the northwest side of Muji Township, Aktao County, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the westernmost point of the People's Republic of China, located at 39.38°N latitude and 73.51°E longitude. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the only province in the country that spans North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China at the same time, and is also the province with the most latitudes and longitudes (spanning 17 latitudes and 30 degrees of longitude).

According to the southernmost to northernmost distribution, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a desert (N37.42°) in Wendurletu Town, Alxa Left Banner, Alxa League, to the junction of the Erguna River and Heilongjiang River in Erguna City, Hulunbuir City, Shaanxi Province is Wangjiawan Daba Mountain (N31.71°), Huaping Township, Zhenping County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province to Koujiagou, an ancient town in Fugu County, Yulin City (N39.59°), and Majiaqiao Village, Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Longnan City in Gansu Province (N32.60°) to the Sino-Mongolian border of Mamanshan Town, Subei County, Jiuquan City (N42.79°), Jiqu Township, Nangqian County, Yushu Prefecture (N31.61°) in Qinghai Province to Shule Heyuan, Suli Township, Tianjun County, Haixi Prefecture (N39.19°), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to Chaonahugou (N35.24°), Jingheyuan Town, Jingyuan County, Guyuan City, to the Yellow River Bank of the Third Team, Huinong District, Shizuishan City (N39.37°), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to Kunlun Mountain Uninhabited Area in Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture (N34.34°) to Youyi Peak, Hemu Township, Burjin County, Altay Prefecture (N49.17°), Tibet Autonomous Region is the southern mountainous area of Cuona County, Shannan City (E26.86°), and to Kunlun Mountain Uninhabited Area (N36.48°), Shuanghu County, Nagqu City.

The Northwest Territories are different from the "Northwest Territories" in physical geography, which is the western region in terms of regional division. In the southwest of the region, there is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average altitude of more than 4,000 meters.

Tibetan areas such as Tibet, Qinghai, southeastern Gansu and southern Xinjiang on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are all covered here. The Himalayas in the south, between China and India, Nepal, Bhutan and other countries, have an average altitude of more than 6,000 meters, and the highest peak, Mount Everest, is 8,848.86 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the world and is known as the "king of mountains". Next to Mount Everest, there are more than 10 snow-capped mountains with an altitude of more than 8,000 meters.

The Pamir Plateau to the northwest is the westernmost point of China. Located at the commanding heights of southwestern Xinjiang, it connects the Hindu Kush Mountains from West Asia, Central Asia and South Asia with the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Karakoram Mountains next to it are majestic and steep. The highest peak, Chogori Peak (also known as "K2"), is the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 meters above sea level, and is known as the "National Mountain".

The Kunlun Mountains in the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which stretches between Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai, separates the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Qaidam Basin and the Tarim Basin in the Xinjiang Plateau, and is known as the "Chinese Dragon Vein".

There are many mountain ranges around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including the Qilian Mountains in the northeast, the Minshan, Xiyanshan, Qionglai, Daxue and Shaluli Mountains in the Bayankala Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains in the southeast, the Tanggula Mountains and Mangkang Mountains, the Ta Nian Taweng Mountains, and the Nianqing Tanggula Mountains, the Beshula Mountains and the Gangrigab Mountains in the southeast. There are the Himalayas in the southwest, the Karakoram and the Pamirs in the northwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the north, and the Gangdis Mountains in the middle.

The Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Lancang River and their various tributaries originate from the Qinghai Plateau in the northwest, and some of them go eastward, some go south, and finally all merge into the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea in the Pacific Ocean, feeding the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization and the long historical civilization of Southeast Asia, and is the "mother river" of the people of East Asia and Southeast Asia.

The Nu and Dulong rivers flow south along Qinghai and the Tanggula and Nianqing Tanggula Mountains in Tibet, and finally join the Andaman Sea in the Indian Ocean in Myanmar.

The Ganges River and the Brahmaputra River flow between the Gangdis Mountains, the Himalayas, the Nenchen Tanggula Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains in the southern part of the Tibetan Plateau, carrying the wind and sand swept from the main peak of the Gangdis Mountains, Mount Kailash, and finally join the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean between India and Bangladesh, becoming the mother river that feeds the civilization of the South Asian subcontinent.

There is a tributary of the Ganges called "Pengqu", which surrounds the world's highest peak, Mount Everest. The Indus River swerves straight down the northwestern Tibetan Plateau, out of the valley on the eastern side of the Hindu Kush, and finally joins the Arabian Sea in the Indian Ocean in Pakistan.

The Xilian Mountains are located at the easternmost tip of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, spanning Qinghai and south of the Yellow River in Gansu. To the south is the Ferris Ridge, which stretches between Gansu and Sichuan. In China, the Chinese part of the 14 peaks above 8,000 meters above sea level, including the world's highest peak, Mount Everest (8,848.86 meters) and Qiaogori Peak, are all in the northwest region. The lowest point in Chinese mainland - Ayding Lake (-155 m), the extreme maximum of precipitation in China - Baxika (10,000 mm, average 4,500 mm) in Metuo County, Tibet, the extreme minimum of precipitation in China - Tuoxun in Xinjiang (less than 4 mm), the extreme maximum temperature in China - Turpan Flaming Mountain in Xinjiang (52 °C), the extreme minimum temperature in China - Genhe in Inner Mongolia (-60 °C), where the altitude is high and low, the water is dry and wet, and the temperature is hot and cold, these are all in the northwest region.

To the east of the Tibetan Plateau is the Loess Plateau, through which the Yellow River flows and carries the sediment of its tributaries to the Bohai Sea. It spans Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and parts of Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei. The Loess Plateau is bordered by the Qinling Mountains in the south, which is the geographical boundary between southern and northern China, and the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basin.

The highest peak of the Qinling Mountains is Taibai Mountain, located in the south-central part of Shaanxi Province, with an altitude of 3,767 meters, which is the highest peak east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Chinese mainland and the "highest peak" revered by ancient Chinese before Mount Everest was confirmed.

To the south of the Qinling Mountains is Daba Mountain, and the Han River and Jialing River, tributaries of the Yangtze River, are in the valley between the Qinling Mountains and the Daba Mountains, and they come from the lofty mountains of Shaanxi or Gansu respectively, and they either go all the way east to Wuhan in the Jianghan Plain, or all the way south to Chongqing in the Sichuan Basin, and finally join hands next to the Three Gorges to merge into the Yangtze River and join the arms of the East China Sea.

To the north of the Loess Plateau and to the east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the Inner Mongolia Plateau. On the southern side of the Mongolian Plateau, various tributaries on the north bank of the Yellow River and the Yongding and Luan rivers, tributaries of the Haihe River, the upper source of the Xiliao River and the Heilongjiang River, and the Nenjiang River, the western source of the tributary Songhua River, all originate here, and they all flow into the Pacific Ocean.

There is the Great Khing'an Mountains in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, which is the boundary between Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces. To the south are the Yinshan Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains, which are the geographical boundaries between the farming and nomadic peoples of the mainland, where the Great Wall winds and the 400 mm isoprecipitation line.

To the west of the Mongolian Plateau is the Xinjiang Plateau, south of which is the Tarim Basin and the Taklamakan Desert with an average annual precipitation of less than 50 mm, and to the north of which are the fertile Junggar Basin and the Gurbantunggut Desert. Between the two basins of Tarim and Junggar, there is a barrier, which is covered with snow and hangs high in the sky, so it is called "Tianshan".

The Tien Shan Mountains connect the Pamir Plateau with the Mongolian Plateau, separating the Tarim Basin in the south and the Junggar Basin in the north. There are Bogda Mountain in the east of Tianshan, Wusun Mountain, Tacheng North Mountain, and Aktau Mountain in the west.

To the west of the Tien Shan Mountains is the Ili River Valley, which is saturated with water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. To the south of the Tien Shan Mountains is the Turpan Basin, home to the lowest point in Chinese mainland, Ayding Lake, 155 meters below sea level, and the Flaming Mountain, the country's hottest extreme temperature (52°C). To the north of the Junggar Basin is the Altai Mountains, which straddle China's Xinjiang with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and other countries.

In the Junggar Basin south of the Altai Mountains, a river flows through Kazakhstan and Russia into the Arctic Ocean, the Irtysh River, the upper source of the Ob River, and is the only major river in China that flows to the North Pole.

The Altai Mountains connect the Xinjiang Plateau with the Mongolian Plateau, extending eastward to the Sayan Mountains, Hangai Mountains, and Kent Mountains in Mongolia, and to the Daxinganling Mountains in Inner Mongolia.

To the south of the Tarim Basin is the Kunlun Mountains, and to the north of the Kunlun Mountains is the Qaidam Basin, which is famous for its rich mineral energy sources such as oil, coal and salt alkali. The Qaidam Basin lies in the north of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, surrounded by the uninhabited area of Qinghai Lake in the east, the uninhabited area of Hoh Xil in the south, the uninhabited area of Tarim in the west, and the uninhabited area of Altun Mountain in the north.

Between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Xinjiang Plateau and the Loess Plateau, there is a famous traffic artery - the Hexi Corridor, known as the "East Asian Land Malacca Strait", which is the land part of the Silk Road Economic Belt and an important channel for economic and trade between ancient China and the West and other countries in the world, and the frontier of opening up to Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia and other border areas and Asian, European and African countries.

There are many endorheic rivers and endorheic lakes in the Northwest. For example, China's longest inland rivers - the Tarim River, the Peacock River, the Cherchen River in Xinjiang, the Shule River in Gansu and the Lop Nur and Taitma Lake that flow here, the Juyan Sea in the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the famous river in the Hexi Corridor - the "weak water 3,000" Heihe River, the Shiyang River in Gansu that flows in the east of the Hexi Corridor, the largest lake in China (saltwater lake) - Qinghai Lake, the larger lakes in the Tibetan Plateau, Namco, Serinco, Mapanyongco, Yangzhuo Yongcuo, Laangcuo, Chaka Salt Lake and Hala Lake on the Qinghai Plateau, Pangong Tso on the border between Xinjiang and Tibet, Dalinor, Huangqihai and Daihai in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Ulagai Gol River flowing on the Ulagai grassland, Ulungu Lake, Aibi Lake and Sailim Lake in the northern Xinjiang Plateau, Bosten Lake and Ayding Lake on the southern Xinjiang Plateau, and Hongyanao in the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi Province and Aksaisha Lake in Gansu Province in the Yellow River inflow area.

There are also many freshwater lakes, such as Wuliangsuhai on the north bank of the Yellow River in the south of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Hulun Lake and Bear Lake on the east side of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Zhaling Lake and Ngoling Lake in the southeast of the Qinghai Plateau, Yigongcuo and Ranwu Lake in the southeast of the Tibet Plateau, Sand Lake in the Ningxia Plain, Kanas Lake on the Irtysh River in northern Xinjiang, etc. Some of them are the headwaters of many inland rivers and lakes, and some are "outflow lakes" in the true sense of the word – and some of these real outflow lakes flow into the Yellow River, some into the Yangtze River, some into the Lancang River, some into the Heilongjiang River, and some into various unknown rivers and lakes.

Northwest China encompasses more than half of the country's land area, and most of it is located north and west of the "Hu Huanyong Line" and the 400 mm isoprecipitation line. Most of the land in the arid and semi-arid regions of the northwest and the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region, as well as the northwest part of the eastern monsoon region, are located here. Northwest China has always been bordered by 11 land countries, including Myanmar in Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan in South Asia, Afghanistan in West Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in Central Asia, Mongolia in East Asia, and Russia in Europe.

The area of Xinjiang Autonomous Region alone -- 1.66 million square kilometers -- is larger than the total area of Qinghai (730,000), Gansu (460,000), Shaanxi (210,000), and Ningxia (60,000), and is also larger than the total area of the five southwestern provinces and autonomous regions, the four provinces and municipalities in North China, the 12 provinces and municipalities in East China, the three northeastern provinces and the four cities in eastern Inner Mongolia, and the three central and southern provinces combined, accounting for one-sixth of China's land area.

In addition, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is the largest prefecture-level administrative region in the country with an area of 480,000 square kilometers – equivalent to the Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Heilongjiang Province. Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture is the largest county-level administrative region in the country with an area of 200,000 square kilometers – the size of Ruoqiang County, the size of Guangdong Province. Ruoqiang County is the largest township-level administrative region in the country with 50,000 square kilometers – the equivalent of two Hainan provinces – and the largest township-level administrative region in the country. Therefore, there is a saying that "if you don't go to Xinjiang, you don't know how big China is". In addition, the Tibet Autonomous Region, the second largest in the country, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the third largest, and the fourth largest (i.e., the first "province") Qinghai Province are also located in the northwest region.

Historically, Northwest China was the birthplace of Chinese civilization and the birthplace of the Chinese nation and culture. The region is also known as a "treasure trove of energy" - it contains a large number of nationally strategic, non-renewable resources such as oil from Xinjiang, metals from Tibet, iron ore (steel) from Qinghai, coal from Shaanxi, rare earths from Ningxia, gold from Gansu, and natural gas from Inner Mongolia. Today, Inner Mongolia solar energy, Tibet hydropower, Gansu nuclear energy, ...... These have constituted an important renewable energy source in Northwest China, laying a solid foundation for promoting national environmental protection and sustainable development of human society.

At present, the Northwest Territories has 8 World Heritage Sites listed by UNESCO, accounting for more than 13% of the total 59 World Heritage Sites in the country. Its Chinese heritage has 6 items: the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit in Shaanxi, the Mogao Grottoes and the Jiayuguan Great Wall in Gansu, the Silk Road Network in Xinjiang, the Yuan Shangdu Ruins in Inner Mongolia and the Potala Palace in Tibet. 2 natural heritage sites: Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang and Hoh Xil in Qinghai.

According to the topographical classification, the natural landscapes of Northwest China from east to west can be divided into five categories: forest and grassland (Inner Mongolia), Loess Plateau (Shaanxi, Ningxia), Gobi Beach (Gansu), desert oasis (Xinjiang) and snowy plateau (Qinghai and Tibet).

Northwest China is deep inland, far from the sea, coupled with the high plateau and mountain terrain to block the moist airflow, resulting in scarce precipitation and arid climate in this region, forming a vast desert and Gobi beach landscape. Only a few areas in the southeast of the western region have a temperate monsoon climate, and most of the other areas have a temperate continental climate and an alpine climate, with severe cold and dry winters, high temperatures in summer, and scarce precipitation, showing a decreasing trend from east to west. Due to the arid climate, there are large diurnal and annual variations in temperature. Most of Northwest China has a continental climate of the middle temperate zone and a warm temperate zone, and some of them belong to the alpine climate. The Turpan Basin, located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the hottest area in the country in summer. Tuoxun County in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has the lowest precipitation in the country.

The Northwest Territories encompasses all topographical and climatic features except the sea (including beaches, seashores, islands, etc.). Such as plateaus (Qinghai-Tibet, Loess, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, etc.), basins (Qaidam, Tarim, Junggar, Turpan, Ili, etc.), plains (Guanzhong Plain, Hetao Plain, etc.), mountains (Himalayas, Tanggula Mountains, Gangdis Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakoram Mountains, Tianshan Mountains, Altai Mountains, Hengduan Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Nianqing Tanggula Mountains, Altun Mountains, Riyue Mountains, Qinghai Nanshan, Yin Mountains, Helan Mountains, Qinling Mountains, Daxing'an Mountains, etc.), hills (southern Shaanxi hills), etc. Of course, there are also snow-capped mountains (including glaciers), grasslands, deserts (including oases), forests, volcanoes, Gobi, fertile soils, saline-alkali lands, rivers, lakes, etc. All kinds of topography and landforms are in full view, and it is a condensed "encyclopedia of Chinese geography".

Among the four major basins in the country, the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, the Junggar Basin and the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai are located in the northwest region, all of which are known for their "drought, lack of rainfall and lack of water". Among them, the Tarim Basin is located in the southern part of Xinjiang (commonly known as "Southern Xinjiang") in the vast area south of the Tianshan Mountains, north of the Kunlun Mountains, east of Lop Nur, and west of the Pamir Plateau. The Junggar Basin is located in the northern part of Xinjiang (commonly known as "Northern Xinjiang") in the vast area north of the Tianshan Mountains, south of the Altai Mountains, west of the Mongolian Gobi, and east of the Ili River Valley. Both the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin are part of the "Xinjiang Plateau". The Qaidam Basin may actually be part of the Tibetan Plateau, which is located northwest of Qinghai Province and borders Xinjiang and Gansu. It is bordered by the Altun Mountains in the north, the Qilian Mountains in the east, the Kunlun Mountains in the south, and the Tarim Basin in the west. In addition, the Turpan Basin, located south of the Tianshan Mountains and north of the Tarim Basin in eastern Xinjiang, and the Ili Basin, located on the north and south sides of the Tianshan Mountains in northwestern Xinjiang, are also part of the "Xinjiang Plateau". In addition, the Jialing River in the upper reaches of the Sichuan Basin, one of the four major basins in the country, also occupies a part of Gansu, Shaanxi and other provinces. The Junggar Basin, the Tarim Basin, the Turpan Basin, and the Ili Basin, together with their surrounding Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, and the Pamir Plateau, form the "Xinjiang Plateau".

Four of the country's five major plateaus are located in the northwest region: the Loess Plateau, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Xinjiang Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province, is located in the geometric center of China's geographical map and at the intersection of the Loess, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia plateaus.

Among them, the Loess Plateau is famous for its "loose soil, many fissures, vertical and horizontal valleys, excessive loess deposits (more than 100 meters, up to 200 meters), and serious soil erosion". It covers central Gansu, southern Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, eastern Qinghai and southern Inner Mongolia.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has an average altitude of 3,000-4,000 meters (the highest point is Mount Everest in Tibet at an altitude of 8,849 meters), with many snow-capped mountains and glaciers, and is known for its "higher terrain, cold climate, thin air, lower air pressure, clean atmosphere, less oxygen content, more lakes, and stronger ultraviolet rays", and is the main source of many rivers in Asia (such as the Yellow River, Yangtze River, Nu River, Lancang River, Indus River and Ganges River). It covers all of Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu.

The Xinjiang Plateau has many deserts (such as the Taklamakan Desert, Gurbantunggut Desert, Kumtag Desert, Turpan Desert, etc.) and oases (such as the Tarim River Plain, Hotan River Plain, Ili River Valley, etc.), with low precipitation, large evaporation, arid climate (uniform precipitation in some areas), hot summer, cold winter, abundant sunshine, strong solar radiation, large temperature difference between day and night, suitable for the growth and development of various crops such as melons and fruits. Located in the northwest of Gansu Province, the Hexi Corridor is the eastern extension of the Xinjiang Plateau. It is bordered by the Loess Plateau in the east by the Wusheling Mountains, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west by the Qilian Mountains, and the Mongolian Plateau by the Longshou Mountain, Heli Mountain and Horsehair Mountain in the northeast. Historically, it has been the most important base for cultural and economic exchanges between the four major plateaus (Xinjiang, Qinghai-Tibet, Loess and Inner Mongolia) and the world's eastern and western countries, and is the key hub of the ancient Silk Road and the "New Eurasian Land Bridge in the 21st century". The Xinjiang Plateau covers the entire territory of Xinjiang and the Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province.

Inner Mongolia high principle to "cold winter, cool summer, spring and autumn distinct" as the characteristics, more grasslands, wetlands and swamps, flat terrain, high altitude, gentle ups and downs, broad vision, less mountains, the climate is more arid, wind and sand are widespread, "more forests in the east, more deserts in the west", mineral resources are relatively rich, very suitable for cattle, sheep and horses and other types of livestock breeding. It covers the northeast of Gansu, the north of Ningxia, the northernmost part of Shaanxi and the whole of Inner Mongolia (except the southern region).

area

The total land area of Northwest China is 5,522,300 square kilometers, accounting for 57% of the country. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, located in Northwest China, is the largest provincial-level administrative division in terms of land area, accounting for more than one-sixth of China's total land area (9,652,700 square kilometers) and more than 30% of the total land area of Northwest China. At the same time, it is also more than Beijing (16,900 square kilometers), Tianjin (11,400 square kilometers), Hebei (187,800 square kilometers), Shanxi (156,400 square kilometers), Shanghai (6,400 square kilometers), Jiangsu (102,700 square kilometers), Zhejiang (102,100 square kilometers), Anhui (139,800 square kilometers), Shandong (153,900 square kilometers), Henan (167,100 square kilometers), Hubei (186,000 square kilometers), The sum of the land areas of 13 provinces (municipalities), including Hunan (211,900 square kilometers) and Shaanxi (205,700 square kilometers), is even larger (1,648,100 square kilometers). At the same time, it is also larger than the land area of the other "four northwestern provinces" (Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Ningxia) except Tibet and Inner Mongolia (144.91).

Most of the provinces in the northwest region are known for their "huge area", such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, etc. For example, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has a maximum span of more than 1,770 kilometers from north to south, which is equivalent to the straight-line distance from Beijing to Guangzhou. The maximum span from east to west is more than 1,900 kilometers, which is equivalent to the straight-line distance from Shanghai to Xining. Located in the western part of Xinjiang, Kashgar is the closest city to Europe on the mainland. Kashgar is more than 3,400 kilometers from Beijing, 4,100 kilometers to Shanghai, more than 4,000 kilometers to Guangzhou, and only 3,300 kilometers to Moscow, the capital of Russia, a European country, which is much shorter than the straight-line distance from Kashgar to Beijing. It is only more than 3,700 kilometers to Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, which is also a European country, which is much shorter than the straight-line distance from Kashgar to Shanghai. From the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang, the westernmost part of China, to the Black Blind Island in Heilongjiang, the easternmost part of China, the distance in a straight line is more than 4,800 kilometers, while it is only more than 4,700 kilometers to Berlin, the capital of Germany, and it is much closer to New Delhi, the capital of India (more than 1,200 kilometers), than to Urumqi (more than 1,260 kilometers). It is more than 6,000 kilometers from the westernmost tip of China to the Atlantic Ocean (including only more than 3,300 kilometers to the Mediterranean, more than 2,700 kilometers to the Black Sea, closer than to the capital Beijing (more than 3,500 kilometers)), more than 3,700 kilometers to the Pacific Ocean, more than 1,700 kilometers to the Indian Ocean, and only more than 3,000 kilometers to the Arctic Ocean. Laotuyere, Tuoli County, Tacheng District, Xinjiang, is the geographical center of the Eurasian continent. It is 480 kilometers away from Urumqi city in the southeast, located at 46 degrees 14 minutes north latitude, 83 degrees 36 minutes east longitude, and 590 meters above sea level. Here, it is more than 3,300 kilometers away from the Atlantic Ocean (Black Sea), more than 3,000 kilometers from the Arctic Ocean (Ob Sea), more than 2,700 kilometers from the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea), and more than 2,900 kilometers from the Pacific Ocean (Bohai Sea).

It is precisely because of this that the time difference between Xinjiang, Tibet and Qinghai, which are located in the "East 5th Zone" and "East 6th Zone", is about 2~3 hours later than Beijing. For example, when it is 8 o'clock in the morning in Beijing, which is located in the "East Eighth District", it is still 5 or 6 o'clock in the morning in Xinjiang, which is located in the "East Sixth District" (commonly known as "Xinjiang time"). At this time, the sun has not yet risen, the moon is still sleeping, and the time difference is similar to that of South Asian countries such as India and Pakistan. In Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other places, the time difference here is about 1 hour later than Beijing, similar to the time difference in Singapore, Thailand and other countries. In the Northeast region (especially Heilongjiang and Jilin), the time difference here is the same as that of Japan and South Korea, and about 1 hour earlier than Beijing, commonly known as the "East Kowloon District". In most of the central and eastern parts of the mainland, such as Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Hainan, Liaoning, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and other provinces and regions, the time used is the same as that of Beijing, which is basically the "East Eighth Zone". At present, all provinces (municipalities and districts) in the country adopt a unified "East Eight District Time" (commonly known as Beijing time).

When it comes to the "center," the northwest is certainly not far behind. The geometric center of China is located in Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, at 36 degrees 03 minutes north latitude and 103 degrees 40 minutes east longitude. There is only a straight-line distance of more than 2500~3500 kilometers from Lanzhou City to Mohe City in Heilongjiang Province, the easternmost Fuyuan City in Heilongjiang Province, the southernmost Zengmu Dark Sand in Hainan Province and the westernmost Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang. The origin of China's geography is located in Yongle Town, Jingyang County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, which is only more than 30 kilometers away from the provincial capital Xi'an. It is located at 34 degrees 32 minutes north latitude, 108 degrees 55 minutes east longitude, and is 410 meters above sea level. It is the reference point and starting point of the national geographic coordinates of the continent - latitude and longitude. It is also the reference point of the "1980 National Geodetic Coordinate System" established by using the method of Gaussian plane Cartesian coordinates. The China Physical Geographic Center is located in Jixinling, Zhenping County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province. It is adjacent to Wuxi County, Chongqing City and Zhuxi County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province, is the intersection of the northwest, southwest and central and southern regions, known as the "Three Provinces of Chicken Song", with an altitude of 1,890 meters, because it resembles the heart of the "rooster", which is equivalent to the heart of the Chinese territory. The National Time Service Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, located in Pucheng County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, is the first national standard time time service center built after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The standard time of the mainland, "Beijing Time" (East 8th District Time), is transmitted from here.

The land area of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1,661,000 square kilometers) is also larger than the combined land area of the provinces in one of China's other five administrative regions – 1,359,500 square kilometers in southwest China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Chongqing), 1,045,000 square kilometers in southeast China (Guangdong, Jiangxi, Shandong, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Hainan, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Macau), and 1,045,000 square kilometers in northeast China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) 788,400 square kilometers, 565,000 square kilometers in central and southern China (Hunan, Hubei, Henan) and 372,500 square kilometers in North China (Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing, Tianjin). In the ranking of land area of all provinces in the country, the top four are all exclusive to the northwest provinces. They are: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1,661,000 square kilometers), Tibet Autonomous Region (1,229,100 square kilometers), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1,183,100 square kilometers), and Qinghai Province (722,400 square kilometers), of which Qinghai Province is the largest "province" (non-autonomous region) in the country.

Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, located in the southeastern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, has a land area of 472,500 square kilometers, which is equivalent to more than the five provinces and cities of Jiangsu (102,700 square kilometers), Zhejiang (102,100 square kilometers), Fujian (121,400 square kilometers), Anhui (139,800 square kilometers) and Shanghai (6,400 square kilometers) combined, and also more than the land area of neighboring Gansu Province (454,500 square kilometers) It is also larger, and it is the largest prefecture-level administrative division in the country in terms of land area. Ruoqiang County, located under Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the largest county-level administrative division in China by land area. Ruoqiang County has a land area of 20.23 square kilometers, which is equivalent to the area of two Jiangsu provinces (205,400 square kilometers).

Lop Nur Town, located in Ruoqiang County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the largest township-level administrative division in China, with a land area of 51,000 square kilometers, equivalent to the area of three Beijing cities (50,700 square kilometers).

Because the northwest region, including Xinjiang, has a vast territory and a huge area, accounting for more than half of the country's land area, there is "no Xinjiang, no China's size." If you don't know the northwest, you don't know the breadth of China".

Northwest China has many wetlands, vast lakes and abundant aquatic plants, and is one of the areas with the most concentrated research on wetland resources and related ecological protection in China. At present, the total area of wetlands in Northwest China is 26.87 million hectares, accounting for more than half (50%) of the national (53.68 million hectares). Among them, Qinghai Province has 8.15 million hectares, ranking first in the country. This is followed by the Tibet Autonomous Region with 6.53 million hectares (second in the country), the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with 6.02 million hectares (third in the country), the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with 3.95 million hectares, the Gansu Province with 1.7 million hectares, the Shaanxi Province with 310,000 hectares, and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with 210,000 hectares.

The total wetland area in the southeast region is 11.1 million hectares, ranking second in the country, accounting for more than 20% of the country (53.68 million hectares). Among them, 2.83 million hectares are in Jiangsu Province, 1.76 million hectares in Guangdong Province, 1.74 million hectares in Shandong Province, 1.12 million hectares in Zhejiang Province, 1.05 million hectares in Anhui Province, 920,000 hectares in Jiangxi Province, 880,000 hectares in Fujian Province, 470,000 hectares in Shanghai and 330,000 hectares in Hainan Province.

The total wetland area in Northeast China is 7.55 million hectares, ranking third in the country, accounting for more than 14% of the country (53.68 million hectares). Among them, 5.15 million hectares are in Heilongjiang Province, 1.4 million hectares in Liaoning Province and 1 million hectares in Jilin Province.

The total wetland area in southwest China is 3.5 million hectares, ranking fourth in the country, accounting for more than 6% of the country (53.68 million hectares). Among them, 1.75 million hectares are in Sichuan Province, 760,000 hectares in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 570,000 hectares in Yunnan Province, 210,000 hectares in Guizhou Province, and 210,000 hectares in Chongqing Municipality.

The total area of wetlands in the central and southern regions is 3.2 million hectares, ranking fifth in the country, accounting for more than 5% of the country (53.68 million hectares). Among them, 1.55 million hectares are in Hubei Province, 1.02 million hectares in Hunan Province, and 630,000 hectares in Henan Province.

The total area of wetlands in North China is 1.46 million hectares, ranking sixth in the country, accounting for more than 2% of the country (53.68 million hectares). Among them, 950,000 hectares are in Hebei Province, 300,000 hectares in Tianjin, 160,000 hectares in Shanxi Province and 50,000 hectares in Beijing.

Most of the northwest region is located west and north of the "Hu Huanyong Line". The northwest region in the east and north of the "Hu Huanyong Line" mainly includes the Guanzhong Plain and the Hanjiang River Valley in Shaanxi Province, the Qingyang Valley and Longnan Valley in Gansu, and the West Liaohe Plain in Inner Mongolia. Except for Shaanxi, most of the land of the remaining six provinces (regions) is located in the west and north of the "Hu Huanyong Line".

The Northwest Territories is the "world of wilderness and desert" and is known as the "Desert Kingdom". On the mainland, there are giant deserts with an area of more than 1 million square kilometers, accounting for more than 13% of the country's total land area, while the northwest region accounts for almost more than 95%. The famous "Ten Deserts": the Taklamakan Desert, the Gurbantunggut Desert, the Turpan Desert and the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang, the Badain Jaran Desert, Ulan Buhe Desert, Mu Us Desert, Kubuqi Desert, Tengger Desert and the Qaidam Desert in Qinghai are all located in the northwest region. In addition, the Qiangtang Desert in northern Tibet, the Shapotou Desert in Ningxia, the Aksai Desert in Gansu and the Hongyanao Desert in Shaanxi are also a shining pearl in the "desert kingdom" in the northwest. In addition, the Hunshandak Sandy Land, Horqin Sandy Land and Hulunbuir Sandy Land, which are located in the southern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, are also located in the northwest region with low precipitation.

Due to the large evaporation in most areas, water resources are relatively scarce in Northwest China. At present, the total water resources of the country are 3,248.1 billion cubic meters, of which the northwest region ranks third, with 722.7 billion cubic meters (including 464.3 billion cubic meters in the Tibet Autonomous Region, 109.4 billion cubic meters in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 61.3 billion cubic meters in Qinghai Province, 42.6 billion cubic meters in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 27.2 billion cubic meters in Shaanxi Province, 16.9 billion cubic meters in Gansu Province, and 1 billion cubic meters in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region), accounting for more than 22% of the country. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region are the provinces with the largest and smallest freshwater resources reserves in China, respectively. However, the total per capita water resources ranked first with 20,966 cubic meters (including 125993 cubic meters in Tibet Autonomous Region, 13,132 cubic meters in Qinghai Province, 4,167 cubic meters in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1,226 cubic meters in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 1,171 cubic meters in Shaanxi Province, 910 cubic meters in Gansu Province, and 158 cubic meters in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region). The per capita water resources of the country is 4,912 cubic meters.

The northwest region is bordered by Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the northeast to the east, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan and Hubei provinces in the southeast, and Sichuan and Yunnan provinces and Chongqing Municipality in the south. It is bordered by Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and South Asian countries such as India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan in the southwest, Middle East (including West Asia and Africa) countries such as Afghanistan in the west, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and other Central Asian countries (including former Soviet Union member states) in the northwest, and East Asian countries such as Mongolia and European countries such as Russia in the north.

The national border of Northwest China is 14,747 kilometers long, accounting for more than 60% of the country (24,264 kilometers, including 14,747 kilometers in the northwest, 4,879 kilometers in the southwest and 4,638 kilometers in the northeast). It is an important transportation hub for the opening of the mainland and East Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia and other East Asian countries to Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa, and is the core area of the ancient "Land Silk Road Economic Belt" and "Ancient Tea Horse Road", and also connects South and North America and Oceania and other parts of the world through transportation facilities, cultural exchanges and economic trade. The border with Russia is 2,376 km long (Inner Mongolia 2,321 km, Xinjiang 55 km), Mongolia is 4,677 km long (Inner Mongolia 3,194 km, Xinjiang 1,417 km, Gansu 66 km), Kazakhstan is 1,534 km long (all in Xinjiang), Kyrgyzstan is 1,097 km long (all in Xinjiang), Tajikistan is 415 km long (all in Xinjiang), 91 km with Afghanistan (all in Xinjiang), and 600 km with Pakistan (all in Xinjiang) The border with India is 1,752 km (1,101 km in Tibet and 651 km in Xinjiang), 1,415 km long with Nepal (both in Tibet), 600 km with Bhutan (both in Tibet) and 190 km with Myanmar (both in Tibet). By province, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China has 5,860 kilometers (23% of the country's 24,264 kilometers and 39% of the 14,747 kilometers in the northwest), making it the longest border among all provinces in the country. This is followed by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with 5,515 km (second place), the Tibet Autonomous Region with 3,306 km (third place) and Gansu Province with 66 km.

Four of the country's nine borders are located in the northwest. They are the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Gansu Province. There are Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in the northeast, and Yunnan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in the southwest. Among them, Xinjiang is the only province in China that is completely adjacent to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tashkurgan County, which is subordinate to the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the only county in the country that "crosses five countries (China, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India) with one foot".

But in China, there are a large number of "three inherent territories" in the northwest that are disputed with foreign countries. These include:

1. Located in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region and in the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra River, the "Southern Tibet Region" is nominally sovereign over the mainland, but in fact it is the main area of the "pseudo-Arunachal" (Arunachal) illegally occupied by India. The area is located in a large area south of the so-called "McMahon Line," which the Chinese government clearly claims and is illegally recognized by the Indian government, and encompasses Cuona and Longzi counties in present-day Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Metuo, Chayu, Milin, and Lang counties in Nyingchi City, and borders Kachin State in northern Burma. It has a total area of 83,800 square kilometers (equivalent to one Chongqing municipality) and a population of 1.1 million people (2001). For this reason, the mainland does not recognize the legitimacy of India's control of the region or the establishment of such a state, and the "southern Tibetan region" of Tibet should be explicitly reserved on the mainland map.

2. Located in the "Doklam Area" at the junction of Yadong County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, India and Bhutan, with a total area of 109 square kilometers and a population of more than 1,000 people. The region is now under the control of the mainland, and India illegally claims that it has de facto control over the region.

3. "Aksaichin" (Aksaichin) located in parts of Hotan County and Moyu County, Hotan City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and parts of Ritu County, Ali Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, and India and Pakistan. Sovereignty is owned by China, and there is no sovereignty dispute with India or Pakistan. At present, the total area of the area is 42,700 square kilometers (roughly the size of four Tianjin cities), and it is a necessary place for the Xin-Tibet Highway. In order to protect the stability of the mainland's national defense and security, the "Aksai Chin region" should be clearly reserved on the map.

Mountains and water systems

The highest peak in the Northwest is Mount Everest, the "world's highest peak (the highest peak and the highest peak among multinational peaks)" discovered and observed by humans. Mount Everest, the main body is 8848.86 meters above sea level (that is, 8849 meters, 8848.13 meters in 1975, 8844.43 meters in 2005), and the altitude difference is 3649 meters (the highest point to the lowest point, the lowest point is the base camp of Mount Everest in Dingri County, Tibet at an altitude of 5200 meters). The mountain is triangular, and the main rock is composed of seabed blocks and sediments left from the ancient Mediterranean Sea (Tethys Ocean) in the Silurian and Devonian periods of the Paleozoic Era 3~400 million years ago. It was formed around 65 million years ago with the Himalayas, and it was in the critical period when the Indian Ocean plate, which originally belonged to the ancient continent of Gondwanaland, went northward and completed the first large-scale collision with the Eurasian plate, which originally belonged to the ancient continent of Laulasia. It is located in the southwest of the northwest region at the junction of Qudang Township and Tashi Zong Township of Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Sagarmatha District of Nepal. The southern slope region belongs to Nepal and is known as "Sagamatha" in Nepal, which is the highest peak in Nepal and even in South Asia. The northern slope area is in Qudang Township, Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, the mainland, directly called "Mount Everest" (Qomolangma), in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the peak is called "Zhu Mu Langma Alin" (Alin, Manchu means "mountain"), the highest peak in China and Tibet and the northwest region. The Dongpo area is located in Tashi Zong Township, Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and was originally called "Mt. Everest", which is also one of the main names (English names) of foreigners for Mount Everest. In Taiwan, Mount Everest is known as the "Peak of Our Lady" or "Huangji Liang". Mount Everest is the main peak of the Himalayas, located on the watershed of the Arun River (called "Pengqu" in Tibetan) and the Kosi River in the Ganges River basin of the Indian Ocean system, and is close to the Brahmaputra River basin, which nourishes Tibet.

The Himalayas are located in the southwest of Northwest China, bordering Nepal, Bhutan, India and Pakistan, and are the watershed of the Indus River and the Brahmaputra River in the Indian Ocean system, as well as one of the sources of the Ganges River that nourishes India. The average elevation of the Himalayas is around 6,000 meters. In addition to Mount Everest, which is 8,849 meters above sea level, there are also Lhoze (Lhoze, bordering Nepal, next to Mount Everest), the world's fifth, 8,464 meters above sea level, Cho-Oyu (Cho-Oyu), the world's sixth with an altitude of 8,201 meters, and the only mountain with an altitude of more than 8,000 meters in Tibet, China (mainly Nyalam County, Shigatse City) Shixapangma at 8,027 meters above sea level. At the junction of India (Sikkim) and Nepal south of China, there is the world's third highest peak with an altitude of 8,586 meters above sea level - Kanchenjunga (Kangchenjunga), in Nepal there are the world's seventh largest peak with an altitude of 8,167 meters above sea level (Dahulagiri), the eighth highest peak in the world with an altitude of 8,164 meters above sea level (Manaslu), and the world's tenth highest peak with an altitude of 8,091 meters (Annapurma). Nine of the world's peaks above 8,000 meters are located in the Himalayas, five in northwest China (Mount Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Shisha Bangma) and four in Nepal (Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Annapurna, and Kanchenjunga on the border with India).

The second highest peak in the northwest is the first peak in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Qogir. It is called "K2" because it is located on the second peak of the Karakoram Mountains to be surveyed. It is located in the northwestern province of China, at the junction of the southern part of Burumsha Township in Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the controlled Kashmir region of northeastern Pakistan. At 8,611 meters above sea level, this peak is second only to Mount Everest (8,849 meters) in Tibet, the "highest peak in China and even in the world", so it is called "the second highest peak in the world" and "the second highest peak in China". The main body of Chogori Peak is located in the northwest of the Kunlun Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains on the south side of the Pamir Plateau, and is the watershed of the Yarkand River Basin, a tributary of the Tarim River, and the Indus River, which flows into the Indian Ocean, the largest inland river in China. Also located in the Karakoram Mountains, Nanga-parbat (Pakistan, 8,125 meters above sea level), Gasherbrum-I (also known as "K5" (located on the border between Xinjiang and Pakistan in China, 8,080 meters above sea level), Broad (also known as "K3" , located at the junction of Xinjiang and Pakistan in China, 8051 meters above sea level) and Gasherbrum-II (also known as "K4", located at the junction of Xinjiang and Pakistan in China, 8028 meters above sea level) five peaks Gongwei. All the world's peaks above 8,000 meters are located in the Himalayas and the adjacent Karakoram Mountains. Both mountains are bounded by the Indus River and both originate in the Pamir Plateau in western Xinjiang, one of the highest plateaus in the world (around 3,000-4,000 meters above sea level, known as the "Green Mountains" in ancient times). However, the maximum altitude difference of Chogori is more than 4,700 meters, which is greater than the 3,900 meters of Mount Everest. At the same time, the mountain is handsome and hard, with many cliffs, coupled with the cold climate, lack of oxygen, and sparse vegetation around it, which adds a lot of difficulty to the climb of Chogori Peak, so the mortality rate of Chogori Peak is extremely high (currently more than 30%), and it is known as the "Savage Giant Peak" (that is, the most difficult mountain to climb in the world).

The third highest peak among the provinces in the northwest region is the Bukadaban Peak in Qinghai Province, also known as the "New Qingfeng", named after the Kunlun Mountain uninhabited area located in the southwest of Golmud City, Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and Ruoqiang County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is the main peak of the Kunlun Mountains, the watershed of Xinjiang and Tibet, and Qinghai, with an altitude of 6,860 meters. Among the highest peaks in all provinces in the country, it is second only to Gongga Mountain, the highest peak in Sichuan Province in the southwest region (7,556 meters above sea level).

The fourth highest peak among the provinces in Northwest China is the Altun Mountain in Gansu Province, with an altitude of 5,788 meters. It is located in Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, which is the main peak of the Altyn Mountains and the watershed of the Shule River system and the inflow area of the Qaidam Basin. Other theories say that the highest peak in Gansu Province is the Gangzewujie (Unity Peak) at 5,808 meters above sea level, but this peak is entirely in Qinghai Province and has nothing to do with Gansu Province.

The fifth highest peak among the provinces in the northwest region is Baxiantai in Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi, with an altitude of 3,767 meters. It is located in the hinterland of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province - the junction of Taibai County, Meixian County of Baoji City and Zhouzhi County of Xi'an City, and is the main peak of the Qinling Mountain Range (the highest peak is the Cuomei Peak of Dieshan Mountain in Gansu Province at an altitude of 4920 meters), and it is also the watershed of the Yellow River system Weihe tributary Heihe, Taochuan River and the Yangtze River tributary Hanjiang River tributary, and is the "natural geographical dividing line" between southern China and northern China, and is a historical and cultural mountain with the highest altitude east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Chinese mainland (Taiwan's Yushan is even higher, 3952 meters). It is a towering mountain, and the mountain is steep, stretching for thousands of miles. The top of the mountain is covered with snow all the year round, and the altitude difference is large, which is quite a model of "the show of Huashan", so it is called "Taibai Mountain".

The sixth highest peak among the provinces in Northwest China is the main peak of the Helan Mountains shared by Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, Ao Bao Pimple, with an altitude of 3,556 meters. It is located at the junction of the Tengger Desert of the Alxa Left Banner of the Alxa League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Hetao Plain of Helan County, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and is the watershed of the Yellow River water system and the water system of the Alxa Inner Flow Area, and is also the highest peak of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Helan Mountain, as the boundary mountain range between farming people and nomadic people, has built the Great Wall here in all dynasties. It is juxtaposed with the surrounding Qilian Mountains, Yin Mountains, Yan Mountains, and Daxing'an Mountains to form a famous "400 mm isoprecipitation line". With a total length of more than 20,000 kilometers (including more than 8,800 kilometers of the Ming Great Wall), the western end of the "Great Wall" with nearly 50,000 relics (included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list by UNESCO in 1987 and one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World") is located in the northwest province of Gansu (province). The relics of the Great Wall are distributed in 15 provinces, including Northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang), North China (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi), Northwest China (Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia), Henan (Central and South China) and Shandong (Southeast China). In addition, "Ao Bao Pimple" is also one of the only two peaks in the country that are at the junction of the two provinces and become the highest peaks of the two provinces at the same time (the other is the Huanggang Peak of Wuyi Mountain at the junction of Fujian and Jiangxi, with an altitude of 2,161 meters).

Northwest China is the only region in China's six major geographical regions where the highest peaks of all provinces under it are all peaks above 3,000 meters above sea level, and is known as the "Kingdom of Mountains".

In addition, the northwest region, which was once considered "water-scarce, arid, and desolate", is actually a "sea of rivers" (from the 2019 China Hydraulic Statistical Yearbook).

At present, there are 46,796 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers in the country.

Northwest China has 20,600 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking first in the country, accounting for more than 44% of the country. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous Region has 6,418 articles, ranking first among all provinces in the country. This was followed by 4,087 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 3,518 in Qinghai Province, 3,484 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1,590 in Gansu Province, 1,097 in Shaanxi Province, and 406 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The representative rivers are the Yellow River, Wei River, Jing River, Han River, Dan River, Jialing River, Beiluo River, Kuye River and Wuding River in Shaanxi; Heihe, Yellow River, Wei River, Jing River, Tao River, Hulu River, Daxia River, Huangshui River, Zhuanglang River, Zuli River, Jialing River, Bailong River, Shiyang River and Shule River in Gansu; the Yellow River, Yangtze River (Jinsha River, Tongtian River, Tuotuo River), Yalong River, Dadu River, Huangshui River, Datong River, Lancang River (Zhaqu), Buha River, Shule River, Golmud River and Qaidam River in Gansu; Qingshui River, Inner Mongolia Yellow River, Nenjiang River, Luan River, Yanghe River, Hunhe River (Red River), Sanggan River, Dahei River, Xiliao River (Laoha River, Xilamulun River), Dongliao River, Tabu River, Bawang River, Hailar River, Ulagai River, Gongger River, Erguna River (Heilongjiang), Peacock River (Kaidu River), Shule River, Ili River, Turks River, Cherchen River, Tarim River, Aksu River, Yarkand River, Ulungu River, Galwan River, Kashgar River, Urumqi River, Irtysh River, Nu River in Tibet, Lancang River, Jinsha River, Rongbu River, Arun River, Yadong River, Carmen River, Lhasa River, Nianchu River, Niyang River, Yigong River, Senge Zangbo River (Shiquan River), Yarlung Zangbo River, etc.

Southwest China has 7,830 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking second in the country and accounting for more than 16% of the country. Among them, 2,816 are in Sichuan Province, 2,095 in Yunnan Province, 1,350 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 1,059 in Guizhou Province, and 510 in Chongqing Municipality. The representative rivers are the Yangtze River, Wujiang River, Fujiang River, Qujiang River, Qijiang River, Yujiang River, Ren River, Jialing River, Daning River, Apeng River and Youshui River in Chongqing, the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Baihe River, the Heihe River, the Minjiang River, the Tuojiang River, the Fujiang River, the Qujiang River, the Ba River, the Jinsha River, the Bailong River, the Yalong River, the Anning River, the Litang River, the Shuiluo River, the Dadu River, the Qingyi River, the Chishui River, the Nanguang River, the Bailong River, the Suomo River, the Heishui River, the Zagunao River, the Wujiang River, the Yuan River, the Qijiang River, the Hengjiang River (Luoze River), the Jinjiang River, the Xiangjiang River, the Nanming River, the Maodian River, the Sancha River, Liuchong River, Hongdu River, Furong River, Wushui River, Nanpan River, Beipan River, Hongshui River, Chishui River, Caodu River, Duliujiang River, Niulan River, Yunnan Yangtze River (Jinsha River), Nujiang River, Yuanjiang River (Red River), Xiaojiang, Hengjiang River, Nanpan River, Lancang River, Dulong River, Ruili River, Daying River, Nanding River, Nanzhang River, Nankuan River, Nanka River, Pudu River, Longchuan River, Yanggong River, Niulan River, Luzhi River, Amo River, Panlong River, Yili River, Huangni River, Shuoduogang River, Guangxi's Zuojiang River, Youjiang River, Yujiang (Yongjiang), Xunjiang, Qianjiang, Xijiang, Guijiang (Lijiang), Hejiang, Liujiang, Longjiang, Qinjiang, Nanliujiang, Beiliujiang, Luoqingjiang, Nanpanjiang, Hongshuihe, etc.

The southeast region has 7,558 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking third in the country and accounting for more than 16% of the country. Among them, 1,495 are in Jiangsu Province, 1,211 in Guangdong Province, 1,049 in Shandong Province, 967 in Jiangxi Province, 901 in Anhui Province, 865 in Zhejiang Province, 740 in Fujian Province, 197 in Hainan Province and 133 in Shanghai. The representative rivers are the Yangtze River, Huangpu River and Wusong River (Suzhou River) in Shanghai, the Yangtze River, Huai River, Chu River, Yi River, Shu River, Si River, Qinhuai River, Wusong River and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Jiangsu, the Ou River, Lingjiang River (Jiaojiang River), Ao River, Qujiang River, Yongjiang River, Qiantang River (Xin'an River, Fuchun River), Cao'e River, Feiyun River, Dongtiaoxi, Xitiaoxi, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Jiangsu, the Yangtze River, Huai River, Wei River, Shi River, Whirlpool River, Huhe River, Anhui River, East Huai River, West Huai River, Beiqi River, Qingyi River, Shuiyang River, Qiupu River, Xin'an River, Fujian's Minjiang, Tingjiang, Jinjiang, Aojiang, Songxi, Shaxi, Jianxi, Mulanxi, Huotongxi (Jiaoxi), Jiulongjiang, Jiangxi's Yangtze River, Dongjiang, Beijiang, Ganjiang, Changjiang (Raohe), Xinjiang, Fuhe, Yuanhe, Jinjiang, Xiushui River, Heshui River, Shandong's Yellow River, Mihe, Weihe, Yihe, Shuhe, Xiaoqing River, Tuxiao River, Maji River, Waste Yellow River, Dawen River, Dagu River, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Guangdong (including Hong Kong, Macao) Xijiang (Pearl River), Beijiang, Dongjiang, Nanjiang (Tanjiang), Jianjiang, Suijiang, Lianjiang, Wujiang, Zhenjiang, Binjiang, Huangjiang, Hanjiang, Lianjiang, Rongjiang, Qinjiang, Xizhijiang, Moyangjiang, Liuxi River, Nandu River, Changhua River, Wanquan River in Hainan, Danshui River, Zengwen River, Turbidity River, Gaoping River, Lanyang River in Taiwan, etc.

Northeast China has 4,638 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking fourth in the country and accounting for more than 9% of the country. Among them, 2,881 are in Heilongjiang Province, 912 in Jilin Province and 845 in Liaoning Province. The famous rivers in Liaoning are Liao's Liao River (East Liao River, West Liao River), Hunhe River, Kou River, Xihe River, Sang River, Daling River, Xiaoling River, Liugu River, Yantai River, Qinglong River, Xingcheng River, Biliu River, Yingna River, Dayang River, Fuzhou River, Gaizhou River, Yalu River, Fuer River, Yangximu River, Zhaosutai River, Jilin Nenjiang River, Songhua River, Mudanjiang River, Huifa River, Huolin River, Taoer River, Yinma River, Yitong River, Lalin River, East Liao River, West Liao River, Yalu River, Tumen River, Hailan River, Hunchun River, Heilongjiang Nenjiang River, Songhua River, Mudanjiang River, Lalin River, Wuken River, Tangwang River, Ant River, Muling River, Luoli River, Hulan River, Huma River, Heilongjiang River (river), Nemur River, Wuyuer River, Ussuri River, etc.

The central and southern regions have 3,563 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking fifth in the country, accounting for more than 7% of the country. Among them, 1,301 are in Hunan Province, 1,232 in Hubei Province and 1,030 in Henan Province. Famous rivers include the Yellow River, Luo River (Nanluo River), Yi River, Qin River, Vortex River, Huhe River, Sha River, Yinghe River, Danjiang River, Huai River, Wei River, Tangbai River, South Canal (Hai River), Jialu River, Waste Yellow River, Yangtze River, Han River, Dan River, Plug River, Nan River, Qingjiang River, Lishui, Fushui, Fu River (Lishui), Ba River, Xishui, Qishui, Jushui, Lishui, Fuzhang River, Hunan Yangtze River, Xiangjiang River, Yuanjiang River, Zishui, Lishui, Qushui, Wushui, Youshui, Steaming Water, Xiaoshui, Leishui, Lushui, Lianshui, Wushui (Beijiang), Liuyang River, Laodao River, Wuyang River, Miluo River, Chungling River, etc.

North China has 2,607 rivers with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, ranking sixth in the country and accounting for more than 5% of the country. Among them, 1,386 are in Hebei Province, 902 in Shanxi Province, 192 in Tianjin and 127 in Beijing. The famous rivers are Beijing's Lu River, Huai River, Chaobai River (Chao River, Bai River), Dashihe River, Juma River, Yongding River, Fushui River, Wenyu River, Tonghui River, Jinshui River, Liangshui River, Gaoliang River, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Tianjin's Zhou River, Lu River, Hai River, Yongding River, Daqing River, Ziya River, North Canal, South Canal, Ji Canal, Beidagang River, Nandagang River, Duliu Alkali River; Dashihe River (Shanhaiguan), Ziya River, Hutuo River, Fuyang River, Sanggan River, Yongding River, Daqing River, Wulie River, Qinglong River, Juma River, Anguli River, Yellow River, Fen River, Yanghe River, Zhanghe River (Qingzhang River, Turbidity River), Qin River, Dan River, Ye River, Hunhe River, Hutuo River, Shushui River, Sanggan River, etc.

The lowest land point in Northwest China is Ayding Lake, located in Gaochang District, Turpan City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the deepest part of the Turpan Basin and the destination of surface runoff in the Turpan Basin, with an altitude of 155 meters below sea level (i.e., -155 meters), and is the only province with a negative land altitude among the lowest land points of all provinces in the country (the elevation of the lowest points in other provinces is positive). Ayding Lake is also the lowest land altitude in Xinjiang and even in China. Turpan City in Xinjiang also occupies an important position in geography and meteorology at home and abroad because of its "three poles" in China ("low altitude" Ayding Lake, "temperature and hot pole" Flaming Mountain, and "precipitation dry pole" Tuoxun). In second place is the village of Bashika in the Tibet Autonomous Region, 110 meters above sea level, close to India (now illegally occupied by the "southern Tibet" region of India, also known as the "pseudo-Arunachal Pradesh"). Baxika Village is located in the southeast of Medog County, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, at the exit of the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, and is also the lowest point in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It was once known as the "rain pole of China" with a record of maximum annual precipitation of more than 10,000 mm. The third place in Shaanxi Province is the lowest point in Shaanxi Province - located in Chengguan Town, Baihe County, Ankang City, at an altitude of 168 meters, adjacent to Hubei. Fourth in the list is the lowest point in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, near Hulun Lake in the New Balhu Right Banner in Hulunbuir City, with an altitude of 540 meters. Fifth on the list is the lowest point in Gansu Province - located in the lower reaches of the Bailongjiang River in Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Longnan City, at an altitude of 550 meters, adjacent to Sichuan. Sixth on the list is the lowest point in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, located at the exit of the Yellow River in Huinong District, Shizuishan City, at an altitude of 1,081 meters, adjacent to Inner Mongolia. Seventh on the list is the lowest point in Qinghai Province - Xiachuankou Village, located at the exit of the Huangshui River in Haidong Minhe County, at an altitude of 1,650 meters, adjacent to Gansu.

The overall altitude difference in Northwest China is 9,004 meters, ranging from Mount Everest in Tibet to Ayding Lake in Turpan, Xinjiang, which is also the largest altitude difference recorded in China. Among them, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has the largest overall altitude difference of 8,766 meters, ranging from Qiaogeli Peak on the China-Pakistan border in Tashkurgan County, Kashgar Prefecture to Ayding Lake in Gaochang District, Turpan City. The Tibet Autonomous Region has the second highest overall altitude difference of 8,739 meters, ranging from Mount Everest on the Sino-Nepalese border in Dingri County, Shigatse City to Baxika Village, Metuo County, Nyingchi City. The overall altitude difference in Gansu Province ranks third, with 5,238 meters, ranging from the main peak of Altun Mountain in Aksai County, Jiuquan City to Guanzigou in Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Longnan City. Qinghai Province has the fourth highest overall altitude difference of 5,210 meters, ranging from Bukadaban Peak in Golmud City, Haixi Prefecture to Xiachuankou Village in Haidong Citizen and County. The overall altitude difference of Shaanxi Province ranks fifth, with 3,599 meters, ranging from Baxiantai, Taibai Mountain, Taibai County, Baoji City to Chengguan Town, Baihe County, Ankang City. The overall altitude difference of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ranks sixth, at 3,016 meters, ranging from Aobao Pimple in Helan Mountain, Alxa Left Banner, Alxa League, to Hulun Lake, Xinbarhu Left Banner, Hulunbuir City. The overall altitude difference of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region ranks seventh, at 2495 meters, ranging from Aobao Pimple in Helan Mountain, Helan County, Yinchuan City to the Yellow River in Huinong District, Shizuishan City.

The overall average altitude of Northwest China is 2,362 meters, which is the highest average altitude among the six geographical regions in China. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous Region has the highest altitude in the country, at 4,737 meters. It is followed by Qinghai Province (4,049 meters), Gansu Province (2,158 meters), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1,904 meters), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (1,559 meters), Shaanxi Province (1,130 meters), and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (999 meters).

Northwest China has almost all (i.e., more than 90%) of the country's saltwater lakes (a few in Hebei and Jilin provinces). There are mainly Hongyanao in Shaanxi, Sugan Lake, Aksaisha Lake, Mingsha Mountain Crescent Spring in Gansu, Qinghai Lake, Hara Lake, Tuosu Lake, Chaka Salt Lake, Donggicuona Lake, Ulan Wula Lake, Hoh Xili Lake, Deling Haga Lake, Dongtai Jiner Lake, West Taijiner Lake, Ningxia Guyuan Salt Lake, Inner Mongolia Daihai, Huangqihai, Juyanhai (Gashunnaoer), Chahannaoer, Wulagai Lake, Dalinor, Xinjiang's Lop Nur, Aibi Lake, Ayding Lake, Sailim Lake, Taitema Lake, Balikun Lake, Manas Lake, Tibet's Namtso, Seringco, Laangcuo, Pangong Tso, Mapanyong Tso, Dangjak Yongco, Zhari Nammtso, etc. These lakes are all inland lakes with large evaporation (the water from the lakes mainly comes from meltwater from snow-capped mountains, underground water replenishment or river replenishment), and the salt content of the lake water is more than 1/1000, so people and livestock cannot drink it directly, so it is a saltwater lake. Among them, Qinghai Lake is the largest lake in the country (with a specific area of 4,626 square kilometers), and the name of Qinghai Province is named after Qinghai Lake. Chaka Salt Lake, which is also in Qinghai, has become famous as the "Sky Realm" in recent years with the largest number of self-driving tourists. Tibet's Namco, Serinco, and Yangzhuo Yongcuo also enjoy a high reputation in China. In addition, there are many freshwater lakes (with a salinity of less than 1 part per thousand), most of which follow the outflow rivers into the ocean, and some flow into the inflow rivers through the rivers or disappear into the desert. Located in Gongga County, Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, with an altitude of 4,441 meters and an area of 638 square kilometers, Yangzhuo Yongcuo is the highest freshwater lake in the world. Famous freshwater lakes include Yinghu Lake (Hanjiang Reservoir) in Shaanxi, Gahai Lake (flowing into the Tao River, a tributary of the Yellow River), Dalzong Lake (flowing into the Tao River, a tributary of the Yellow River), Tianchi Lake in Wenxian County (flowing into the Jialing River, a tributary of the Yangtze River), Zhaling Lake (flowing into the Yellow River) and Ngoling Lake (flowing into the Yellow River) in Qinghai, Shahu Lake (flowing into the Yellow River) in Ningxia, Hulun Lake (flowing into the Ergun River), Bear Lake (flowing into the Ergun River), Wuliangsuhai (flowing into the Yellow River), Bosten Lake in Xinjiang (flowing into the Peacock River), Kanas Lake (flowing into the Irtysh River), Yigong Lake in Tibet (flowing into the Brahmaputra River), Ranwu Lake (flowing into the Brahmaputra River), Yangzhuo Yongcuo (flowing into the Brahmaputra River), etc.

climate

Northwest China is one of the regions with the richest forest and vegetation diversity in the country. Due to its huge area and wide latitude, the continentality is decreasing from west to east, encompassing almost all climate and vegetation types in the country. The main ones are:

1. The cold temperate monsoon climate, the main vegetation is cold temperate coniferous forest or coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest and polar tundra. Most of them are located in the northern regions north of 50°N, with an average annual temperature below 0°C and an average annual precipitation of about 400-800 mm. In the northwest region, it is mainly distributed in the area of Hulunbuir City in the northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and in other areas, it is mainly distributed in the Daxinganling area in the north of Heilongjiang. In the early morning of December 31, 2009, the extreme minimum temperature of -58.8 °C (and even below -60 °C in some areas) was broken in the early morning of the northeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, surpassing the "northernmost part of China" in Mohe City, Heilongjiang Province (the extreme minimum temperature in 1969 was -52 °C) and was called the "Chinese cold pole", which is the extreme minimum temperature value of the whole of China. This record is still unbreakable after 15 years.

2. The middle temperate monsoon climate, the main vegetation is temperate coniferous or broad-leaved mixed forest. Most of them are located in the northern region between 40° and 50°N, with an average annual temperature of about 0~8°C and an average annual precipitation of about 600-1000 mm. In the northwest region, it is mainly distributed in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and in other regions, it is mainly distributed in most of Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin and northeast Liaoning.

3. The middle temperate semi-humid and semi-arid continental climate (part of the temperate continental climate), and the main vegetation is temperate grassland. Most of them are located between 35° and 50° north latitude, with an average annual temperature of about 0~10°C and an average annual precipitation of about 100-400 mm. It has a large area in Northwest China, mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau in eastern Qinghai, central Gansu, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia and most of the grassland of Inner Mongolia and the Tianshan and Altai Mountains in northern Xinjiang, that is, the "Northwest Region". In other regions, it is mainly distributed in the northern part of Shanxi, northern Hebei and northern Beijing in North China, and the northwest of Liaoning, the western part of Jilin and the southwestern part of Heilongjiang in Northeast China. The specific scope is: the Great Wall in the south, the Gobi in the north, the Daxing'an Mountains in the east, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west.

4. Temperate arid continental climate (part of temperate continental climate), the main vegetation is temperate desert. Most of them are located between 35° and 50° north latitude, the average annual temperature is around 0~12 °C, and the average annual precipitation is usually less than 100 mm. The biggest feature of the Turpan Basin lies in two words: "dry" and "hot". Tuoxun County, located in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, has an average annual precipitation of only about 0.5 mm, and is known as the "dry pole of China" (the place with the lowest average annual precipitation). Sanbao Township, also located in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, broke the extreme maximum temperature record of 52.2°C and a surface temperature of more than 90°C on July 17, 2023, and is known as the "hot pole of China". This is also the first time that a national weather station on the mainland has observed ultra-high temperatures above 50 degrees. Of course, there are more than 100 days with an average daily temperature of 35°C or higher, and it is said that the locals "can even fry eggs on the ground". This vast land is surrounded by high mountains, forming a special geographical environment, making Turpan under the sky a huge boiler, storing the heat of summer. Therefore, the local people (such as Uygurs, etc.) have long taken advantage of the unique climate and used the "qanats" that can draw cold underground water to develop some unique agricultural products such as raisins, cantaloupe, and pomegranates. This climate is unique to Northwest China, mainly distributed in the plateau desert areas of most of Xinjiang (north of Kunlun Mountains and south of the Altai Mountains), Qaidam Basin in northern Qinghai, Hexi Corridor in northwest Gansu, and Alxa and Bayannur in western Inner Mongolia, all of which belong to the "Northwest Region" in physical geography.

5. The alpine and mountainous climate of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the main vegetation is the unique alpine and high-altitude vegetation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, mainly tundra, desert and rocky mountains. Taking Lhasa as the boundary, the vegetation in the eastern region shows a "three-dimensional" trend with the climate, specifically from high to low altitude, latitude from north to south, vegetation also changes from alpine polar tundra to temperate, subtropical and tropical coniferous and broad-leaved forests, the average annual temperature is about 0 °C ~ 12 °C, and the average annual precipitation is about 400 ~ 800 mm (some can reach 800 ~ 1600 mm or even more than 1600 mm). The western region is mostly an alpine desert, with an average annual temperature of less than 0°C and usually less than 100 mm of precipitation. The climate is mainly distributed in most of Tibet, most of Qinghai, southern Xinjiang (including the Pamir Plateau in the southwest) and southwestern Gansu. In the southwest region, it is mainly distributed in western Sichuan and northwest Yunnan. Its scope almost encompasses the "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", which is located in the "first tier" of China's topography, that is, the "Qinghai-Tibet region".

6. Warm temperate monsoon climate, the main vegetation is warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Most of them are located in the northern area of about 35°~40°N, north of the Qinling-Huaihe line, and south of the Great Wall. The average annual temperature is around 5~15 °C, and the annual precipitation is usually between 400-800 mm. In the northwest region, it is mainly distributed in central Gansu and central Shaanxi, and is also distributed in Qinghai and Ningxia. In other regions, it is mainly distributed in Hebei, most of Shanxi, Beijing, Tianjin and other places in North China, most of Liaoning in Northeast China, most of Henan in Central and Southern China, Shandong in Southeast China and Anhui and northern Jiangsu.

7. Subtropical monsoon climate, the main vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Most of them are located in the southern area of 23.5°N latitude (Tropic of Cancer) ~ 35°, south of the Qinling-Huaihe line. The average annual temperature is about 15°C~20°C, and the average annual precipitation is usually between 800-1600 mm. In the northwest region, it is mainly distributed in the Hanjiang Valley in the south of Shaanxi and the Longnan Valley in the south of Gansu, both of which have a northern subtropical monsoon climate. In other regions, it is mainly distributed in eastern Sichuan, most of Yunnan, most of Guangxi, and the whole territory of Guizhou and Chongqing in the southwest region, the whole territory of southern Henan, Hubei and Hunan in the central and southern regions, most of Anhui, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Taiwan in the southeast region, and the whole territory of Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hong Kong, and Macao.

8. Tropical monsoon climate, the main vegetation is tropical rainforest or monsoon forest. It is mainly located in the southern region south of 23.5° north latitude (Tropic of Capricorn). However, this kind of climate is very rare in the cold and dry northwest region, which is located in Nyingchi and Shannan in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The average annual temperature here is above 20°C and the average annual precipitation is more than 1600 mm, which is completely similar to the tropical monsoon climate of other regions (southern Yunnan, southern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, southern Taiwan and Hainan Island). In particular, Metuo County, Nyingchi City, located in southeastern Tibet, is known as the "Little Jiangnan in the Northwest", with the lowest point at just over 110 meters above sea level - Baxika Village in Metuo County in southeastern Tibet (now illegally controlled by India). The climatic characteristics of southeastern Tibet are completely different from the cold, dry, high-altitude alpine climate of most parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Due to its location in the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra River, it is very close to the "Cherrapunzi", which is known as the "world's rain pole" on the border between India and Bangladesh - the average (maximum) annual precipitation of more than 11,777 mm. Located in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau, Baxika Village in Metuo County, Nyingchi City, is known as the "rain pole of China", with an average annual precipitation of more than 4,500 mm and a maximum precipitation of more than 10,000 mm, surpassing Huoyaoliao in Keelung City, northeast Taiwan, and is the place with the largest average annual precipitation in China.

The warm and humid airflow from the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal to the north will drive straight into the area rain or shine, and the terrain will rise under the obstruction of the Himalayas, the Nianqing Tanggula Mountains and the Hengduan Mountains, gradually forming abundant rainfall, so the maximum annual average precipitation in this region exceeds 3,000 mm, and is known as the "Chinese rain pole". In the river valley area of southeastern Tibet, the latitude is from south to north, the altitude is low to high, the distance between sea and land is from near to far, and the climate and vegetation are gradually diversified: about 100-500 meters above sea level is tropical rainforest or monsoon forest, about 500-1000 meters above sea level is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, about 1000-2000 meters above sea level is warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, about 2000-3000 meters above sea level is medium temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, about 3000-4000 meters above sea level is cold temperate tundra, and above 4000 meters above sea level is sparse vegetation, deserts or rocky mountains covered with snow all year round, and the vegetation and climate have the characteristics of "three-dimensional island" distribution. In addition to the southeast of Tibet, the Jinsha River, Lancang River and Nujiang River valleys in Qamdo, Tibet, are adjacent to Yunnan Province and Sichuan Province with the northern tropical desert steppe climate conditions of the "dry and hot river valley", where the average annual temperature is more than 20 °C, but the average annual precipitation is only about 100-400 mm, the least is less than 100 mm, and the vegetation in most areas is sparse, which is the unique geographical and climatic characteristics of the local Hengduan Mountains.

The climate of the Northwest is also very "diverse". For example, the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province with Xi'an as the center - the four seasons are distinct, the climate is pleasant, the sunshine hours are long, the rainfall is abundant, and the climate is biased towards the northern region of the interior represented by Henan. The Hexi Corridor centered on Lanzhou and the Xinjiang region represented by Urumqi have low altitudes, long sunshine hours, large temperature differences between day and night, and large evaporation. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, centered on Xining and Lhasa, has long sunshine hours, abundant ultraviolet rays, high altitude, thin air, large evaporation, and a cold climate. The Hetao Plain, centered on Hohhot and Yinchuan, has a large amount of evaporation and sufficient precipitation.

The Northwest Region runs through China's three major geographical ladders. The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, of which the northwest region accounts for most of it. The whole territory of Tibet, most of Qinghai, southwestern Gansu and southern Xinjiang are all collected here, with an average altitude of more than 2,000 meters. The second step is located in the west of the first line of Daxing'an Mountains, Taihang Mountain and Wushan, spanning most of Inner Mongolia, most of Xinjiang, eastern Qinghai, most of Gansu and the whole territory of Shaanxi and Ningxia, with an average altitude of about 500-2000 meters. The third step is located in the east of the Daxing'an Mountains, in the southeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, in the West Liaohe Plain and Horqin Grassland, with an average altitude of about 100-500 meters.

The extreme maximum temperature value (since 1954) in Northwest China occurred at Huoshan Mountain, Gaochang District, Turpan City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, at 52.2°C. This extreme value is also the highest extreme temperature value observed in Chinese history, and is known as the "Chinese hot pole". The Kidnapping Lake in the Ejina Banner of the Alxa League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ranked second, at 45.0°C. Xunyang County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, ranked third, with 44.7°C. Dunhuang City, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, ranked fourth with 43.1°C. Metuo County, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, ranked fifth, with 41.4°C. Wuzhong City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, ranked sixth with 41.0°C. Jianzha County in Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province ranked seventh at 40.3°C – the last province with the highest extreme temperature among the 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions in Chinese mainland) and the "coolest point in the country".

The extreme minimum temperature (since 1954) in Northwest China occurred in Pingpingling, Genhe City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, at -58.8°C. This extreme value is also the lowest extreme temperature value observed in Chinese history, and is known as the "cold pole of China". The Keketuohai in Fuyun County, Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, ranked second at -51.5°C, second only to the Genhe River in Inner Mongolia and the Mohe River in Heilongjiang, and was known as the "third cold pole in China". Maduo County, Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, ranked third, with -48.1°C. Dingri County, Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, ranked fourth, at -46.4°C. Subei Mongolian Autonomous County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, ranked fifth, with -37.1°C. Hengshan District, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, ranked sixth, with -32.7°C. Helan County, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, ranked seventh, at -30.6°C.

The maximum temperature difference in Northwest China is 111°C (Turpan in Xinjiang and Genhe in Inner Mongolia), which is also the largest temperature difference ever observed in the entire history of China. Among them, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ranked first with 103.8°C (Guizihu-Genhe). In second place is the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with 103.7°C (Turpan-Akeketuohai). Qinghai Province ranked third with 88.4°C (Jianzha-Maduo) and fourth was Tibet Autonomous Region with 87.8°C (Metuo-Dingri). In fifth place is Gansu Province with 80.2°C (Dunhuang-Subei). In sixth place is Shaanxi Province with 77.4°C (Xunyang-Hengshan). In seventh place is the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with 71.6°C (Wuzhong-Helan).

The average annual temperature in the region is 6.98°C. Among them, 1.76 °C in Qinghai Province (taken from the intermediate value of -4.00 °C in Guoluo ~ 7.55 °C in Huangnan), 3.82 °C in Tibet Autonomous Region (taken from the average value of -1.17 °C in Nagqu ~ 8.80 °C in Lhasa), 4.33 °C in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (taken from Hulunbuir -0.40 °C ~ 9.06 °C average value in Alxa), 8.24 °C in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (taken from Guyuan 6.37 °C ~ Shizuishan 10.10 °C average), 8.50 °C in Gansu Province (taken from Gannan 2.40 °C ~). Longnan 14.60 °C average), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 9.97 °C (taken from Altay 4.53 °C ~ Turpan City 15.40 °C average), Shaanxi Province 12.21 °C (taken from Yulin 8.78 °C ~ Ankang 15.63 °C average).

The average annual precipitation in the northwest is the lowest among the six major geographical regions in the country, at 339 mm. Among them, Shaanxi Province has 512 mm, Tibet Autonomous Region 421 mm, Qinghai Province 363 mm, Gansu Province 350 mm, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 297 mm, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 237 mm, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 190 mm (the province with the lowest average annual precipitation in the country). Except for Shaanxi Province and Tibet Autonomous Region, the average annual precipitation in the remaining five provinces (autonomous regions) is below 400 mm.

The Northwest Territories is the region with the richest soil types in the country. Located in the southeast of Northwest China, the Loess Plateau is one of the four major plateaus in mainland China and the main concentration area of loess in China. The loess in this region accounts for more than 72%, which is the most widely distributed and concentrated area of loess in the world. In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, there is black soil or chernozem across the Northeast Plain, and in the Daxinganling Mountains in the northeast of Inner Mongolia, there is cold brown soil unique to the cold temperate zone. In most of the grassland areas of Inner Mongolia, chernozem, black loamine or chestnut limestone soil are mainly everywhere. In the Loess Plateau in southern Ningxia, central Gansu and eastern Qinghai, gray limestone is associated with it. In southern Xinjiang, the Tarim Basin, the Hexi Corridor in Gansu and most of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai are mainly composed of brown or loess deserts, while northern Xinjiang, northern Gansu and western Inner Mongolia are composed of gray deserts. In the plateau areas of southern Xinjiang, southwestern Qinghai and northern Tibet, the main soils are alpine desert soil or subalpine meadow soil. In the plateau areas of southern Qinghai and south-central Tibet, the main soils are alpine meadow soil, alpine steppe soil or alpine and subalpine steppe soil. In the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra River valley in southeastern Tibet, the soil is mainly red soil or brick red soil, which is similar to that of the southern provinces. As for the Guanzhong region in eastern Gansu and north-central Shaanxi, and the West Liaohe Plain in southeastern Inner Mongolia, the soil is mainly yellow or brown loam in the north. The Hanjiang River Valley in southern Shaanxi Province and the Bailongjiang River Valley in southern Gansu Province are mainly yellow-brown or red-brown soils in the south, covering almost all soil types across the country, making it a condensed "soil museum".

The Northwest Territories are known for their "long hours of sunshine". Located in the Ali region of western Tibet, the average sunshine hours are more than 3,500 hours, the longest in the country. In the Ejina Banner in the northwest of Inner Mongolia and the Mangya area in the northwest of Qinghai, the average sunshine hours are also about 3,000-3,500 hours. In the desert areas of northern Qinghai, most of Xinjiang, most of Tibet, northern Ningxia and western Inner Mongolia, and northern Gansu, the average sunshine hours can reach about 2,700-3,000 hours. In eastern Qinghai, Hexi Corridor in Gansu, southwestern Xinjiang, southern Ningxia, central Tibet and northern Shaanxi, the average annual sunshine hours are about 2400-2700 hours. In southeastern Qinghai, central Gansu, Ili River Valley in Xinjiang, central and southern Tibet, most of Inner Mongolia and central Shaanxi, the average annual sunshine hours are about 2000-2400 hours. In southeastern Gansu, southern Shaanxi, eastern Inner Mongolia, and eastern Tibet, the average annual sunshine hours are between 1,800 and 2,000 hours. The Brahmaputra valley in southeastern Tibet has the least sunshine hours, with less than 1,500 hours. Lhasa, the capital of the central Tibet Autonomous Region, is known as the "Sunshine City" due to its high altitude (about 3,650 meters), thin air, less dust in the air, more sunny days, and long sunshine hours (mostly about 2,500-3,000 hours).

The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, located in the northwest region, is known for its international business card of "prairie". The grassland area here is 730 million mu, ranking third in the country. Hulunbuir, Xilin Gol, Huiteng Hiller, Xilamuren, Gegentala, Ordos, Horqin, Arshan and other grasslands are well-known at home and abroad. The Tibet Autonomous Region ranks first, with a grassland area of 1.323 billion mu, and the famous Qiangtang grassland in northern Tibet. The second place is the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with a grassland area of 861 million mu, and the famous grasslands such as Nalati, Manas, and Bayinbrook are famous. The grassland area of Qinghai Province is 632 million mu, and the famous grasslands such as Qinghai Lake and Sanjiangyuan are famous. The grassland area of Gansu Province is 216 million mu, and the famous grasslands such as Gahai and Qilian Mountains are famous. The grassland area of Shaanxi Province is 34 million mu. The grassland area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is 31 million mu. The above seven provinces and autonomous regions account for more than 60% of the total grassland area (6 billion mu) in the country. The country's four major pastoral areas are located in the northwest region. They are: Xinjiang pastoral areas, Tibet pastoral areas, Qinghai pastoral areas and Inner Mongolia pastoral areas.

forest

The Northwest has the lowest average forest cover of the country's six major geographic subdivisions, at 16 percent. Among them, 43% are in Shaanxi Province, 22% in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 13% in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 12% in Tibet Autonomous Region, 11% in Gansu Province, 6% in Qinghai Province, and 5% in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The places with the greatest average forest cover are likely to be in the Hanshui Valley in southern Shaanxi Province or the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon in the southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region. Probably the least forested place is the Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang. The forest resources in Northwest China are relatively small, mainly concentrated in the subtropical mountains of southeastern Tibet, the Hehuang Valley in eastern Qinghai, the Bailongjiang and Jialing River valleys in southeastern Gansu, the Hanjiang River valley in southern Shaanxi, the Ili River valley in western Xinjiang and the Irtysh River valley in the north, and the Daxinganling Mountains in eastern Inner Mongolia.

Don't look at the relatively small forest coverage rate in the northwest region, but because of the large area and many deserts, the forest coverage rate and forest area seem to be relatively small. If we zoom in on the domestic forest area (2022 data, excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan), the northwest region, which is considered by many to be "arid and water-scarce", is actually the area with the largest forest vegetation area among the six administrative regions of the country (ranking first).

The total area of forest vegetation in Northwest China reached 109.507 million hectares, accounting for 33.8% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 1.796 million hectares are in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 8.192 million hectares in Qinghai Province, 10.464 million hectares in Gansu Province, 12.368 million hectares in Shaanxi Province, 13.713 million hectares in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 17.982 million hectares in Tibet Autonomous Region, and 44.992 million hectares in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, located in the northwest region, is the region with the largest total forest vegetation area in the country.

The second largest region in the southwest region has a total forest vegetation area of 80.335 million hectares, accounting for 24.8% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 4.218 million hectares are in Chongqing, 9.280 million hectares in Guizhou Province, 16.296 million hectares in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 24.546 million hectares in Sichuan Province and 25.995 million hectares in Yunnan Province.

The southeastern region, which ranks third, has a total forest vegetation area of 49.463 million hectares, accounting for 15.3% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 103,000 hectares are in Shanghai, 1.750 million hectares in Jiangsu Province, 2.176 million hectares in Hainan Province, 3.494 million hectares in Shandong Province, 4.494 million hectares in Anhui Province, 6.598 million hectares in Zhejiang Province, 9.245 million hectares in Fujian Province, 10.800 million hectares in Jiangxi Province, and 10.803 million hectares in Guangdong Province.

Northeast China, the fourth region, has a total forest vegetation area of 40.946 million hectares, accounting for 12.7% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 7.360 million hectares are in Liaoning Province, 9.048 million hectares in Jilin Province, and 24.538 million hectares in Heilongjiang Province.

The fifth-ranked central and southern region has a total forest vegetation area of 26.545 million hectares, accounting for 8.2% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 5.208 million hectares are in Henan Province, 8.761 million hectares in Hubei Province, and 12.576 million hectares in Hunan Province.

North China, the sixth region, has a total forest vegetation area of 16.906 million hectares, accounting for 5.2% of the national (323.702 million hectares). Among them, 204,000 hectares are in Tianjin, 1.072 million hectares in Beijing, 7.757 million hectares in Hebei Province, and 7.873 million hectares in Shanxi Province.

natural disaster

Due to the vast area, diverse topography and complex climatic conditions in Northwest China, natural disasters are very frequent.

The main natural disasters include earthquakes, landslides, collapses (including avalanches), debris flows, dammed lakes and other geological disasters, floods, droughts, snow disasters, frost, freezing rain, high temperatures, cold waves, hail, thunder, acid rain, haze, gales, locust plagues (pests and diseases), floating dust, sandstorms, forest fires and other biological and meteorological disasters. Among them, geological disasters such as earthquakes are more common in Xinjiang and Tibet, sandstorms and other sandstorms and droughts are more common in Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia and western Inner Mongolia, flood disasters are more common in southeastern Tibet and Gansu, Shaanxi and other places, high temperature disasters are more common in Xinjiang, Gansu and western Inner Mongolia, forest fires are more common in eastern Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, southern Gansu and southeastern Tibet, and freezing disasters such as cold waves and snow disasters are more common in Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and other northwest regions that are closer to the source of cold air in Siberia.

Since 1900, there have been 1,518 earthquakes of magnitude 5 or higher in the Northwest. Among them, there were 568 earthquakes in Xinjiang, 563 in Tibet, 241 in Qinghai, 75 in Gansu, 39 in Inner Mongolia, 22 in Ningxia and 10 in Shaanxi, accounting for about 40% of the number of earthquakes of magnitude 5 or above (3,816) in the country, ranking first among all administrative regions.

The southeast region ranked second with 1,475 times, also accounting for about 40% of the country. Among them, 1,427 times in Taiwan, 17 times in Shandong, 9 times in Guangdong, 6 times in Fujian, 5 times in Hainan, 4 times in Anhui, 4 times in Jiangsu, and 3 times in Jiangxi. There have been no earthquakes of magnitude 5 or higher in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Macao.

The southwest region ranked third with 645 times, accounting for more than 16% of the country. Among them, 384 times in Yunnan, 248 times in Sichuan, 8 times in Guangxi, 4 times in Guizhou, and 3 times in Chongqing.

North China ranked fourth, with 92 times, accounting for about 2% of the country. Among them, there were 70 earthquakes in Hebei, 19 in Shanxi, 3 in Tianjin, and no earthquake in Beijing.

The Northeast region ranked fifth, with 74 times, accounting for more than 1% of the country. Among them, 36 times in Jilin, 21 times in Heilongjiang and 17 times in Liaoning.

The central and southern regions ranked sixth, with 12 times, accounting for more than 1% of the country. Among them, there were 8 earthquakes in Henan Province, 4 in Hubei Province, and no earthquakes in Hunan Province.

The Tibet Autonomous Region, located in the northwest region, is located in the middle of the Eurasian plate and is directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean plate. 50 million years ago, the Indian Ocean Plate (Indian Subcontinent), which has been separated from the southern paleocontinent (Gondewana ancient continent) to the north since 180 million years, crashed into the Eurasian continent here, and subducted, squeezed and rubbed northward, forming the world's highest average altitude mountain range - the Himalayas (average altitude of more than 6,000 meters), the world's highest peak - Mount Everest (8,848.86 meters above sea level) and the world's highest average altitude plateau - the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (average altitude of about 4,000 meters).

Northwest China is not only at the forefront of the collision, conflict, friction and intersection of the Eurasian plate and the Indian Ocean plate, but also the Pacific plate and the North American plate (both of which are connected to the northeast region and are close to the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), so earthquakes are frequent. Not only is the Himalayan orogenic fault zone (the junction of the Eurasian plate-Indian Ocean plate) located in southern Tibet, but there are also a series of famous giant seismic fault zones in the northwest region.

For example, the fault zone of the Weihe Plain in central Shaanxi, which had an earthquake of magnitude 8.5 on January 23, 1556 (the 34th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty), and the epicenter was in the Huazhou District (formerly Huaxian County) of Weinan City, Shaanxi Province in the eastern part of the Weihe Plain, also known as the "Huaxian Earthquake". The seismic wave shook most of China, and on a land area of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, "in an instant, the mountains collapsed and the ground cracked, the heavens and the earth shook, the sound was like thunder, or suddenly formed into mountains, or fell into ditches, and countless buildings collapsed and fell into decay in an instant." In this earthquake, as many as 830,000 people died due to the earthquake or secondary disasters such as plague, famine and frostbite caused by the earthquake, and the hard-hit area was 280,000 square kilometers. It has become the record for the deadliest earthquake disaster in Chinese history.

The Liupan Mountain Seismic Zone, located in southeastern Gansu and southern Ningxia, is part of the north-south fault zone of the mainland. On December 20, 1920 (the ninth year of the Republic of China), an earthquake of magnitude 8.5 occurred in this fault zone, and the epicenter was located between the sentry and the ditch gate in Haiyuan County, Gansu Province (now Haiyuan County, Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) in the northern section of Liupan Mountain, also known as the "Haiyuan Earthquake". The energy released by the earthquake is equivalent to about 11 "Tangshan earthquakes" (which erupted in the early morning of July 28, 1976 with a magnitude of 7.8). The strong shaking lasted for more than ten minutes, recorded by 96 seismic stations around the world, and the aftershocks lasted for three years, with an epicenter intensity of 12 degrees, causing 288,200 deaths and more than 300,000 injuries, 78 counties (cities) were affected, and more than 2.51 million square kilometers were severely damaged in Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other regions. It has set a record for the highest earthquake death toll in China since the 20th century, surpassing the "Tangshan Earthquake" in 1976 and being called the "Global Earthquake".

The Qilian Mountain Fault Zone, located on the southern side of the Hexi Corridor in the northwest of Gansu Province and the northeast of Qinghai Province, was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 on May 23, 1927. The epicenter of the earthquake was as strong as 11 degrees. The "Shengjing Times" of the Republic of China recorded the cruel situation of this earthquake: "The ground suddenly shook violently, and the valley collapsed for a while, and the sun was dark...... There were 4,000 deaths in urban and rural areas, and more than 30,000 cattle, sheep and horses died...... Never before has an earthquake been so brutal and violent." Another earthquake occurred on December 25, 1932 in the town of Changmabao in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, where a 7.6 magnitude earthquake struck and directly injured and killed more than 70,000 people.

The Yushu-Kangding fault zone, located in the southwest of Qinghai Province and the border with Sichuan, is adjacent to the Longmenshan fault zone (i.e., the Wudu-Mabian fault zone) where the Wenchuan earthquake occurred. The 7.1 magnitude earthquake that occurred at 7 a.m. on April 14, 2010 in Yushu City, Qinghai Province (33.1 degrees north latitude, 96.6 degrees east longitude) was another "pain from below the earth's crust" in the hearts of every Chinese after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The earthquake affected Yushu City, Nangqian County, Chengduo County, Zhiduo County, Zaduo County, Qumalai County, Maduo County of Guoluo Prefecture in Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and Shiqu County in Ganzi Prefecture in Sichuan Province. The earthquake had an epicenter of 9 degrees and an epicenter depth of 14 kilometers, causing more than 1,278 aftershocks and more than 2,698 deaths.

The Wudu-Mabian fault zone, located at the junction of southern Gansu Province and Sichuan, is also one of the main high-risk areas for earthquake disasters in the northwest of mainland China. This fault zone extends south to the Longmen Mountains in Sichuan Province and is known as the "Longmenshan Fault Zone". The Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008 occurred in the Longmenshan fault zone. Eighty seconds after the earthquake struck, the seismic waves spread to Longnan City in Gansu Province, Zhouqu County in Gannan Prefecture, and Hanzhong City and Baoji City in Shaanxi Province in northwest China, dealing a heavy blow to the economic and social development of these areas and the safety of people's lives and property. These "earthquake blows" also caused the Baocheng Railway Tunnel 109 in Hui County, Longnan City, Gansu Province, to encounter an earthquake and crash headlong into a boulder in front of it during its official operation, causing more than 500 tons of aviation gasoline sent from Baoji to Chengdu to catch fire and burn in the tunnel, resulting in the interruption of the entire Baocheng Railway. Also hit by the earthquake was the mountains in Zhouqu County, Gansu Province. After these mountains were "shaken" by the earthquake, the foundation of the mountains was fragile and the soil was loose, and once it rained heavily, the mudslides would carry the mountain collapse and roll down, directly hitting farmland, factories and even various towns...... On the evening of August 7, 2010, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, suffered a sudden and catastrophic mudslide disaster. The rainfall, which was as high as 97 millimeters and lasted for more than 40 minutes, triggered a mudslide with a total volume of 7.5 million cubic meters and an average thickness of 5 meters in four gullies, including Sanyanyu, which leveled all the areas through which it flowed, killing more than 1,557 people, injuring 1,824 and missing 208 people.

Located in the Kunlun Mountain fault zone at the junction of north-central Tibet, southern Xinjiang and southwestern Qinghai, there has been an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.1 and an epicenter intensity of up to 11 magnitude in history. The earthquake occurred in the Kunlun Pass on the border of Zhiduo County, Yushu Prefecture, Qinghai Province, and Ruoqiang County, Bayingolin Prefecture, Xinjiang. Fortunately, because the epicenter and affected area of the earthquake were uninhabited, the earthquake did not cause casualties or property damage. It was the second strongest earthquake to occur in China after the 8.6 magnitude earthquake in Metuo, Tibet, in 1950.

The Himalayan fault zone, located in southern Tibet at the junction with India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and other countries, is at the forefront of the subduction of the Indian Ocean plate directly northward into the Eurasian plate and the squeezing of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The seismic zone was home to the largest earthquake in Chinese history and the sixth strongest earthquake in the 20th century, the 8.6-magnitude "Medog Earthquake", which occurred on August 15, 1950 at the junction of Chayu and Medog counties in Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region (28.9 degrees north latitude, 95.2 degrees east longitude), close to Assam in northeastern India and Kachin State in northern Myanmar. The earthquake killed more than 5,000 people in Tibet, India and other countries and regions, with an epicenter depth of 6 kilometers and an epicenter intensity of more than 12 degrees, severely affecting 27 counties (cities) in Tibet, including Milin, Chayu and Metuo. Because it was caused by the collision of the edges of the aggregate plates, the epicenter area was cut off from traffic in an instant after the earthquake, all the houses collapsed, the mountains and rivers moved, the terrain changed, many peaks collapsed and blocked the Brahmaputra River, and the landslide directly pushed five villages into the river. The epicenter of the earthquake was more than 500 kilometers away from the epicenter of the 1897 Assam earthquake in India.

The Lanzhou-Tianshui fault zone, located at the junction of central Gansu and western Shaanxi, experienced a 6.2-magnitude earthquake at 23:59 on December 18 last year (2023). The epicenter of the earthquake was located in Liugou Township, Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province (35.70 degrees north latitude, 102.79 degrees east longitude), and the earthquake affected more than 110 towns and villages in 13 counties (cities) in 5 cities (prefectures) in Gansu and Qinghai, and has so far killed 151 people in Gansu and Qinghai provinces.

In addition, the Helan Mountain Fault Zone, located in northern Ningxia and southwestern Inner Mongolia, and the South Tianshan Fault Zone, North Tianshan Fault Zone, Altai Mountain Fault Zone, and Tarim Fault Zone in Xinjiang, are also known for their frequent earthquakes.

The desert-wind and sand disasters represented by sandstorms are almost the "patents" enjoyed by the provinces in Northwest China. A sandstorm is a weather phenomenon in which sand and dust exposed to the earth's surface are blown into the air by near-surface winds, causing the atmosphere to become cloudy and visibility to be reduced. The northwest region is directly adjacent to the Siberian cold air source, and the distance from the ocean and the desert are widespread, so sandstorms are prone to frequent disasters. In the Tarim Basin in western Inner Mongolia and southern Xinjiang, there are more than 20 sandstorms per year. In the southern part of Xinjiang, the western part of Qinghai, the northwest part of Gansu, most of Tibet, the central and western part of Inner Mongolia, the northern part of Ningxia and the northern part of Shaanxi, the frequency of sandstorms is about 10~20 times per year, in the central part of Xinjiang, the central part of Qinghai, the central part of Gansu, the central part of Shaanxi, the southern part of Ningxia and the central part of Inner Mongolia and the southern part of Tibet, the frequency of sandstorms is about 5~10 times per year, and in the northern part of Xinjiang, the southeast of Qinghai, the south of Gansu, the southern part of Shaanxi, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia and the southeast part of Tibet, the frequency of sandstorms is less than 5 times a year. Located in the central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Hunshandak Sandy Land is close to the capital city circle represented by Beijing, and the sudden sandstorm will carry cold air from the north to the south, directly bringing unexpected meteorological problems such as reduced visibility to Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and other regions. On May 5, 1993, Minqin County, located in Wuwei City, Gansu Province, was hit by a particularly strong sandstorm.

basin

Although the northwest region is not coastal and is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, it is the only region in the country and even the world where the water vapor and rivers of the four oceans gather. Most of the cold and dry air that affects the country every winter moves southward from the Siberian region of Russia and the Mongolian plateau adjacent to the Arctic Ocean through Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia in northwest China, and then affects the whole country. The northern part of Xinjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia are directly close to the cold air source of the Arctic Ocean, so they have become the high-risk areas of cold wave and freezing disasters in China.

The Irtysh River, located in northern Xinjiang, directly flows into the Arctic Ocean at the northern end of the West Siberian Plain in Russia through the Ob River downstream in Kazakhstan, bringing water vapor from the Arctic Ocean to northern Xinjiang. In the southeast of Northwest China, there are many rivers flowing into the Pacific Ocean, such as the Yangtze River, the Lancang River, the Yellow River, the Haihe River, the Luan River, the Liao River, the Nenjiang River, the Songhua River, and the Heilongjiang River. Due to the large area of the Pacific Ocean, the specific heat capacity is large, and the air is warmer and wetter. Some of these rivers flow into the South China Sea, some into the East China Sea, some into the Bohai Sea, and some into the Sea of Okhotsk, but they all carry the warm and humid southeast Pacific monsoon to eastern Inner Mongolia in the northwest, as well as to Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, eastern Tibet, and eastern Qinghai.

Located in the southwestern part of Tibet and southwestern Xinjiang, the Nu River (the Salween River, which flows into the Andaman Sea in Thailand and Burma), the Dulong River (the Andaman Sea in Myanmar), the Indus River (the Arabian Sea in Pakistan), the Brahmaputra River, and the Ganges River (both rivers in India and Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal) flow into the Indian Ocean. These rivers carry the southwest monsoon with high temperature, humidity and high pressure from the Indian Ocean to the north for a long time, bringing some relatively long-lasting and high-intensity precipitation to southern Tibet, with an average precipitation of about 1,000 mm.

In China, the only ocean into which no river flows is the Atlantic Ocean. Many people believe that the Atlantic Ocean should be far away from China. However, the Ili River Valley and the Sailim Lake area in western Xinjiang, with its open topography of "opening to the west and blocking to the east", attracts the "Gulf Stream" (commonly known as the "Gulf Stream") from the North Atlantic, which brings a warm and humid climate from the Atlantic Ocean through the entire territory of Europe and North America, through the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea, and from west to east through the plains, wildernesses, and oases of Eastern Europe and Siberia, and directly reaches the Ili River Valley and the Sailim Lake region in western Xinjiang. The moist and abundant precipitation has also made the Ili River valley in western Xinjiang have the reputation of "plugging the south of the Yangtze River". Sailim Lake, which is closer to Xinjiang's Ili Prefecture, is known as "the last tear of the Atlantic".

In addition, the northwest region has the largest inland flow area in the country, with a total area of 3.395 million square kilometers (including 1.6 million square kilometers in Xinjiang (accounting for about 96% of the total area of Xinjiang), 612,300 square kilometers in Tibet, 571,000 square kilometers in Inner Mongolia, 366,900 square kilometers in Qinghai, 244,900 square kilometers in Gansu, and 00,400 square kilometers in Ningxia), accounting for 98% of the total area of the country's internal flow areas (3.45 million square kilometers, estimated) and more than 61% of the total area of Northwest China (5,522,300 square kilometers), which is a unique "river basin area" in Northwest China. Some of these inland rivers disappeared into the desert (e.g., Tarim River, Shule River, Heihe River), some emptied into saltwater lakes (e.g., Qinghai Lake, Namco, Dalinor), and some were surrounded by outflow river areas (e.g., the Yellow River). Due to their low precipitation, low surface runoff and large evaporation, most of these rivers are seasonal rivers (i.e., abundant water flow in summer and autumn, and less water drying up in winter and spring), such as Tarim River, Shiyang River, Shule River, Hara River, etc. The outflow area in the northwest region has the "Three Rivers Source", which is located in the southern part of Qinghai Province and is known as the "Water Tower of China". It is named after the source of the three major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, which nourished the Chinese civilization, and the Lancang River, which nurtured the civilization of the Indochina Peninsula.

The southeast region (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Guangdong, Qiong, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan), the central and southern regions (Henan, Hubei, Hunan), the southwest region (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi), and the northeast region (Liaoning, Jiji, Heihei) are all "outflow river areas" (including the inflow river areas surrounded by the outflow river basins, such as Chenghai in Yunnan, Huolin River in Jilin, Wuyuer River in Heilongjiang, etc.). Even in North China, only Hebei Province has an inland river area of 11,700 square kilometers. These endorheic river areas are located in the Bashang grassland in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and their emergence makes Hebei Province the only province in mainland China with an intact endorheic river area except for the northwest region. Shanxi, Tianjin, Beijing and other provinces and cities in North China are all outflow river areas. The total area of the Northwest Outflow River Area is 1,424,200 square kilometers, accounting for more than 35% of the total area of the national Outflow River Area. Among them, 581,600 square kilometers in the Tibet Autonomous Region (including the Ganges River - 363,400 square kilometers in the Brahmaputra River basin, 102,500 square kilometers in the Nujiang River basin, 54,300 square kilometers in the Indus River basin, 38,300 square kilometers in the Lancang River basin, 23,100 square kilometers in the Yangtze River basin), 347,800 square kilometers in Qinghai Province (including 158,400 square kilometers in the Yangtze River basin, 152,300 square kilometers in the Yellow River basin, and 37,100 square kilometers in the Lancang River basin), 205,700 square kilometers in Shaanxi Province (including 133,300 square kilometers in the Yellow River basin and 72,300 square kilometers in the Yangtze River basin), 181,200 square kilometers in Gansu Province (including 14 square kilometers in the Yellow River basin). 280,000 square kilometers, 38,400 square kilometers in the Yangtze River Basin), 56,500 square kilometers in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (including 56,000 square kilometers in the Irtysh River and 5,000 square kilometers in the Indian Ocean Basin), and 51,400 square kilometers in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (all in the Yellow River Basin).

The source of the "three rivers" and its surrounding areas (including Tibet) are the birthplaces of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, including the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, the "Mother River of the Chinese Nation", the Lancang River (Mekong River), the Nu River (Salween River), the Yalong River, the Dadu River, the Huangshui River, the Tao River and other rivers and the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra rivers that flow into the Indian Ocean. Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives) and Southeast Asia with a population of more than 600 million (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Brunei, the Philippines, Timor-Leste, Cambodia, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia) provide an average of more than 500~100 billion cubic meters of sufficient water sources, which is the "source of living water" for the civilization of China, India and Indochina.

Regional 划分

In the early classification of military divisions, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai Provinces, as well as the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, located in the northwest region, together with the Ali region of the Tibet Autonomous Region, formed the "Lanzhou Military Region". Most of the Tibet Autonomous Region was included in the "Chengdu Military Region," and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was included in the "Beijing Military Region." In 2016, the country set up the "Five War Zones" due to military needs. After the theater was demarcated, Shaanxi Province was included in the "Central Theater" with Beijing as the center, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was included in the "Northern Theater" with Shenyang as the center, and Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region were included in the "Western Theater" with Chengdu as the center. During the period of the Republic of China, the northwest region consisted of three parts: the "western region", the "Saibei region" and the "Shaanxi-Gansu region". Among them, the "western region" includes Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai and Xikang Province. The "Saibei Region" includes Chahar Province, Rehe Province, Suiyuan Province, Ningxia Province and Outer Mongolia (now independent Mongolia) that are now part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The "Shaanxi and Gansu regions" include Shaanxi and Gansu provinces during the Republic of China.

The "Northwest Territories" in the Administrative Zoning Law is different from the "Northwest Territories" in physical geography. In terms of physical geography, the "Northwest Region" is the same name as the Northern Region, the Southern Region, and the Qinghai-Tibet Region, and its main body is the "Northwest Arid and Semi-arid Region", which is a kind of geographical division unique to the provinces of the Northwest Region. It covers most of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region east of the Pamir Plateau, west of the Great Khing'an Mountains, south of the Great Wall, north of the Gobi Desert in Outer Mongolia, as well as northwestern Gansu Province, northern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, northern Shaanxi Province, northern Shanxi Province, northwest Hebei Province, northwest Liaoning Province, western Jilin Province and southwestern Heilongjiang Province.

Gansu Province, located in the northwest region, is the only province in the country that straddles the four natural geographical divisions of the northwest region (the arid and semi-arid region of the northwest), the Qinghai-Tibet region (the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau), and the northern region (the Yellow River basin north of the Qinling Mountains) and the southern region (the Yangtze River basin south of the Qinling Mountains) in the "Eastern Monsoon Region". It includes five major temperature zones, including the middle temperate zone in the northwest, the warm temperate zone in the north, the subtropical zone in the south and the vertical zone of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as well as the five vegetation zones of temperate desert, temperate grassland, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Mongol and Tibetan series, the North China system, and the Northeast China system in the mainland flora and fauna, and the Central China and Southwest China systems in the Oriental realm are all gathered in the northwest region centered on Gansu Province (except for the northeast system in Inner Mongolia, the other five lines are all gathered in Gansu). Located in the area of Tianzhu County, Wuwei City, in central Gansu Province, Wusheling is located at the "entrance" of the Loess Plateau facing the Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang, and is the "gateway" of the ancient land Silk Road. It is flanked by the Tengger Desert in the west of the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Qilian Mountains in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau. It is the intersection of the four major geographical plates of Xinjiang Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. Historically, the Qin, Han, Ming and other dynasties have built the Great Wall here, and the 400 mm isoprecipitation line and the "Hu Huanyong Line" pass through here, where the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region, the eastern monsoon region and the northwest arid and semi-arid region meet. At the same time, it sits on the boundary between the monsoon area and the non-monsoon zone, and has long been the watershed between the outflow river and the Yellow River system and the inflow river area. Historical stories such as "Zhang Qian's envoy to the Western Regions of the Western Han Dynasty", "Tang Xuanzang's study of scriptures in the West", and "Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty" have all passed through here.

In the northwest region represented by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, from the perspective of the Chinese, farming civilization, nomadic civilization, fishing and hunting civilization and gathering civilization collide and blend in the northwest region. From the perspective of Westerners, the East Asian civilization (Chinese civilization) represented by China, Japan, and South Korea (including North Korea), the Indian civilization (Buddhist civilization) represented by South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, the Western civilization (i.e., Greek civilization, that is, Islamic civilization) represented by Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Africa, and parts of Asia, and the Arab civilization (Islamic civilization) represented by West Asia, Central Asia, and Africa have all converged and blended in Northwest China. It is no wonder that Ji Xianlin, a well-known scholar of history and culture in the mainland, once mentioned: "China, the West (Greece), India, and Arabia (Islam)...... The only places where these four cultural systems, which have a long history, a vast area, a self-contained system, and far-reaching influence, converge in the northwest of China, and there is no second one. "Gansu Province, which is also in the northwest region, is more than 1,600 kilometers away from east to west from Aksai to Qingyang, and the narrowest part of Shandan County is less than 100 kilometers. It resembles a "dumbbell", and today's geographical map fits perfectly with the corresponding geographical plate. The Xinjiang Plateau (reaching Central Asia, West Asia, Africa and Europe to the west) protrudes to the northwest, representing the Hui and Uygur ethnic groups who believe in Islam, Judaism or Christianity, Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity (including Turkic-speaking ethnic groups, Mongolian-speaking ethnic groups such as the Tu, Baoan, Dongxiang, Indo-European languages such as Tajiks, Russians, Hui and Semitic Jews, Indian Dravidians, Caucasians, Urals, etc.). The northeast side is backed by the Inner Mongolia Plateau (to the east can reach the Northeast Plain and the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese archipelago, the Russian Far East, South America, North America), and the northernmost point reaches Mongolia, representing the northern nomadic and fishing and hunting peoples of the Altaic language family (including Mongolian, Tungusic and Korean, Japanese and Japanese) who believe in primitive religions and are represented by the Mongolian and Manchu peoples. It is bordered by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the southwest (to the south, it can go directly to South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania through the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau), representing the southern ethnic minorities represented by the Tibetans who believe in Tibetan Buddhism or primitive religion (including Sino-Tibetan ethnic minorities and various ethnic groups of the Austroasiatic and Austronesian language families). To the southeast and to the southeast, Qingyang City, a prominent piece of land facing Shaanxi, represents the Han people in the Central Plains who believe in Han Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk beliefs. It is precisely from the geographical plate that combines the cultural essence of Xinjiang, Qinghai-Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Huidi (Ningxia) and Han China, so that the "cultural diversity" of Gansu has been created, which is related to the overall situation of national defense and security, economic opening and ethnic unity.

Xinjiang region, located in the northwest of China's northwest region, is bordered by the European country Russia in the north and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which are both members of the former Soviet Union (belonging to Central Asian countries) with Russia, and connects with the Christian Western civilization represented by Greece and North America, South America, Oceania, Africa and some countries in Asia that radiate Europe and have been colonized by Europe. It is bordered by Afghanistan, a country in West Asia, and is connected to the Islamic civilization represented by the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia, radiating West Asia, Central Asia, Africa and South Asia, parts of Southeast Asia, and China's "Islamic ethnic groups" (such as the Hui). Today, Xinjiang is already the cultural center of Islam in China, and all kinds of extremists and terrorist forces from West Asia, South Asia, Africa and other regions have exported Islamic culture into Xinjiang, resulting in ethnic independence disputes such as the "East Turks". It is bordered by India and Pakistan to the south, and is connected to the Buddhist Indian civilization with India as the center and radiating South and Southeast Asian countries. Historically, Buddhism from India was introduced to China from here. It is bordered to the east by Chinese mainland represented by agriculture and Mongolia represented by nomadism, fishing and hunting, and to the east by Chinese civilization to Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Vietnam, and all Asian people in the world (including only Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Vietnamese). Therefore, Xinjiang is important in maintaining cultural heritage, economic stability, and military security in China and around the world.

Shaanxi Province is culturally "across the north and south, with huge differences". The "people of northern Shaanxi" in Yulin and Yan'an in the north live in caves, speak Jin language, and eat grains, which are culturally close to Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. The "Guanzhong people" in the central part (Xi'an, Tongchuan, Baoji, Weinan, Xianyang) live in bungalows, speak the official dialect of the Central Plains, eat noodles, and are culturally close to Henan, Gansu, Ningxia and other places. The "southern Shaanxi people" in the south live in Jianfang, speak the official dialect of the southwest, eat rice, and are culturally close to Sichuan (including Chongqing), Hubei and other places.

At present, the only two provinces in the country, Shaanxi Province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which are adjacent to eight provinces, are located in the northwest region. Among them, Shaanxi Province is adjacent to Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Hubei Province, Chongqing Municipality, Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Hebei Province is only separated by Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is bordered by Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Regions, Jiuquan City in Gansu Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Zhangye City in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province, Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality in Beijing, Chengde City in Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality respectively, and borders with Russia and Mongolia.

Historical events

The historical events that have occurred in Northwest China since modern times include:

The First Opium War in 1840, the Shaanxi-Gansu Hui Uprising in 1862, Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang in 1863, the Westernization Movement in the late 1870s, the People's Armed Uprising in Northwest China in the 1890s, the Shaanxi Uprising in 1911, the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the 8.5-magnitude earthquake in Haiyuan, Ningxia in 1920, the 8.0-magnitude earthquake in Gulang, Gansu in 1927, the Red Army's "Long March" in 1934, the "129 Movement" in 1935, the "Xi'an Incident" in 1936, the Red Army's "Yan'an Division", 1937-1945 War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (the Nationalist Government moved its capital to Chongqing, and the southwest region became the rear of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression), the Northwest Liberation War in 1946, the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947, the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the 8.6 magnitude earthquake in Metuo, Tibet in 1950, the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, the opening of the Baocheng Railway (China's first electrified railway) in 1952, the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 1955, the establishment of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 1958, and the establishment of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 1959. The Great Leap Forward, the "Three-Line Construction" in 1964, the Establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, the "Ten Years of Turmoil" from 1966 to 1976, the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, the Severe Sandstorm in Minqin in Gansu in 1995, the "Poverty Alleviation Campaign" in 1996, the "Western Development" in 2000, the 8.1 magnitude earthquake in Kunlun Mountain, Qinghai in 2001, the SARS epidemic in 2003, the 8.0 magnitude earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province in 2008, the 7.1 magnitude earthquake in Yushu, Qinghai in 2010, Gansu Zhouqu mudslide, 2011 Xi'an World Horticultural Fair, 2020 new crown pneumonia epidemic, etc.

The city of Yan'an, located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province, is a famous revolutionary site. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Revolutionary Base Area, centered on Yan'an, was established in 1935 and abolished in 1946, which lasted for 11 years. In 1945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held here. It used to be the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the capital of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo Border Region, and was the guiding center and general rear of the Chinese revolution. The Yan'an Revolutionary Base Area is mainly composed of eight areas, including Yan'an Old Town, Fenghuang Mountain, Yangjialing, Wangjiaping, Qiaoergou, Nanniwan, Qingliangshan and Zaoyuan. In 1961, the Yan'an Revolutionary Site was included in the first batch of "National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units". Not only Yan'an, but also Zhaojin and Dingbian in Shaanxi, Huining, Qingyang and Lazikou in Gansu, Xunhua in Qinghai, Guyuan in Ningxia, Shihezi in Xinjiang, Qamdo in Tibet, and Ulanhot in Inner Mongolia all belong to the old revolutionary base areas with glorious and heroic colors.

In North China, the famous old revolutionary areas are: the main urban area of Beijing, Lugouqiao, Gubeikou, Tianjin's Jizhou District, Hebei's Ranzhuang, Fuping, Shanhaiguan, Baiyangdian, Langya Mountain, Xibaipo, Saihanba, Shanxi's Luliang, Changzhi, Pingxingguan, Niangziguan, Zhongtiao Mountain, etc.

In the northeast region, the famous old revolutionary base areas are: Shenyang, Dandong, Qingyuan, Xinbin, Huanren, Yixian, Zhuluke, Lushunkou in Liaoning, Yanbian and Panshi in Jilin, Shangzhi, Wuchang and Mishan in Heilongjiang.

In the southeast region, the famous old revolutionary base areas are: the main urban area of Shanghai (such as the site of the first congress), Nanjing, Yancheng, Huangqiao, Chaibu, Shajiabang in Jiangsu, Jiaxing, Lishui, Jinyun and Simingshan in Zhejiang, Lu'an, Jinzhai, Huoqiu and Anqing in Anhui, Longyan, Sanming, Changting, Shanghang and Kengkou in Fujian, Ruijin, Ningdu, Xingguo, Ganzhou, Nanchang, Anyuan, Jinggangshan and Huaiyushan in Jiangxi, Qingdao and Yimeng Mountain (Linyi) in Shandong, Guangzhou, Meizhou, Lechang and Dongjiang in Guangdong, Wuzhishan and Wanquanhe in Hainan. Among them, Nanchang, Ruijin and Jinggangshan in Jiangxi are respectively the "birthplace of the August 1st Uprising", the "cradle of the Republic" and the "place where the Autumn Harvest Uprising took place", and are one of the most important old revolutionary areas in the mainland.

In the central and southern regions, the famous old revolutionary areas are: Luoyang, Dabie Mountain, and Hongqiqu in Henan, Wuhan, Huanggang, Enshi, Dawu, Honghu, and Tianyueguan in Hubei, and Changsha, Shaoshan, Pingjiang, Zhijiang, Daoxian, Sangzhi, and Zhangjiajie in Hunan.

In the southwest region, the famous old revolutionary areas are: Hongyan, Geyue Mountain, and Nanjiaojie in Chongqing, Bazhong, Liangshan, Guang'an, Peng'an, Gulin, Anshunchang, and Ludingqiao in Sichuan, Zunyi, Liping, Panxian, Tucheng, and Tongren in Guizhou, Tengchong, Kunming, Zhenxiong, and Kyaukpingdu in Yunnan, and Baise, Liuzhou, and Donglan in Guangxi. Among them, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, became a famous Red Revolution tourist destination because of a secret meeting in 1935.

humanities

Northwest China is at the forefront of the intersection of agrarian civilization and nomadic civilization, Eastern civilization and Western civilization. Therefore, there are many ethnic minorities, foreign cultures penetrate each other, and the location advantage is unique. The culture of this region is dominated by the Central Plains culture of Shaanxi (commonly known as the "Sanqin culture"), which integrates the Longyuan culture of Gansu, the Hehuang culture of Qinghai, the Hetao culture of Ningxia, the grassland culture of Inner Mongolia, the Western Regions culture of Xinjiang and the Tibetan culture (plateau culture) of Tibet. Among them, the culture of the Western Regions is shared by all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, especially the Uygur people. Tibetan culture is shared by all ethnic groups in Tibet, especially the Tibetan people. The grassland culture is shared by all ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia, especially the Mongolian people. Five of China's five ethnic minority autonomous regions and eight ethnic inhabited areas are located in the northwest region: Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai Province.

The main body of Chinese in Northwest China is mainly Northern Mandarin and Jin dialects, and some of them are mixed with Hakka or Gan dialects. The main languages of ethnic minorities are Tibetan, Monba and Lhoba of the Tibeto-Burman language group, Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Tatar, Salar and Tuvan of the Turkic language family, Mongolian, Dongxiang, Baoan, Tu, Daur and Eastern Yugur of the Mongolian language family, Manchu, Evenki, Oroqen and Xibe of the Tungus language family, and Russian and Tajik of the Indo-European language family.

The main Chinese dialects are:

1. The official dialect of the Central Plains, including the central part of Shaanxi Province, the central and southern parts of Gansu Province, the southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the eastern part of Qinghai Province and the southern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, including the whole territory of Tibet, is represented by Xi'an dialect. Mainly related to the middle film (represented by Xi'an, Xianyang, Tongchuan, Weinan, Shangluo, Yangxian, Baihe, Huangling and Zhengning, Gansu), Qinlongpian (also known as "Xifu film", represented by Baoji, Ningqiang, Mianxian, Changwu, Qingyang, Gansu, Pingliang, Lintao, Longxi, Longnan, Baiyin, Xining, Qinghai, Haidong, Tongde, Menyuan and Ningxia Yanchi, Haiyuan, Guyuan), Longzhong (represented by Dingxi, Tianshui, Guanghe, Jingning, Huining and Xiji, Ningxia), Hezhou (represented by Linxia, Gansu, Gannan and Qinghai Haidong, Huangnan, Datong are representatives), Nanlu Pian (represented by Shangnan in Shaanxi), Nanjiang Pian (represented by Kizilsu, Bayingolin, Aksu, Turpan, Hotan, Kashgar, Yili in Xinjiang) and Qinghai-Tibet Pian (represented by Haixi, Yushu, Guoluo, Hainan Prefecture in Qinghai and Lhasa, Nyingchi, Qamdo, Nagqu, Ali, Shannan, Shigatse and other places in Tibet).

2. Lanyin Guanhua, which includes the northwest of Gansu Province, the northern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the western part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northeastern part of Qinghai Province and the north-central part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is a unique Chinese dialect in Northwest China, represented by Lanzhou dialect. There are mainly Jincheng pieces (represented by Lanzhou and Baiyin urban areas in Gansu), Hexi pieces (represented by Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Jinchang, Jiayuguan and Haibeizhou in Gansu), Yinwu pieces (represented by Yinchuan, Wuzhong, Zhongwei, Shizuishan in Ningxia and Wuhai and Alxa League in Inner Mongolia) and northern Xinjiang pieces (represented by Urumqi, Bortala, Karamay, Shihezi, Altay, Tacheng, Changji and Hami, which originally belonged to the official dialect area of Beijing).

3. It includes the Beijing official dialect in the northern part of the former Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (including Urumqi, Bortala, Karamay, Shihezi, Altay, Tacheng, Changji, Hami and other regions, commonly known as "Shikepian") and the southeast of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, represented by Chifeng dialect. There are mainly Shike pieces (which have been merged into the "Lanyin Guanhua Northern Xinjiang Piece") and Chaofeng pieces (represented by Chifeng, Inner Mongolia).

4. Including the Northeast Mandarin of the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There are mainly Hafu pieces (represented by Inner Mongolia Tongliao, Wengniute and Xing'an League), Jishen pieces (represented by Inner Mongolia Kezuohouqi) and black pine pieces (represented by Inner Mongolia Hulunbuir).

5. The southwestern official dialect that includes the southern part of Shaanxi Province, the southern part of Gansu Province and the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region (such as Qamdo, etc.), is represented by Hanzhong dialect. There are mainly Sichuan-Guizhou pieces (commonly known as "Chengdu-Chongqing pieces", represented by Hanzhong, Ankang in Shaanxi and Longnan in Gansu) and western Sichuan pieces (represented by Qamdo in Tibet).

6. The Jianghuai official dialect that includes Ankang City and Shangluo City in Shaanxi Province is represented by Zhashui dialect, all of which belong to Huang Xiaopian.

7. The Jin language, which includes the central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Shaanxi Province and parts of Qingyang City, Gansu Province, is represented by Hohhot dialect. The main ones are Zhiyan (represented by Yan'an, Shaanxi), Wutai (represented by Suide, Shenmu, Fugu and Wuhai in Inner Mongolia), Dabao (represented by Yulin in Shaanxi and Ordos, Bayannur and Baotou in Inner Mongolia), Zhanghu (represented by Hohhot, Ulanqab and Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia) and Luliang (represented by Qingjian and Jiaxian in Shaanxi).

8. It includes the Gan dialect island in the area of Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province.

The main minority languages are:

1. The Uygur language, which is distributed throughout the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the minority language with the largest number of speakers in the country (more than 1,100 people speak it, accounting for almost all the total Uygur population in the country), and belongs to the Qarluq branch of the Turkic language family of the Altaic language family. The language is cognate with the Uzbek language of Central Asia and uses Uyghur (an Arabic phonetic script written from right to left, unlike other scripts such as Latin and Brahmi). It is a unique language of Xinjiang and can be divided into central dialect, Hotan dialect and Lop Nur dialect.

2. The Kazakh language distributed in the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Aksai County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province belongs to the Kupchak (Kipchak) branch of the Turkic language family of the Altaic language family. The language is cognate with the Kazakh Chinese language (Kazakh) in Central Asia and uses Arabic-Kazakh (Cyrillic Kazakh is spoken in Kazakhstan and other countries). It is a unique language of Xinjiang and can be divided into two dialects: northeast and southwest.

3. The Kirghiz language, which is distributed in Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture and its surrounding areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, belongs to the Kipchak (Kipchak) branch of the Turkic language family of the Altaic language family. The language is cognate with Kyrgyz, the Chinese language of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, and uses Arabic Kirghiz (Cyrillic Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz) is used in Kazakhstan and other countries). It can be divided into the northern Jagai dialect and the southern Tescay dialect.

4. Mongolian languages distributed throughout the territory of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northwest Gansu Province, northern Qinghai Province and most of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region belong to the Mongolian language family of the Altaic language family. The language is cognate with the Mongolian Chinese language in Mongolia and uses Uighur Mongolian (Cyrillic Mongolian is spoken in Mongolia). It can be divided into Inner Mongolia dialects represented by the whole territory of Inner Mongolia, Oirat dialects represented by Subei County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, Tacheng District, Altay Region, Bortala Prefecture, Bayingolin Prefecture, Yili Prefecture, Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai, Henan County of Huangnan Prefecture, and Balhu dialect represented by Hulunbuir Region of Inner Mongolia.

5. The Tibetan language, which is distributed throughout the Tibet Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai Province and southwestern Gansu Province, belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The language uses Tibetan (a phonetic script of the Northern Brahmi). It can be divided into Wei-Tibetan dialects (represented by Lhasa, Nagqu, Ali, Shannan, Nyingchi and Shigatse in Tibet), Amdo dialects (represented by Goluo, Haixi, Hainan, Haibei, Huangnan and other prefectures in Qinghai) and Kham dialects (represented by Qamdo in Tibet and Yushu in Qinghai).

6. The Russian language, which is distributed in Hulunbuir City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Tacheng District of Xinjiang, belongs to the eastern branch of the Indo-European Slavic language family, and uses Cyrillic Russian, which is unique to the Russian people.

ethnic group

Because the northwest region is located at the junction of different geographical units and various geographical plates, there are 56 ethnic groups in this land.

Among them, the Xinjiang Plateau in the northwest region is inhabited by five endemic ethnic groups in Xinjiang, including Uygur, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tajik and Tatar, as well as Kazakhs in Xinjiang and Gansu. In addition, the Xibe people from the northeast and the Russians who came in from Russia (i.e., Russia) have also lived and worked in this land since the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the Uyghur people are the most populous of the endemic ethnic minorities in all provinces of the country.

The Qinghai-Tibet High Principle is inhabited by Tibetans, the Menba and Lhoba ethnic groups, and the Naxi, Dulong, Lisu and Nu ethnic groups from Yunnan have settled here.

In the western part of the Loess Plateau, facing the Hehuang Valley and the Qilian Mountains of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, there are three ethnic groups that believe in Islam, namely the Hui and Dongxiang, Baoan and Salar, as well as the Tu and Yugur, two ethnic minorities located in the Islamic region but who believe in Tibetan Buddhism. Among them, the Dongxiang, Baoan and Salar ethnic groups are endemic to Gansu Province, while the Tu and Salar ethnic groups are common in Qinghai. Located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is the largest Hui inhabited area in China.

Inner Mongolia is inhabited by high principles, with the Mongolian nationality as the core, including the three ethnic groups unique to Inner Mongolia, namely the Evenki, Oroqen and Daur ethnic groups, that is, the "Solon Tripart". On the Inner Mongolia Plateau, there are also ethnic minorities such as Manchus, Koreans, and Hezhes who moved in from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. The eastern part of Gansu and the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi Province are completely dominated by the Han nationality.

So far, the largest ethnic groups in Xinjiang and Tibet are the Uyghurs and Tibetans, respectively, and the population of these two ethnic groups exceeds that of the Han people, which is rare among other provinces.

Although the Inner Mongolia and Ningxia autonomous regions are also dominated by Mongolians and Hui respectively, the largest ethnic group in these two autonomous regions is still the Han nationality. The specific reason is that the Han people in Inner Mongolia mostly appeared in the late Qing Dynasty after the Han immigrants from Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Hebei and other Central Plains "crossed the Guandong" and "went to the west", while the Han people in Ningxia mostly migrated from neighboring Gansu and Shaanxi.

Of the only five ethnic minority autonomous regions in the country, the northwest region alone accounts for four. They are: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region. Its capitals are Yinchuan, Urumqi, Hohhot and Lhasa. The main ethnic groups (ethnic minorities) are Hui, Uyghur, Mongolian and Tibetan.

At present, there are 34 ethnic groups in the Northwest Territory, and the main ethnic groups are as follows:

1. Han nationality: mainly distributed in Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Speaking Chinese, writing Chinese characters, and mixing various beliefs and religions.

2. Mongolian: mainly distributed in the whole territory of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the northern and eastern part of Qinghai Province, the northern part of Gansu Province, and also distributed in Shaanxi, Ningxia, Tibet and other places. In particular, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Hainan Prefecture, Subei Mongolian Autonomous County in Jiuquan City in Gansu Province, Bortala and Bayingolin in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tacheng Prefecture and Buxel Mongolian Autonomous County are the most concentrated. The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the country's first ethnic minority autonomous region (established in 1947) and is the country's largest Mongolian-inhabited region, with a Mongolian population of 4.25 million, accounting for 17.6% of the region's total population (24.05 million). The national administrative divisions are unique to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including the League (equivalent to a district or prefecture-level city), the Banner (equivalent to a county, district or county-level city), the Sumu (equivalent to a township, town or subdistrict) and the Gacha (equivalent to a village or community). The traditional intangible cultural heritage of the Mongolian people, such as the horse-head fiddle, yurt, roasted whole sheep, milk tea, Humai (long tune), and the epic "Jianger", are known as the "Six Uniques of Inner Mongolia". The famous "generation of Tianjiao" Genghis Khan (whose real name is "Erjin Temujin") was born here, and the Yuan Dynasty was also born here. Mongolian is spoken (belonging to the Altaic language family-Mongolian language family) and Tibetan Buddhism is spoken. The Mongolian Khoomai and long-tune folk songs have been included in the list of "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. The Naadam Conference is the most representative traditional festival of the Mongolian people, which is held every year on the fourth day of the sixth lunar month and lasts for five days. In addition, the Mongolian ethnic group is the main ethnic group in Mongolia, and is distributed in Russia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and other countries. The language (Mongolian) is cognate with the Mongolian Chinese language. The word "Monghol" means "eternal fire" in the language of the people.

3. Hui nationality: mainly distributed in the whole territory of Northwest China (such as Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and other provinces and regions), with Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County of Tianshui City, Haidong Citizen and Hui Tu Autonomous County of Qinghai Province, Hualong Hui Autonomous County, Menyuan Hui Autonomous County of Haibei Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County of Bayingolin Prefecture and other places are the most concentrated. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is the largest Hui inhabited area in China, with a Hui population of 2.53 million, accounting for 35.1% of the total population (7.21 million). This ethnic group is also the most widely distributed ethnic group in the country, and it is distributed along the transportation routes of all prefecture-level administrative regions and county-level administrative districts under the jurisdiction of all provinces (cities and districts) in the country. Wherever there is a Hui population, there will be some ethnic buildings such as mosques. The Hui "flowers" that circulate throughout the northwest are included in the list of "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. The Hui mainly speak Chinese, write Chinese characters (or Persian and Arabic), believe in Islam, use the Islamic calendar, and Eid al-Fitr (the first day of the tenth month of the Islamic calendar) and Eid al-Adha (the tenth day of the twelfth month of the Islamic calendar) are one of the representative festivals of the Hui people. The ancient name of the Hui people is "Hui Hui", which is the abbreviation of "Uighur", one of the ancestors of this nation.

4. Tibetans: Mainly distributed in the whole territory of Tibet Autonomous Region and the southern part of Qinghai Province (with Yushu, Guoluo, Hainan, Haibei, Huangnan and Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture being the most concentrated), in the southwestern part of Gansu Province (with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County of Wuwei City being the most concentrated), and also distributed in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and some areas of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other provinces (regions). Formerly known as the Tibetan people and calling themselves Bodpa, the capital of the Tibetan state (633-842), which once coexisted with the Tang Dynasty, is in present-day Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is the largest Tibetan region in China, and the Tibetans in the region are the largest ethnic group in Tibet, with a Tibetan population of 3.14 million, accounting for more than 86% of the region's total population (3.65 million). In addition, Tibetans are also the largest ethnic minority in Qinghai Province. The "Qinghai Tibetan Area" is composed of the five Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures of Yushu, Guoluo, Hainan, Haibei and Huangnan in Qinghai Province and the Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Haixi Province, accounting for more than 96% of the total area of Qinghai Province. The Tibetan population here is 1.51 million, accounting for 25.5% of the total population of Qinghai Province (5.93 million). At present, the Tibetans mainly speak Tibetan (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Tibetan language branch, divided into Wei-Tibetan, Amdo, and Kham dialects), and the Baima Tibetans in southern Gansu Province speak Baima language (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Baima language branch or the Austroasiatic language family-Mon-Khmer language group-Baima language branch), write Tibetan (belong to the North Brahmi script), and believe in Tibetan Buddhism. The Tibetan calendar year is the most representative festival of the Tibetan people, which is probably held on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar every year. The famous intangible cultural heritage includes: butter tea, yak meat, tsamba and other snacks, thangka, di, lice carving, hada, Tibetan ornaments, Tibetan embroidery, Tibetan knives, batik, prayer wheels, Zhuo Panlin, handmade silverware (Kawu), Buddhist scriptures and other handicrafts, Tibetan opera, Bon opera and other folk arts. In particular, Tibetan opera in Tibet, Regong art in Qinghai, traditional Tibetan medicine bathing in Gansu and the epic of King Gesar (Si) Er have all been included in the list of "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. In addition, the Tibetan people are called "Tsongkha" in Bhutan, and they are the main ethnic group in the country. It is also found in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and other places with Chinese settlements. The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is the only province in China where the proportion of ethnic minorities exceeds 50 percent, and there are basically few Han Chinese in the region, and more than 80 percent of the population is mainly Tibetan.

5. Uygurs: mainly distributed throughout the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is also distributed in Gansu Province. This ethnic group is endemic to Xinjiang and is the most populous in the province. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the only Uyghur-inhabited area in China, and the Uyghurs in the region are the largest ethnic group in Xinjiang, with a population of 11.63 million, accounting for about 45% of the total population (25.86 million). Therefore, when many people think of Xinjiang, the first thing that comes to mind is the Uyghur people living here. The Uyghur people have a similar faith to the Hui in that they both believe in Islam, build mosques, and repair the Quran. They speak Uyghur (belonging to the Altaic language family-Turkic language family-Qarluq branch). Naan cakes, raisins, large plates of chicken, shelf meat, grilled buns, pilaf, kebabs, lamb belly buns and other delicacies are all representative works of Xinjiang cuisine, and felt, carpet, embroidery and calico are known as the "four unique Uygur folk crafts". The Uyghur "Daolang Maisiref" and "Muqam Art" have even been inscribed on UNESCO's list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Traditional festivals are similar to those of the Hui people, including Rouzi (Eid al-Fitr, mainly on the first day of the 10th month of the Islamic calendar), Eid al-Adha (10th day of the 12th month of the Islamic calendar) and Nowruz (starting on the 21st day of March every year). In addition, the Uyghur ethnic group is distributed in many Chinese-populated areas around the world, as well as in Central Asia, Russia and other countries. The word "Uyghur" means "unity" and "union" in the language of the people.

6. Miao nationality: mainly distributed in Hanzhong City, Ankang City, Shangluo City in Shaanxi Province and Longnan City in Gansu Province, most of them are scattered. Qingshui Miao Village, Qingshui Town, located in Zhenba County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, with a population of more than 800 people, is the only Miao ethnic village in Shaanxi Province. It is said that the ancestors of this ethnic group moved here from Zunyi City, Guizhou Province to escape the war during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and it has been more than 300 years. At present, the Miao language is commonly spoken in this group (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Miao Yao language family-Miao language branch), and there are beliefs such as ancestor worship or witch worship.

7. Yi nationality: mainly distributed in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, Longnan City, Gansu Province, Nyingchi City, Changdu City, Tibet Autonomous Region and other places, most of them are scattered, speak Yi language (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Yi language branch), and believe in many gods. Legend has it that the ancestor of the Yi people, Apu Dumu, was once active in the area of Qamdo in present-day Tibet.

8. Zhuang nationality: mainly distributed in Zhashui County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province and other places, most of them are scattered. Lanjiawan Village, Hongyansi Town, located in Zhashui County, is the only Zhuang ethnic village in Shaanxi Province, with a population of more than 300 people. It is rumored that the ancestors of the tribe were originally of the She ethnic group, and most of the residents were surnamed "Lan" (Lan), who moved here from Pingyuan County, Guangdong Province during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (1765 AD). The ethnic group currently speaks mainly Chinese.

9. Korean nationality: mainly distributed in Zhalantun City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Arong Banner, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and other places, and also distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places. The ancestors of this ethnic group may have migrated here from Northeast China (i.e., Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, etc.) during the Republic of China period (1912-1949). The ethnic group mainly speaks Korean, and its beliefs are similar to those of the Han Chinese or the Koreans of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, etc.

10. Manchu: mainly distributed in Xi'an City, Xianyang City, Hanzhong City, Baoji City, Yan'an City, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Xining City, Qinghai Province, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Urumqi City, Karamay City, Hami City, Turpan City, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tacheng District, Altay Region, Kashgar Region, Lhasa City of Tibet Autonomous Region and Hohhot City, Ulanqab City, Baotou City, Wuhai City, Chifeng City, Tongliao City, Hulunbuir City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, The Xing'an League and the Xilin Gol League and other places are mostly scattered. In particular, Panjin Manchu Town, Yining City, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Caonian Manchu Town, Liangcheng County, Ulanqab City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shijia Manchu Township, Karaqin Banner, Chifeng City, Pawnshop Manchu Township, Songshan District, and Manchu Tun Manchu Township, Horqin Right-wing Front Banner of Xing'an League (the only Manchu township in China mainly engaged in animal husbandry) are the most concentrated. According to legend, the ancestors of this ethnic group were moved here by Manchu garrisons from Beijing, Tianjin, Northeast, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu and other places in the early Qing Dynasty. The ethnic group currently speaks mainly Chinese.

11. Kazakhs: Mainly distributed in the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Jiuquan City in Gansu Province and Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. In particular, Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang, Mulei Kazakh Autonomous County in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, and Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County in Hami City are the most concentrated. The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the only prefecture-level administrative region in the country that has a prefecture-level administrative region (commonly known as a "region"), also known as a "sub-provincial-level administrative region". It has jurisdiction over the "areas directly under the jurisdiction of Yili Prefecture" (i.e., 3 cities of Yining, Kuitun and Khorgos, 7 counties of Yining, Zhaosu, Xinyuan, Huocheng, Gongliu, Turks and Nilek and 11 counties and cities of Qapqar Xibe Autonomous County), "Tacheng District" (i.e., 3 cities of Tacheng, Wusu and Shawan, 3 counties of Emin, Tuoli and Yumin and 7 counties and cities of Hebuxel Mongolian Autonomous County) and "Altay Region" (i.e., Altay City and 6 counties of Fuyun, Fuhai, Qinghe, Jimunai, Burjin and Habahe, a total of 7 counties and cities). The Kazakhs mainly speak the Kazakh language (belonging to the Altaic language family-Turkic language family-Kipchak branch) and believe in Islam. The Kazakh language spoken by the Kazakh ethnic group is written in Arabic, which is very similar to the Kazakh language (written in Cyrillic), the Chinese language of Kazakhstan. The Kazakhs in China are a cross-border ethnic group that mainly speaks the eastern dialect of the Kazakh language (divided into northeastern subdialects and southwestern subdialects). The traditional musical instrument of the Kazakh people, "Dongbula", is famous at home and abroad for its brisk melody and unrestrained melody. The word "Kazak" means "free and unrestrained steppe eagle" ("sword") in the national language, and is mainly used to describe the true character of a Kazakh.

12. Dai nationality: mainly distributed in Cuona County, Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Baxika Village, Metuo County, Nyingchi City and other places (in fact, it is the southern Tibetan region illegally occupied by India), originally part of the "Kandi Dai" that moved westward from Kachin State in Myanmar, also known as the "Tibetan Dai Nationality", with a population of about 50,000, speaking Kandi Dai (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Zhuang-Dong language family-Zhuang Dai language branch), and now believes in Hinduism.

13. Lisu Nationality: Mainly distributed in Chayu County, Nyingchi City, Mangkang County, and Zuogong County, Changdu City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and live next to the Lisu Nationality in Yunnan Province. He speaks Lisu (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family, Tibeto-Burman language family, and Yi language branch), and advocates multiple gods.

14. Dongxiang nationality: mainly distributed in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Lanzhou City, Dingxi City, Jiuquan City, Wuwei City, Jinchang City, Baiyin City, Tianshui City, Zhangye City, Jiayuguan City and Xining City, Haidong City, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province, and also distributed in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The only ethnic minority autonomous county in the country named after one ethnic group - "Dongxiang Autonomous County" in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province and the longest county in the country - Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province "Jishishan Baoan Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County" is the most concentrated. The ethnic group, which calls themselves "Sarta", speaks mainly Dongxiang (i.e., "Sarta"), and also speaks Chinese or Arabic, and believes in Islam (especially Sunni). The Dongxiang people got their name from the fact that they lived in the area of the former "Hezhou Dongxiang" (now Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province).

15. Naxi nationality: mainly distributed in Mangkang County, Changdu City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Naxi Nationality Township, Mangkang County, Tibet is the most concentrated. The ethnic group mainly speaks the Naxi language (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Yi language branch), and believes in primitive religions such as "Dongba religion". Located in the ancient salt wells on the east and west banks of the Lancang River in Mangkang County, Changdu City, Tibet Autonomous Region, located at the gateway of the Yunnan-Tibet Line (214 National Highway), it has a history of more than 1,300 years since the Tang Dynasty was reclaimed, and it is the only place in the country that maintains a complete and primitive way of drying salt by hand, and retains the relatively complete ancient salt-making technology in the mainland. The "peach blossom salt" abundant here has pure crystals, beautiful color, and sweet taste.

16. Kirgiz: Mainly distributed in the western part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, but also in Gansu Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Tibet Autonomous Region. In particular, the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in western Xinjiang is the most concentrated. This ethnic group is a cross-border ethnic group, which is homologous to the Kyrgyz ethnic group, the main ethnic group of the Central Asian country of Kyrgyzstan, and is also distributed in Central Asia and some European and Asian countries. The main language is Kyrgyz (cognate with the Kyrgyz language of Central Asia, while the Kyrgyz language is Cyrillic used by the former country, the Soviet Union), the written language is Arabic, and the main religion is Islam (Tibetan Buddhism in some areas such as Tacheng area). Manas, a heroic epic of folk literature by the Kyrgyz people in the area of Kizil and Suzhou in western Xinjiang, has been inscribed on the list of "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" by UNESCO. The word "Kyrgyz" means "forty tribes" in the language of the people, because the ancestors of the ancient Kyrgyz people got their name for having more than forty tribes.

17. Tu nationality: mainly distributed in the eastern part of Qinghai Province and the southwestern part of Gansu Province, and also distributed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Shaanxi Province and other places. This ethnic group is not a "Tujia", but one of the only two major endemic ethnic groups in Qinghai Province, especially in Haidong City, Qinghai Province, Mutual Aid Tu Autonomous County, Minhe Hui Tu Autonomous County, Datong Hui Tu Autonomous County in Xining City, and Biwa Tu Township, Zhuoni County, Gannan Prefecture, Gansu Province. The tribe originally belonged to the ancestors of the ancient Mongolian people - the descendants of the Xianbei branch "Tugu (sound "desire") Hun", "soil" and "Tu" homonym, so the Tu people got their name. The Monguor, who call themselves "Monguor" (named after being descended from the Mongols), speak mainly the Turkish language (belonging to the Altaic language family-Mongolian language family), have no common script, and believe in Tibetan Buddhism or Islam. The Tu area is rich in highland barley wine, and the "Tianyoude highland barley wine" produced in Huzhu County of Qinghai Province is a must-have national liquor in the country.

18. Daur nationality: mainly distributed in Hulunbuir City, Xing'an League, Chifeng City and Tongliao City in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Tacheng Prefecture and Altay Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In particular, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region's Hulunbuir City, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner is the most concentrated. The tribe was one of the "Three Divisions of Sauron" in the early Qing Dynasty, good at "falconry" and "playing hockey", and is a modern extension of the Khitan people descended from the ancient "Donghu". The ethnic group currently speaks the Daur language (belonging to the Altaic language family-Mongolian language family), the original script (belonging to the Uighur script) has been lost, and they believe in Tibetan Buddhism or shamanism. It is now one of the "three minority ethnic groups" unique to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. This ethnic group is also found in Mongolia, Russia and other countries. The Daur people can fight well and are a heroic nation, whether it is the internal and external wars of the Qing Dynasty or the War of Resistance against Japan. The word "Daur" means "cultivator" in the national language (one is called "Dahuer", "Dahur", "Dahuli" or "Dahur").

19. Qiang nationality: mainly distributed in Hanzhong City, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, Longnan City, Gansu Province and other places. Northwest China is the birthplace of the ancient Qiang people (ethnic groups), the ancient Qiang people (ethnic groups) once lived in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the Hehuang Valley of Qinghai Province, and now their descendants are the Sino-Tibetan language groups (including Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, Miao-Yao, Zhuang-Kam and other Tibeto-Burman) including Han, Tibetan, Yi, Burmese and other Tibeto-Burman language groups, as well as the Austroasiatic language groups and Austronesian language groups. At present, the ethnic group mainly speaks Chinese, and there is no folk script.

20. Salar people: mainly distributed in Haidong City, Xining City, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Lanzhou City in Gansu Province, and also distributed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In particular, Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in Haidong City, Qinghai Province and Jishishan Baoan and Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province are the most concentrated. The ethnic group currently speaks Salar (belonging to the Altaic-Turkic-Oghuz branch), cognate with Turkmenistan, the Chinese language of the Central Asian country of Turkmenistan, and believes in Islam (mainly Sunni). It is said that the ancestors of this ethnic group migrated from the Turkmenistan region of Central Asia during the Yuan Dynasty (13th century) and called themselves "Salar". In Qinghai, the "Lanzhou beef ramen" made by the Salar people in Hualong, Xunhua, Minhe and other places can be described as "a unique in China". According to statistics, before 2012, more than 90% of the "Lanzhou Ramen" restaurants in China were opened by Qinghai Salar people. The word "Salar" is an abbreviation of the people's self-proclaimed "Salar", which means "the one who wields a sword and a hammer everywhere" in the national language.

21. Xibe nationality: mainly distributed in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Tacheng Prefecture, Altay Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Urumqi City, Hami City and other places in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and also distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It is said that during the Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (i.e., around the 18th century AD), the ancestors of this ethnic group moved westward from "Shengjing" (present-day Shenyang City, Liaoning Province) through the Qing court, and the minister Tubert and others to garrison the border defense in Xinjiang, mainly to enrich the local area. Among them, Qapqar Xibe Autonomous County, located in the west of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is one of the only two Xibe inhabited areas in the country (the other is the northeast region represented by Shenyang City, Liaoning Province), and it is also the only Xibe Autonomous County in the country. The tribe mainly speaks the Xibe language (belonging to the Altaic language family-Tungusic language family-Manchu branch), which is cognate with the Manchu language of the Manchu people, and mainly maintains the language of its own ethnic group. The script is written in Manchu, also known as the "Xibe script" (Uighur script). Because of the concentration of Islamist ethnic groups such as the Kazakhs and Uyghurs in the surrounding area, the Xibe people in Xinjiang mainly believe in Islam, especially Sunni (shamanism or Tibetan Buddhism in some areas). The word "Sibe" in the name of the tribe is actually a false pronunciation of the ancestor of the tribe, "Xianbei".

22. Tajik: Mainly distributed in Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the surrounding Hotan Prefecture, Aksu Prefecture, Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture and other places. In particular, Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County in Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang is the most concentrated, and it is an endemic ethnic group in Xinjiang. The county (Tashkurgan County) is the only county (city) in the country that borders five countries (China, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan) at the same time, and has the world's second highest peak - Chogori Peak (8611 meters above sea level). The Tajik language - highland Tajik (there are two dialects "Selkul" and "Wakhan") is homologous to the Chinese language of the Central Asian country of Tajikistan - plain Tajik, both belong to the Indo-European language family - Indo-Iranian language family - East Iranian Pamir branch. In addition, this ethnic group is also the same ethnic group as the main ethnic group of the Central Asian country of Tajikistan, and is also distributed in Central Asia, South Asia, European countries and Afghanistan, and mainly believes in Islam and writes Arabic Tajik script (Cyrillic Tajik script in Tajikistan). The famous domestic movie "Visitors on the Iceberg" tells the story of the local Tajik people in Xinjiang defending their homes and defending the border. The word "Tajik" means "king" in the language of the people, and is named after the ancestors of the tribe, the Serbs, who were the most senior rulers of a large tribe in southeastern Central Asia.

23. Nu nationality: Mainly distributed in Chayu County, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and the population is relatively scattered. Mainly speaks the Anon language (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Nong language branch), and believes in multiple gods.

24. Uzbek nationality: mainly distributed in Mulei Kazakh Autonomous County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with Danangou Uzbek Ethnic Township being the most concentrated. This ethnic group is endemic to Xinjiang, whose ancestors migrated from Uzbekistan in Central Asia, and are highly homologous to the Uyghur ethnic group and the main ethnic group of the Central Asian country Uzbekistan (note: the "Zi" is not "Zi", and the "Zi" here is the Chinese ethnic minority - the Uzbek). The ethnic group mainly speaks Uzbek (belonging to the Altaic language-Turkic language family-Qarluq), borrowed from Cyrillic, and believes in Islam or Orthodox Christianity. The word "Uzbek" means "independence" in the national language.

25. Russian nationality: mainly distributed in Tacheng Prefecture, Altay Prefecture, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Urumqi City, Karamay City and Hulunbuir City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, most of them are scattered. From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, most of the ancestors of this ethnic group were local people who moved in from Russia due to internal wars, and they were one of the main ethnic groups in Russia and some Eastern European, West and Central Asian countries, that is, the "former Soviet Union" and its various member countries. Enhe Township, located in Erguna City, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is the only Russian township in the country. The main speaker of this ethnic group is Russian (belonging to the Indo-European language family-Slavic language family-Eastern Branch), believes in Orthodox Christianity, and belongs to the same "foreign cross-border ethnic group" as the Korean and Jing ethnic groups. The word "Russia" is said to be a possible metaphor for the ancient "Urashasa".

26. Evenki: Mainly distributed in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with the Evenki Autonomous Banner being the most concentrated. This ethnic group was once one of the "Three Divisions of Sauron" in the early Qing Dynasty, and is now one of the "Three Minority Nationalities" unique to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and is a descendant of the ancient "Savage Jurchen". He mainly speaks Evenki (belonging to the Altaic language family-Tungusic language family-Tungusic branch), mainly borrowing Mongolian (mainly herdsmen) or Chinese characters (mainly farmers), and believes in Tibetan Buddhism or shamanism. The tribe is known for its expertise in reindeer and is the only remaining minority on the mainland that makes a living from hunting. The word "Ewenki" means "people who live in the mountains and forests" in the national language. The ethnic group is also found in Mongolia, Russia and other countries, and Russia calls this ethnic group "Evenki". They were once known as the Solons, the Tungus, or the Yakutia tribes.

27. Baoan Nationality: Mainly distributed in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province and Haidong City of Qinghai Province, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and other places, with the most concentrated in Jishishan Baoan Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County of Linxia Prefecture of Gansu Province, which is endemic to Gansu Province. The "security waist knife" made by the tribe is very famous, it is extremely sharp, the shape is compelling, and it can "kill thousands" in the face of the enemy. The Bonan clan called themselves "Gasal" and got their name from the Baoan Temple that lived in Tongren City, Huangnan Prefecture, Qinghai Province. It mainly speaks "Baoanyu" (belonging to the Altaic language family-Mongolian language family), has the same cognate as "Dongxiang language", speaks Chinese or Arabic, and believes in Islam (mainly Sunni).

28. Yugur nationality: mainly distributed in Zhangye City, Jiuquan City, Wuwei City, Jinchang City, Jiayuguan City in Gansu Province, Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, and also distributed in Hami City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In particular, Sunan Yugur Autonomous County, Zhangye City, Gansu Province is the most concentrated, which is an endemic ethnic group in Gansu Province. This ethnic group originated from the "Xizhou Uighurs" who were nomadic in the Orkhon River valley of present-day Mongolia in the Tang Dynasty, and are highly homologous to the Uyghurs. Two languages are currently spoken – "Western Yugur" (belonging to the Altaic-Turkic-Qarluq branch, and the speakers call themselves "Yogir") and "Eastern Yugur" (belonging to the Altaic-Mongolian language family, and the speakers of this language call themselves "Engel"), both of which have no common script, and are Tibetan Buddhism or Islam. The self-proclaimed "Yaohuer" of the "Yugur people" is derived from the western Yugur language, which means "peace". The Chinese character "Yugu" means that the nation is "rich and consolidated", and it is also a homonym for the word "Yaohuer".

29. Tatar nationality: mainly distributed in Qitai County, Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with Daquan Tatar Ethnic Township being the most concentrated, and is one of the endemic ethnic groups of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This ethnic group is currently the smallest ethnic group in the country (only 3,544 people), but this ethnic group is the only ethnic group in the country that "has no illiteracy" because of its high education level (mainly high school or college education), can "light the lamp of knowledge", and is known for "building schools and eradicating illiteracy for the whole people", and the adult illiteracy rate is almost "zero", so it has become the only ethnic group in the country that has "no illiteracy". Originating from the ancient "Tatar" people of the ancient Mongol Empire, the Tatar people call themselves "Tatar" (or "huts") in the language of the people, which means "hunters" in Mongolian. This ethnic group is found in Russia and a number of Eastern European countries and is the main ethnic group of the Russian Tatar Republic. He speaks mainly Tatar (belonging to the Altaic language family-Turkic language family-Kappchak (Kipchak) branch) and believes in Islam or Orthodox Christianity.

30. Dulong Nationality: Mainly distributed in Chayu County, Nyingchi City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and other places, the population is relatively scattered. He mainly speaks Dulong language (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family-Tibeto-Burman language family-Nong language branch), and believes in many gods.

31. Oroqen nationality: mainly distributed in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with the Oroqen Autonomous Banner being the most concentrated. The tribe is famous for being good at horse taming and wearing "roe deer head hats", and was once one of the "three tribes of Sauron" in the early Qing Dynasty, and is now one of the "three minority ethnic groups" unique to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and is a descendant of the ancient "savage Jurchen". He mainly speaks the Oroqen language (belonging to the Altaic language family-Tungusic language family-Tungusic branch), mainly borrows Mongolian (mainly herdsmen) or Chinese characters (mainly farmers), and believes in Tibetan Buddhism or shamanism. Like the Evenki, the Oroqen are also one of the famous "hunting peoples" on the mainland. In addition, this ethnic group is also distributed in Mongolia, Russia and other countries. The word "Oroqen" means "a person who lives in the mountains, including the use of reindeer", in the national language.

32. Hezhe nationality: mainly distributed in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a small population and mostly scattered. The ancestors of this ethnic group may have migrated from the area of Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, and mainly spoke Hezhe (belonging to the Altaic language family-Tungusic language family-Tungusic branch) and believed in shamanism.

33. Menba Nationality: Mainly distributed in Cuona County, Longzi County, Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Metuo County, Chayu County, Nyingchi City, and other places, most of which belong to the "southern Tibetan region" illegally occupied by India. At present, the ethnic group speaks Tibetan, speaks Monba (belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family, Tibeto-Burman language family, Tibetan branch, a dialect of Tibetan), and believes in Tibetan Buddhism. The word "Monpa" is the name of the people, meaning "the one who lives in the corner of the door".

34. Lhoba Nationality: Mainly distributed in Cuona County, Longzi County, Shannan City, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Metuo County, Chayu County, Bomi County, Nyingchi City, Nyingchi City, and other places, most of which belong to the "southern Tibet region" illegally occupied by India. The tribe is composed of the Bunni (Lhoba), Bunru, Yidu, Sulong, Darang, Geman (one of the "unidentified peoples"), Bogar and other branches, and the languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family (the language branch is not determined). The Tibetan language is currently spoken and Tibetan Buddhism is believed. The word "Lhopa" is the name of the people, which means "the person who lives in Lhopa".

religion

In some regions, religion is often associated with ethnicity.

Northwest China is the region with the most complex religious situation in the country, with diverse cultures and the coexistence of multiple religions.

The Uyghurs and Hui are the main ethnic groups in the Xinjiang and Ningxia autonomous regions under the region, and Islam is the main religion. The Tibetan and Mongolian ethnic groups, the main ethnic groups in Tibet and Inner Mongolia, mainly have Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) as the main religious belief. In addition, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other provinces (regions) have a variety of faiths such as Orthodox, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Sikh and Judaism. The Han inhabited areas of Shaanxi, Gansu, eastern Qinghai and southern Inner Mongolia have a large number of cultural relics such as Han Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and ancestor worship. Some ethnic minorities in Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and other provinces (regions) in the northwest region still retain their original indigenous religious beliefs and ancestor worship, such as shamanism, Bon, Zoroastrianism, etc.

Northwest China is a region that integrates four major religious forces: Christianity (including Protestantism, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism), Buddhism (including Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Southern Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Brahmanism), Islam (Shia and Sunni) and Han indigenous religions (including Taoism, Confucianism, etc.), which correspond to the world's only four universally recognized cultural systems distributed all over the world: Western culture, Indian culture, Arab culture and Chinese culture. In particular, in Xinjiang, it is a "collection of four major cultural systems", and the coexistence of one or two religions is the historical characteristic of the religious pattern in Northwest China, and the integration and coexistence are the mainstream of religious relations in Northwest China.

Xinjiang, located in the northwest region, was once a highly Buddhist region in ancient times. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, with the introduction of Islam from neighboring West Asian countries, Xinjiang adjacent to West Asia was also assimilated by Islamic culture, and the Tibetan Buddhist culture in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and other areas closer to Xinjiang would also be infected by the independent separatist forces of Islam. Ethnic independence and regional separatism (such as Xinjiang, Tibet, Mongolia, etc.) in Inner Mongolia and other regions laid the groundwork, and at the same time, it was inevitable that the peaceful reunification, security, and stability of the motherland would be sown with endless calamities.

At present, religion in the Northwest can be divided into four major systems:

1. Buddhist system: mainly including Han Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Southern Buddhism (Theravada Buddhism), of which the first two are "Mahayana Buddhism" (also known as "Northern Buddhism").

Among them, Han Buddhism is mainly distributed throughout the whole territory of Shaanxi Province, the central part of Gansu Province and the eastern part of Qinghai Province, and is also distributed in Tibet, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and other places. Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, was once one of the "ancient capitals of the Thirteen Dynasties" represented by the Tang Dynasty, and was also the main base for Han Buddhism to be introduced to China from India. Han Buddhist temples and relics mainly include Shaanxi Xi'an Daci'en Temple, Daxingshan Temple, Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Huayan Temple, Caotang Temple, Xiangji Temple, Baoji Famen Temple, Fahua Temple, Weinan Hancheng Puzhao Temple, Gansu Linxia Bingling Temple, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Tang Leiyin Temple, Tianshui Pure Land Temple, Maijishan Grottoes, Zhangye Horseshoe Temple, Lanzhou Jade Buddha Temple, Qinghai Xining Fazhuang Temple, Ningxia Yinchuan Baoan Temple, Xixia Gaotai Temple, Sumeru Mountain Grottoes, Inner Mongolia Baotou Miaofa Tibetan Temple, Xinjiang Urumqi Big Buddha Temple, Qingquan Temple, etc. Of the four major Buddhist caves in China, two are in the northwest region alone: the Mogao Grottoes and the Maijishan Grottoes in Gansu. Among them, the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang are included in the list of "World Cultural Heritage" as a relic of Han Buddhism.

Tibetan Buddhism is the mainstream religion in the northwest region, including Tibet, and is commonly known as "Lamaism". It mainly covers the whole territory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, most of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai Province, and southwest Gansu Province, and is also distributed in Ningxia and Shaanxi. Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, is a world-famous Tibetan Buddhist cultural resort. Tibetan Buddhism originated in Tibet, and it is a mixed religious system that combines ancient Buddhism introduced from India, Chinese Buddhism and Bon Buddhism in Tibet, including various schools such as Nyingma (Red Sect), Sakya School (Flower Sect), Kagyu School (White Sect) and Gelug School (Yellow Sect). At present, more than 1,700 of the more than 3,800 Tibetan Buddhist temples in the country are located in Tibet, more than 700 in Qinghai, more than 120 in Gansu, and more than 120 in Inner Mongolia, with a total of more than 2,600 temples, accounting for nearly 70% of the country. The famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries mainly include Lhasa Potala Palace, Drepung Monastery, Jokhang Monastery, Xiaozhao Monastery, Zaki Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ganden Monastery, Samye Monastery, Chubu Monastery, Sakya Monastery, Dana Monastery, Zizhu Monastery, Duojizha Monastery, Tashilhunpo Monastery and Yongbula Kang, Norbulingka Monastery in Tibet, Ta'er Monastery, Jiegu Monastery, Gar Monastery, Guolong Monastery, Qutan Monastery, Longwu Monastery in Qinghai, Labrang Monastery, Langmu Monastery, Milarepa Buddha Pavilion in Gansu, Dazhao Monastery, Xiaozhao Temple, Cideng Temple, Kangning Temple, Beizi Temple, Wudangzhao Temple, Helan Shannan Temple in Ningxia, Guangren Temple in Xi'an, Puqing Temple, Jingyuan Temple, Hejing Yong'an Temple, Zhaosu Shengyou Temple in Xinjiang, etc. Located in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Potala Palace and the surrounding Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka have been included in the World Cultural Heritage List as the main relics that display the world's Tibetan culture and Tibetan Buddhist culture. In addition, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and other provinces (regions) in the northwest region are also full of Tibetan Buddhist cultural sacred mountains, and Tibetans will hold a "mountain turning meeting" here every April. The famous "Eight Sacred Mountains in Tibet" are all from the northwest region, namely Mount Kailash, Kawagebo (Meili Snow Mountain), Himalayan Peaks, Bon Ri Peak, Gaduo Juewo Peak in Qinghai, Nian Baoyu Ze Peak, Anima Qing Peak, and Cuomei Peak (formerly Yala Snow Mountain in Sichuan) in Gansu. In addition, Taer Temple in Qinghai and Labrang Temple in Gansu are one of the national AAAAA-level scenic spots.

2. The Islamic system. Islam is also the dominant religion in the Northwest. The only religion practiced by the 10 ethnic groups, including the Ningxia Hui and the Xinjiang Uyghurs, is Islam.

On the mainland, all 13 ethnic groups with Islamic cultural beliefs, such as the Hui (Ningxia), Uygur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Tajik, Uzbek (Xinjiang), Dongxiang, Baoan, Salar (Gansu), and 13 ethnic groups with Islamic cultural beliefs, including the Russian, Yugur, and Hetu, are all inhabited in the northwest region. In ancient times, these 13 ethnic groups were all called "Hui", that is, the "Hui", one of the "five ethnic republics" (Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, and Tibetan).

Due to its proximity to West and Central Asian countries, as the earliest place where Islam spread in China, Islam was soon introduced to the northwest region of the mainland through Xinjiang through the "Land Silk Road" from West Asia (Middle East), the birthplace of the religion. It spread so quickly and to such a large audience that it is rare in the history of global religions.

After more than 1,200 years of spread in the late Tang Dynasty, the number of Islamic elements and the Muslim population has reached such a considerable size. Since then, the 5.5 million square kilometers of land in the northwest region of the mainland have lasted for thousands of years, and have gradually tended to the extremes of history. Fortunately, however, the northwest of the mainland has only tended to Islam, not to Islam completely. This is because after the founding of the People's Republic of China, "everyone is equal" in the face of all ethnic groups and religions, so that the northwest region will not move into the broad category of "historical extremism" such as the government army of West Asia.

At present, there are more than 35,000 mosques in the country, of which more than 24,000 are in Xinjiang alone, accounting for more than 60% of the country. Gansu and Ningxia, which rank second and third respectively, have more than 4,000 mosques.

The word "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "obedience", and it is a generic term for those who believe in Islam. At present, there are 10 "Muslim" ethnic groups that believe in Islam, with a total population of 25.955 million, accounting for more than 20% of the total ethnic minority population (125.33 million) in the country. Among them, there are 11,774,600 Uygurs (11,634,900 in Northwest China, 98%), 11,373,800 Hui (6,296,100 in Northwest China, 55%), 1,562,600 Kazakhs (1,545,800 in Northwest China, 99%), 775,000 Dongxiang (746,000 in Northwest China, 96%), and 204,500 Kyrgyz ( Xinjiang endemic ethnic group, 199,800 in Northwest China, accounting for 97%), Salar 161,700 (151,200 in Northwest China, accounting for 93%), Tajik 50,900 (Xinjiang endemic ethnic group, 50,400 in Northwest China, accounting for 99%), 24,500 Baoan (Gansu endemic ethnic group, 23,300 in Northwest China, accounting for 95%), 12,800 Uzbek (Xinjiang endemic ethnic group, 12,400 in Northwest China, 96%), Tatar 03,400 ( Xinjiang is endemic to ethnic groups, with 3,300 people in the northwest, accounting for 97%).

The Northwest Territories currently has a Muslim population of 20,663,600, accounting for more than 80% of the country's total Muslim population (25,955,000).

Three of the "Four Great Mosques in China" are located in the northwest region: the Great Mosque in Xi'an, Shaanxi, the Nanguan Grand Mosque in Yinchuan, Ningxia, and the Ati Kah Mosque in Kashgar, Xinjiang (and the Niujie Grand Mosque in Beijing, in North China). The Muslim Street in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, has become one of the most famous snack streets in the country due to its close proximity to the mosque. Beef ramen from Lanzhou, Gansu Province is also one of the famous halal snacks living in the northwest. Xinjiang cuisine is the mainstream representative of halal cuisine in the mainland, and lamb skewers, grilled buns, shelf meat, horse intestines, pulled noodles, large plates of chicken, grilled naan, etc. have become essential dishes in many halal restaurants.

Mosques and Islamic cultural relics are scattered throughout the northwest region, especially in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang.

Famous mosques and Islamic cultural relics are: Xi'an Muslim Street, Huajue Lane Mosque, Daxue Lane Mosque, Xiaopiyuan Mosque in Shaanxi, Lanzhou Nanguan Mosque, Xiguan Mosque, Xinguan Mosque, Linxia Bafang Thirteen Lane, Linxia Mosque, Wuwei Dongguan Mosque, Wudu Chengguan Mosque, Dongxiang Huangjia Mosque, Zhangye Mosque, Tianshui Xiguan Mosque, Qinghai Xining Dongguan Mosque, Nanguan Mosque, Xiguan Mosque, Beiguan Mosque, Haidong Hongquan Mosque, Xunhua Mengda Mosque, Ningxia Yinchuan Nanguan Mosque, Dongguan Mosque, Yongning Wangyuan Mosque, Guyuan Mosque, Tongxin Mosque, Najiahu Mosque, Wuzhong Mosque, Xijibei Mosque, Inner Mongolia Hohhot Mosque, Baotou Mosque, Linxi Mosque, Ulanhot Mosque, Hailar Mosque, Xinjiang Kashgar Old City, Urumqi International Grand Bazaar, Urumqi Ati Kah Mosque, Shaanxi Mosque, Tatar Mosque, Khan Tengger Mosque, Aksu Kuqa Mosque, Changji Local Mosque, Hotan Pishan Mosque, Korla Gamai Mosque, Shache Kaman Mosque, Balikun Mosque, Lhasa Mosque in Tibet, etc.

3. The Christian system. There are Protestant (Christian), Catholic and Orthodox Christianity.

The predecessor of Christianity was Nestorianism, also known as the "Assyrian Church of the East". Nestorianism was split from the Greek Orthodox Church (Orthodox Church) and introduced to China through the Silk Road from Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province) in the northwest region during the Tang Dynasty, which was also the first time that Christian religions (including Christianity, Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and Judaism) were introduced to China. Because the northwest region of the continent was close to Europe, the Christian religious culture of European countries soon spread rapidly in the northwest region centered on Chang'an. However, during the Tang Dezong period, the predecessor of Christianity, Nestorianism, was banned because of the "Huichang Destruction of Buddha" when it affected the pond fish. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was introduced to the inland society again from the surrounding areas of China with the rule of the Mongol Empire, which was the second time that Christianity was introduced to China, but with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty banned the Western Regions Yijiao, and the Nestorian religion disappeared from the land of China again. It was not until after the Opium War in modern times that foreign missionaries and merchants brought Christianity, Catholicism, and Orthodox Christianity from Western countries into the northwest region, which brought about some major changes in the religious pattern of the northwest region.

At present, Christianity and Catholicism spread only in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia in the northwest region. Orthodox Christianity is concentrated only in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and large cities such as Xi'an and Lanzhou, which border Russia.

Famous churches are: Xi'an Jingjiao Daqin Temple, Wuxing Street Catholic Church, Our Lady Mountain Catholic Church, Tangfang Street Catholic Church, Weinan Catholic Church, Dongxin Lane Christian Chapel, Xi'an Canaan Church, Hanzhong Guluba Catholic Church, Lanzhou Shanzishi Christian Chapel, Lanzhou Catholic Church, Zhangye Catholic Church, Minxian Catholic Church, Dingxi Catholic Church, Xining Jiaochang Street Christian Church in Qinghai, Yinchuan Christian Church in Ningxia, Hohhot Catholic Church and Tongshun Street Christian Church in Inner Mongolia, Rose Camp Catholic Church, Chifeng Catholic Church, Hailar Christian Church, Urumqi Orthodox Church, Catholic Church, Yining Orthodox Church, Almaty Ascension Cathedral in Xinjiang, Mangkang Yanjing Catholic Church in Tibet, etc.

4. Native religious systems.

Northwest China is the birthplace of Taoist and Confucian cultures in mainland China. Especially in the Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, the cultural charm here lies not only in the prosperity of religion and the rise of Taoism, but also in the profound cultural traditions of Confucianism and Taoism. One of the early Taoist schools, the "Louguan School", originated from the Louguan Platform at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi. Shaanxi is the founder of the Huang Lao theory, and the Yellow Emperor, the ancestor of Chinese humanities, is buried in the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum in Huangling County, Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province. Every Qingming Festival, provincial and national sacrificial ceremonies are held here. In addition, the famous Taoist classics "Zhou Yi" (written by Ji Chang) and "Tao Te Ching" (written by Lao Tzu) were also produced in Shaanxi, and the ancestor of the Yin and Yang family that started from Taoism - "Guiguzi" is also a native of Shiquan County, Shaanxi Province. Ji Chang, the author of "Zhou Yi", lived in the ancient Zhou Yuan in Qishan County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province today. Lao Tzu (Li Er), the author of the Tao Te Ching, became famous in Tongguan and Louguantai in Shaanxi respectively for his writing and lecturing. In addition, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty, the three dynasties that "founded the country on Taoism", were all founded in Xi'an, the capital of today's Shaanxi Province. The Louguantai at the northern foot of the Qinling Mountains in Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province is known as the "Ancestral Garden of Taoism", Taiping Road and Wudou Rice Road are prevalent in the southern part of Shaanxi, the Northern School of Quanzhen Taoism originated in Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, and the area of Chang'an (now Xi'an City) is the main activity place of Taoism in China and the compilation place of Taoist academic achievements. Fuxi, the ancestor of Taoist culture, was born in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, in the northwest region. Here, the "Tai Chi Bagua" originated and constitutes one of the most important spiritual elements representing today's Chinese culture.

Huashan Mountain (2,161 meters above sea level) in Huayin City, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, Zhongnan Mountain (i.e., "Shouyang Mountain", 2,720 meters above sea level) in Chang'an District, Xi'an, and Kongtong Mountain (2,124 meters above sea level) in Pingliang City, Gansu Province, are all famous mountains of ancient Taoist culture. The Qinling Mountains, which lie across Shaanxi and central Gansu, and the Kunlun Mountains, which are known as the "ancestors of the dragon vein", are regarded as the two "cultural dragon veins" by many Chinese sons and daughters who advocate traditional culture represented by Taoism. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the culture of the Central Plains spread in the border areas, and at the same time, it also promoted the spread of Taoist and Confucian cultures in the northwest and the Central Plains in Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other northwest border areas.

The famous Taoist temples are: Xi'an Chenghuang Temple, Xi'an Eight Immortal Nunnery, Wanshou Eight Immortal Palace, Ziyang Zhenren Palace, Huxian Wanshou Palace, Zhongnan Mountain Taoist Temple, Zhouzhilou Guantai Taoist Temple, Jia County Baiyun Mountain Taoist Temple, Baoji Jintai Taijiyuan, Hanzhong Zhangliang Temple, Weinan Huashan Taoist Temple, Shangluo Town Anta Yunshan Taoist Temple, Yan'an Yellow Emperor Mausoleum, Xi'an Confucian Temple, Gansu Pingliang Kongtong Mountain Taoist Temple, Tianshui Qinzhou Yuquan Temple, Tianshui Fuxi Temple, Tianshui Taihao Palace, Lanzhou Baiyun Temple, Qilihe Jintian Temple, Yuzhong Xinglong Mountain Taoist Temple, Jingchuan Queen Mother Palace, Lanzhou Chenghuang Temple, Qinghai Beishan Tulou Temple, Shigou Temple Taoist Temple, Lao Ye Mountain Taoist Temple, Kunlun Mountain Taoist Temple, Nanshuo Mountain Taoist Temple, Ningxia Zhongwei High Temple, Lingwu High Temple, Beiwudang Temple, Pingluo Yuhuang Pavilion, Haiyuan Tiandu Mountain Taoist Temple, Zhongwei Laojuntai, Guyuan Guandi Temple, Inner Mongolia Hohhot Daqing Palace, Baotou Sanqing Temple, Baotou Nanlongwang Temple, Ulanqab Red Stone Cliff Taoist Temple, Wuhai Sanqing Temple, Xinjiang Urumqi Laojun Temple, Tianshan Temple, Red Miaozi Taoist Temple, Tibet Lhasa Guandi Temple, etc.

Urban agglomeration

Located at the junction of central Shaanxi and Gansu, the Guanzhong-Tianshui urban agglomeration is the only large-scale urban agglomeration in Northwest China. The urban agglomeration is centered on Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province, and radiates to Weinan, Baoji, Tongchuan, Xianyang, Shangluo and Tianshui in Gansu Province. Except for the Guanzhong-Tianshui urban agglomeration, many urban agglomerations in Northwest China are generally relatively small in size due to the constraints of natural conditions and economic scale. For example, the urban agglomeration of "Hohhot, Baotou and Ordos" in Inner Mongolia, the urban agglomeration of Lanxi (Hai) (Lanzhou, Xining and Haidong) on the border between Qinghai and Gansu, the urban agglomeration of the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang (centered on Urumqi), and some urban economic zones such as Yinchuan, Ningxia and Lhasa, Tibet, which are completely composed of provincial capitals and radiate surrounding counties. The "Guanzhong-Tianshui Urban Agglomeration" is one of the "Top 10 Urban Agglomerations" that the mainland focused on developing and constructing during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period in response to the "Western Development" strategy. It is the hub of the mainland to connect the north and the south and connect the east and west, and has the reputation of "the land of abundance" since ancient times. Thirteen dynasties, including the Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties, once built their capitals here, and it was the core area of the mainland's ancient politics, economy, culture, science and technology, and opening to the outside world.

senior high school

At present, there are 323 institutions of higher learning in Northwest China (including 111 in Shaanxi, 61 in Xinjiang, 56 in Inner Mongolia, 53 in Gansu, 21 in Ningxia, 14 in Qinghai and 7 in Tibet), accounting for 10% of the country's 3,217 institutions.

Including Northwest University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Normal University, Xidian University, Chang'an University, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Air Force Military Medical University, Tibet University for Nationalities, Rocket Force Engineering University, Air Force Engineering University, Army Border and Coastal Defense College, Armed Police Engineering University, Gansu Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Gansu Agricultural University, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Northwest Normal University, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou Rocket Force Engineering College, Qinghai University, Qinghai Normal University, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Ningxia University, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Institute of Technology, Northern University for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Hetao College, Xinjiang University, Shihezi University, Tarim University, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics, Yili Normal University, Kashgar University, Xinjiang Academy of Arts, Tibet University in Tibet, Tibet University of Tibetan Medicine, etc.

According to the statistics of the seventh national population census in 2020, there are currently 22.26 million people with college degree or above (including junior college, bachelor's degree, master's degree, doctorate, etc.) in Northwest China, accounting for only about 10% of the national population (217.51 million people). Among them, 7.28 million are in Shaanxi Province, 4.5 million in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 4.28 million in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 3.64 million in Gansu Province, 1.26 million in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 890,000 in Qinghai Province, and 410,000 in Tibet Autonomous Region. Among them, the Tibet Autonomous Region is the province with the smallest number of people with a college degree or above.

traffic

Main railway stations: (Shaanxi) Xi'an Railway Station, Xi'an North Railway Station, Xi'an South Railway Station, Xi'an West Railway Station, Xi'an East Railway Station, Afanggong Station, Lintong Station, Xianyang Station, Baoji Station, Weinan Station, Tongchuan Station, Yan'an Station, Yulin Station, Hanzhong Station, Hanzhong South Station, Ankang Station, Shangluo Station, (Gansu) Lanzhou Station, Lanzhou North Station, Lanzhou South Station, Lanzhou West Station, Lanzhou East Station, Baiyin Station, Dingxi Station, Longnan Wudu Station, Qingyang Station, Pingliang Station, Zhangye Station, Dunhuang Station, Jiuquan Station, Jinchang Station, Wuwei Station, Jiayuguan Station, (Qinghai) Xining Station, Haidong Station, Delingha Station, Golmud Station, (Ningxia) Yinchuan Station, Hedong Airport Station, Lingwu Station, Guyuan Station, Zhongwei Station, Shizuishan Station, Wuzhong Station, Qingtongxia Station, (Inner Mongolia) Hohhot Station, Hohhot East Station, Baotou Station, Wuhai Station, Linhe Station, Jining Station, Jining South Station, Hailar Station, Ulanhot Station, Tongliao Station, Chifeng Station, Xilinhot Station, (Xinjiang) Urumqi Station, Urumqi South Station, Urumqi East Station, Wuxi Station, Yining Station, Kuitun North Station, Kashgar Station, Khorgos Station, Tacheng Station, Emin Station, Shihezi Station, Turpan Station, (Tibet) Lhasa Station, Shigatse Station, etc.

Major airports: (Shaanxi) Xi'an Xianyang International Airport (XIY), Hanzhong Chenggu Airport, Yan'an Nanniwan Airport, (Gansu) Lanzhou Zhongchuan International Airport (LHW), Dunhuang International Airport, Jiayuguan Airport, Tianshui Maijishan Airport, (Qinghai) Xining Caojiapu International Airport (XNN), (Ningxia) Yinchuan Hedong International Airport (INC), (Xinjiang) Urumqi Diwopu International Airport (URC), Kashgar International Airport, Shihezi Airport, Yining Airport, Korla Airport, (Tibet) Lhasa Gonggar International Airport (LXA), Qamdo Bangda Airport, Nyingchi Milin Airport, Hohhot Baita International Airport (HET), Hulunbuir Dongshan International Airport, Manzhouli Xijiao International Airport, Chifeng Yulong Airport, Ordos Yijin Horo Airport.

Main rail transit systems: 1. Shaanxi Xi'an Metro (Line 1~6, Line 9, Line 14, Line 16), the first line was opened to traffic on September 16, 2011, with a total length of 310 kilometers. 2. Gansu Lanzhou Metro (Line 1 and 2), the first line was opened to traffic on June 23, 2019, with a total length of 35 kilometers. 3. Inner Mongolia Hohhot Metro (Line 1 and 2), the first line was opened to traffic on December 29, 2019, with a total length of 50 kilometers. 4. Xinjiang Urumqi Metro (Line 1) was opened to traffic on October 25, 2018, with a total length of 28 kilometers. Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia, Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, and Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, do not have subway systems for the time being.

Main ports: Xi'an Port is the only water transport port in Northwest China, which undertakes most of the land-sea intermodal economic and trade business in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Tibet and Inner Mongolia. It is also an important inland port and logistics hub in the western region. It is located on the north bank of the upper reaches of the Wei River, about 17 kilometers away from Xi'an City. In addition to Xi'an Port, because most of the northwest region is an inland river area, and the Yellow River, the Yangtze River (the upper section of the Jinsha River), the Liao River, the Haihe River, the Songhua River and other rivers flowing through the northwest region lack navigational capacity, so the entire northwest region except Xi'an Port, there is no water port, and the economic trade and cargo transportation between the northwest region and the mainland and foreign countries have to choose land or air transportation.

Main ports: (Gansu) Mamanshan Port, (Inner Mongolia) Manzhouli Port, Montenegro Head Port, Murowei Port (through Russia), Erenhot Port, Zhuengadabuqi Port, Arshan Port, Ebuduge Port, Ganqimaodu Port, Ceke Port, Mandula Port (through Mongolia), (Xinjiang) Laoyemiao Port, Takshiken Port (through Mongolia), Jimunai Port, Tacheng Baktu Port, Alashankou Port, Khorgos Port (through Kazakhstan), Irkeshtan Port ( Tong Kyrgyzstan), Karasu Port (Tong Tajikistan), Khunjerab Port (through Pakistan), (Tibet) Zhangmu Port, Jilong Port (through Nepal), Yadong Port (through India).

Since the Northwest Territory has as many as 11 neighboring countries, the Northwest Territory is also the region with the largest number of land border crossings on the mainland. At present, the mainland and its neighboring countries have 75 state-level first-class highway ports, of which 25 are located in the northwest region (including 1 in Gansu, 5 in Tibet, 10 in Inner Mongolia and 15 in Xinjiang (the first in the country)), accounting for about 1/3 of the total number of land ports in the country. Here, there is the largest land trade port in the mainland - Manzhouli Port in Inner Mongolia (connecting Russia, the total annual freight volume is more than 1000~20 million tons), there is the highest land port in the mainland - Xinjiang Hongjerab Port (connecting Pakistan, 4733 meters above sea level), and there is also the only railway port leading to Mongolia - Erenhot Port in Inner Mongolia. At present, the mainland has land ports in the northwest region with eight countries, including Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, India and Nepal, while the remaining three countries (Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan) have no open land ports for the time being.

The main national railway trunk lines are: Longhai Railway (Tongguan, Shaanxi - Lanzhou, Gansu), Lanxin Railway (Lanzhou, Gansu - Urumqi, Xinjiang), Lanqing Railway (Lanzhou, Gansu - Xining, Qinghai), Qinghai-Tibet Railway (Xining, Qinghai - Lhasa, Tibet), Chenglan Railway (Luqu, Gansu-Lanzhou), Baocheng Railway (Baoji-Ningqiang, Shaanxi), Lanyu Railway (Lanzhou-Wenxian, Gansu), Xiangyu Railway (Baihe-Zhenba, Shaanxi), Yang'an Railway (Yangpingguan-Ankang, Shaanxi), Tongpu Railway (Hancheng-Weinan, Shaanxi), Beijing-Baotou Railway (Fengzhen-Baotou, Inner Mongolia), Baoxi Railway (Baotou-Xi'an, Shaanxi), Xikang Railway (Xi'an-Ankang, Shaanxi), Baozhong Railway (Baoji-Zhongwei, Ningxia), Xiyin Railway (Xi'an-Yinchuan, Ningxia), Ningxi Railway (Shangnan-Xi'an, Shaanxi), Baolan Railway (Baotou-Lanzhou, Gansu), Sichuan-Tibet Railway (Qamdo-Lhasa, Tibet), Northern Xinjiang Railway (Urumqi-Alashankou, Xinjiang), Southern Xinjiang Railway (Urumqi-Kashgar, Xinjiang), Shenhuang Railway ( Shaanxi Shenmu area), Jingtong Railway (Inner Mongolia Chifeng-Tongliao), Jitong Railway (Inner Mongolia Jining-Tongliao), Tonghuo (Manchurian) Railway (Inner Mongolia Tongliao-Huolin Gol/Manzhouli), Bai'a Railway (Inner Mongolia Ulanhot-Arshan), Shentong Railway (Shenyang-Tongliao, Liaoning), Binzhou Railway (Harbin, Heilongjiang-Inner Mongolia Manzhouli), Tongrang Railway (Inner Mongolia Tongliao-Zhalaite Banner), Fuxi Railway (Inner Mongolia Molidawa-Oroqunqi), Xicheng High-speed Railway (Xi'an, Shaanxi-Chengdu, Sichuan), Daxi High-speed Railway (Hancheng-Xi'an, Shaanxi), Zhengxi High-speed Railway (Tongguan-Xi'an, Shaanxi), Lanxi High-speed Railway (Lanzhou-Xi'an, Shaanxi), Lanxin High-speed Railway (Lanzhou-Urumqi, Xinjiang), Xiyin High-speed Railway (Xi'an-Yinchuan, Ningxia), Xiyu High-speed Railway (Xi'an-Chongqing, Shaanxi), Xibao High-speed Railway (Xi'an-Baotou, Inner Mongolia), Beijing-Baotou High-speed Railway (Xinghe-Baotou, Inner Mongolia), Chaochi High-speed Railway (Chifeng, Inner Mongolia), Shentong High-speed Railway ( Inner Mongolia Tongliao) and so on.

The main national expressways are: Beijing-Kunming Expressway (G5, Shaanxi Hancheng-Hanzhong Nanzheng), Beijing-Tibet Expressway (G6, Inner Mongolia Xinghe-Tibet Lhasa), Beijing-Xin Expressway (G7, Inner Mongolia Xinghe-Xinjiang Urumqi), Suiman Expressway (G10, Inner Mongolia Zhalantun-Manzhouli), Hunwu Expressway (G12, Inner Mongolia Ulanhot-Arshan), Danxi Expressway (G16, Inner Mongolia Aohanqi-Xilinhot), Rongwu Expressway (G18, Inner Mongolia Qingshuihe-Wuhai), Qingyin Expressway ( G20, Shaanxi Wubao - Ningxia Yinchuan), Qinglan Expressway (G22, Shaanxi Yichuan-Gansu Lanzhou), Changshen Expressway (G25, Inner Mongolia Kezuohouqi), Lianhuo Expressway (G30, Shaanxi Tongguan-Xinjiang Khorgos), Shanghai-Shaanxi Expressway (G40, Shaanxi Shangnan-Xi'an), Daguang Expressway (G45, Inner Mongolia Kezuohouqi-Chifeng), Erguang Expressway (G55, Inner Mongolia Erenhot-Fengzhen), Hubei Expressway (G59, Inner Mongolia Hohhot-Qingshuihe), Baomao Expressway ( G65, Inner Mongolia Baotou - Shaanxi Ziyang), Yinbai Expressway (G69, Ningxia Yinchuan - Shaanxi Langao), Fuyin Expressway (G70, Shaanxi Shanyang - Ningxia Yinchuan), Lanhai Expressway (G75, Gansu Lanzhou-Wenxian), Yinkun Expressway (G85, Ningxia Yinchuan-Shaanxi Hanzhong Nanzheng), etc.

The main national highways are: National Highway 108 (Hancheng, Shaanxi - Ningqiang), National Highway 109 (Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia - Lhasa, Tibet), National Highway 110 (Xinghe, Inner Mongolia - Yinchuan, Ningxia), National Highway 111 (Chifeng, Inner Mongolia - Jiagedaqi), National Highway 203 (Inner Mongolia Kezuohouqi), National Highway 207 (Inner Mongolia Xilinhot - Taifusi Banner), 208 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Erenhot - Fengzhen), 209 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Hohhot - Qingshuihe), 210 National Highway ( Inner Mongolia Baotou - Shaanxi Zhenba), 211 National Highway (Ningxia Yinchuan-Shaanxi Langao), 212 National Highway (Gansu Lanzhou-Wenxian), 213 National Highway (Gansu Lanzhou-Luqu), 214 National Highway (Qinghai Xining-Tibet Zuogong), 215 National Highway (Gansu Dunhuang-Qinghai Golmud), 216 National Highway (Xinjiang Altay-Baluntai), 217 National Highway (Xinjiang Altay-Hotan), 218 National Highway (Xinjiang Yining-Ruoqiang), 219 National Highway (Xinjiang Yecheng-Tibet Lazi), 227 National Highway ( Gansu Zhangye - Qinghai Xining), 301 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Arong Banner - Manzhouli), 302 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Ulanhot - Arshan), 303 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Kezuohouqi - Xilinhot), 304 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Zhanggutai - Huolin Gol / Manzhouli), 305 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Naiman Banner - Linxi), 306 National Highway (Inner Mongolia Ningcheng - Gada Buqi), 307 National Highway (Shaanxi Wubao - Ningxia Yinchuan), 309 National Highway (Shaanxi Yichuan, Gansu Lanzhou), 310 National Highway ( Shaanxi Tongguan - Lanzhou, Gansu), 312 National Highway (Shaanxi Shangnan - Xinjiang Khorgos), 314 National Highway (Xinjiang Urumqi - Hongjerab), 315 National Highway (Qinghai Xining - Xinjiang Kashgar), 316 National Highway (Shaanxi Baihe - Qinghai Republic), 317 National Highway (Tibet Jiangda - Gar), 318 National Highway (Tibet Mangkang - Zhangmu), 327 National Highway (Shaanxi Hancheng - Ningxia Guyuan), etc.

As of 2021, the mileage of highways (including national highways, provincial highways, and expressways) in Northwest China is 1,014,500 kilometers, accounting for 19% of the total mileage of highways in the country (5,311,600 kilometers). Among them, 217,400 kilometers are in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 212,700 kilometers in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 183,500 kilometers in Shaanxi Province, 156,700 kilometers in Gansu Province, 120,200 kilometers in Tibet Autonomous Region, 86,300 kilometers in Qinghai Province, and 37,700 kilometers in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The operating mileage of railways (including ordinary railways and high-speed railways) is 38,153 kilometers, accounting for 26% of the total mileage of railways (145998 kilometers) in China. Among them, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the province with the longest total railway mileage in the country, with 14,191 kilometers. It is followed by Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region with 7,832 km, Shaanxi Province with 5,590 km, Gansu Province with 5,114 km, Qinghai Province with 2,976 km, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region with 1,664 km, and Tibet Autonomous Region with 786 km.

Major provinces and cities

1. Shaanxi Province: referred to as "Shaanxi" or "Qin", also known as Sanqin, the provincial capital is the ancient capital - Xi'an. It is a provincial-level administrative unit in northwest China, located in the hinterland of Chinese mainland, belonging to the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, with geographical coordinates between 105°29'~111°15'E and 31°42'~39°35'N. With an area of about 210,000 square kilometers and a population of 37.33 million, it has 10 prefecture-level cities and Yangling Agricultural Demonstration Zone. Shaanxi Province is bordered by Shanxi and Henan in the east, Ningxia and Gansu in the west, Chongqing, Sichuan and Hubei in the south, and Inner Mongolia in the north. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou took Shaanxi as the boundary, and the original west was governed by Zhaogong, and later generations called the west of Shaanxi Yuan as "Shaanxi". Shaanxi has a long history and profound cultural heritage, and is the source of China, and has been referred to as "Qin" for a long time in history.

2. Gansu Province: referred to as "Gan" or "Long", the provincial capital of Lanzhou City, is a provincial-level administrative region of the People's Republic of China. It is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and its geographical coordinates are between 32°31'~42°57'N latitude and 92°13'~108°46'E longitude. It is bordered by Shaanxi in the east, Sichuan and Qinghai in the south, Xinjiang in the west, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the north, and Mongolia in the northernmost part. Gansu Province was named after Ganzhou (now Zhangye) and Suzhou (now Jiuquan). And because most of the provincial border is in the west of Longshan (Liupan Mountain), the Tang Dynasty once set up Longyou Road here, so it is also referred to as Gan or Long. It has jurisdiction over 12 prefecture-level cities and 2 autonomous prefectures. Ancient Yongzhou, is the key of the Silk Road and the golden section, bordering Mongolia, like a magnificent jade, embedded in the Loess Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau in central China, winding more than 1,600 kilometers from east to west, 453,700 square kilometers in length and width, accounting for 4.72% of the total area of the country.

3. Qinghai Province: referred to as "Qing", the provincial capital is Xining City. It is one of the important provinces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and is named after Qinghai Lake, the largest inland saltwater lake in the country. Qinghai is located in the northwest of China, with an area of 722,300 square kilometers, more than 1,200 kilometers long from east to west, and more than 800 kilometers wide from north to south, with jurisdiction over 6 prefectures, 2 cities, and 51 county-level administrative units, bordering Gansu, Sichuan, Tibet and Xinjiang. The eastern part of Qinghai is known as "the key to the Tianhe River", "the throat of the sea", "the Jincheng barrier", "the rush of the Western Regions" and "the throat of the jade plug", which shows the importance of geographical location. At the end of 2008, the permanent population of the province was 5.543 million, including Han, Tibetan, Hui, Turkish, Sala, Uygur, Mongolian, Kazakh and other ethnic groups. It is the birthplace of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lancang River, and is known as the "source of the river" and "the water tower of China".

4. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: referred to as "Ning", the capital of Yinchuan City. It is located between 35°14~39°23 north latitude and 104°17~107°39 east longitude. It is one of the five major ethnic minority autonomous regions in mainland China. It is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in western China. It is about 456 kilometers from north to south and about 250 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of more than 66,000 square kilometers. Ningxia is bordered by Shaanxi Province to the east, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west and north, and Gansu Province to the south. The name "Ningxia" originated in the Yuan Dynasty and means "peace in Western Xia". Since ancient times, it has been an area that connects the Central Plains in the interior, the Western Regions in the west, and the desert in the north.

5. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: referred to as "Mongolia", "Inner Mongolia" or "Inner Mongolia", the capital of Hohhot. It is located in the northern frontier of China, close to Mongolia and Russia in the northwest, Gansu and Ningxia in the west, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang in the east, and Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and other provinces in the south, with an area of 1.18 million square kilometers. It is mainly Mongolian and Han Chinese, as well as Korean, Hui, Manchu, Daur, Evenki, Oroqen and other ethnic groups. The region is divided into 9 prefecture-level cities and 3 leagues, under which it has jurisdiction over 12 county-level cities, 17 counties, 49 banners and 3 autonomous banners. Baotou City, Bayannur, Chifeng, Ulanhot, Ulanqab, Wuhai, Hulunbuir, Tongliao and Ordos are the main cities in the autonomous region. The main mountain ranges are the Great Khing'an Mountains, Helan Mountains, Wula Mountains and Daqing Mountains. The grasslands in the east are vast, and the deserts in the west are widespread. The average annual temperature is -1~10 °C, and the annual precipitation is about 50~450 mm. There are more than 60 kinds of proven mineral deposits, and there are huge reserves of rare earths, coal, silver, etc.

6. Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: referred to as "Xin" or "Xinjiang", the capital of Urumqi. Located in the middle of the Eurasian continent, it is located in the northwest border of China, with a total area of 1,664,900 square kilometers, accounting for one-sixth of China's total land area, and bordering eight countries including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, India, and Afghanistan, and the land border is more than 5,600 kilometers, accounting for a quarter of China's land border, and is the largest province in China, with the longest land border and the largest number of adjacent countries. It is adjacent to Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet. The word "Xinjiang" comes from the Qing Dynasty and is an abbreviation of the term "new territory". The topography is dominated by mountains and basins, and the topographic characteristics are "three mountains and two basins". Xinjiang is a vast desert with abundant oil and natural gas, and is the starting point of the west-to-east gas pipeline and the main position for the large-scale development of the western part of the country.

7. Tibet Autonomous Region (Xizang / Tibet Autonomous Region): referred to as "Tibet", the capital is Lhasa. It is located in the southwest border of the People's Republic of China, in the southwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, between 78°25′ and 99°06′ east longitude and 26°44′ and 36°32′ north latitude. It borders the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the north, Qinghai Province in the northeast, Sichuan Province in the east, Yunnan Province in the southeast, and Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Kashmir and other countries and regions in the south and west, forming all or part of the border between China and the above-mentioned countries and regions, with a total length of nearly 4,000 kilometers. The word "Tibet" was officially named by the Qing government and is an abbreviation of the word "Xiuszang". Tibet is known for its majestic, magical and magnificent natural beauty. It has a vast area, spectacular landforms and abundant resources. Since ancient times, the people of this land have created a rich and splendid national culture.

Distribution of crops and agricultural products

Due to the low precipitation and large evaporation in most areas, Northwest China is not suitable for the cultivation and cultivation of some water-requiring crops.

However, due to its vast area and diverse topography, the northwest region spans multiple climatic zones, and can be divided into four major regions according to temperature and precipitation. 1. Northern area: located in the central part of Shaanxi Province, the central part of Gansu Province, the eastern part of Qinghai Province, the southern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and the eastern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the main body is the temperate zone area of the eastern monsoon region, where the crops are mainly harvested once a year, and the main agricultural form is dry farming. 2. Southern area: located in the south of Shaanxi Province and the south of Gansu Province, the main body is the subtropical area of the eastern monsoon region, where the crops are mainly three crops in two years or two crops in one year, and the main agricultural form is paddy field agriculture. 3. Northwest Area: Located in the northern part of Shaanxi Province, the northern part of Gansu Province, the northwest of Qinghai Province, the northern part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and most of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the main body is the arid and semi-arid area of Northwest China, where the crops are mainly cropped once a year, and the main agricultural form is oasis agriculture and animal husbandry. 4. Qinghai-Tibet area: located in most of Tibet Autonomous Prefecture, most of Qinghai Province and southwest of Gansu Province, the main body is the alpine climate zone of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where the crops are mainly one-year and semi-cropping, and the main agricultural form is plateau agriculture and animal husbandry.

The main food crops are: 1. Wheat distributed in central and northern Shaanxi, central and northern Gansu, eastern Qinghai, most of Xinjiang, central and western Inner Mongolia and northern Ningxia and the Lhasa River Valley in Tibet. 2. Rice distributed in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, northern slope of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, eastern plain of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Plain and Yarlung Zangbo River valley in southeast Tibet. 3. Barley distributed in most of Tibet, most of Qinghai, southwestern Gansu and southern Xinjiang is one of the main grains of all ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. 4. In addition, there are corn, millet, yellow rice, barley, sorghum, buckwheat and various beans, etc., which are also very common in Northwest China. Among them, millet, yellow rice, and sorghum are very common in families in northern Shaanxi, Longdong, and southern Mongolia.

The main fruits and nuts are: jujubes, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, apples, persimmons, pomegranates, grapes, strawberries, melons, watermelons, cherries and melon seeds, hazelnuts in central and northern Shaanxi, eastern Qinghai, most of Ningxia, central and eastern Gansu, pears, pears, plums, cherries, citrus, loquats, strawberries, raspberries, kiwifruits, peaches and chestnuts, walnuts, pecans, prickly roses, blueberries, raspberries, cranberries, false sour pulp (girl fruit) and hazelnuts, pine nuts, Melon seeds, peaches, pears, dates, plums, apricots, grapes, sea buckthorn, prunes, apples, mulberries, cherries, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, pomegranates, melons, watermelons, jiashi melons, cantaloupes, figs and walnuts, pistachios (pistachios), almonds, Brazilian pine nuts, melon seeds, apples, watermelons, drunken pears, strawberries, ginseng fruits in Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu, and bananas, citrons, citrus, lemons, mangoes, lychees, and Papaya, etc. Because the northwest region spans a number of temperature zones, and most of the northwest belongs to the continental climate, far away from the ocean, strong sunlight, less precipitation, small cloud cover, so the light is sufficient, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the nutrient consumption of melons and fruits is less, and the sugar accumulation is more, almost can be planted from the cold temperate zone unique blueberry (mostly planted in the Inner Mongolia Daxing'an Mountains) to the equatorial tropical unique banana (mostly planted in the Tibetan valley area) and other different climate fruit types, so the melons and fruits abundant in the northwest region are very sweet, there are many varieties, known as the "hometown of melons and fruits" 。

The main vegetables are: green onions, shallots, onions, shallots (Mongolian leeks), chrysanthemum, camellia, elm money, bitter herbs, garlic, leeks, coriander, ginger, eggplant, peppers, pumpkin, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, greens, lettuce, lentils, cowpeas, water chestnuts, callus white, alfalfa, spinach, celery, green garlic, coriander, lotus root, beans, kidney beans, lettuce, broad beans, sweet potatoes, yams, tribute vegetables, children's cabbage, radish, carrots, tomatoes, water spinach, cabbage, potatoes, broccoli, houttuynia cordata (folded ear root), baby cabbage, etc.

The main cash crops are: rape (mainly distributed in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, eastern Qinghai and the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang), soybean (mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and north-central Gansu and Ningxia, eastern Qinghai), peanut (mainly distributed in parts of Shaanxi, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other provinces and regions), olive (mainly distributed in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, Longnan, Gansu and other places) and other oil crops, sugar beet (mainly distributed in most of Inner Mongolia, most of Xinjiang, eastern Qinghai, northern Gansu, northern Shaanxi and other regions), Sugarcane (mainly distributed in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu and southeastern Tibet) and other sugar crops, cotton (mainly distributed in most of Xinjiang, eastern Gansu, Shaanxi Weihe Plain, Inner Mongolia Hetao Plain and other places), tobacco (mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, northern Xinjiang and other places), tea (mainly distributed in southern Gansu, southern Shaanxi, southeastern Tibet), tung oil (mainly distributed in southern Gansu, southern Shaanxi), sisal (mainly distributed in southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi) and flowers (such as roses, jasmine, chrysanthemums, osmanthus, plum blossom, peach blossom and lavender, etc.) and mushrooms (such as mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms, matsutake mushrooms, lion's mane mushrooms, black fungus, ferul mushrooms, etc.) and other cash crops. Northwest China is one of the main destinations of the mainland's "South Tea to the North". Although most of the northwest does not produce tea, and the local people (especially those in the pastoral areas of Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other pastoral areas) make a living by drinking fermented black tea (or brick tea) (such as Fu brick tea in Xinjiang, milk tea in Inner Mongolia, butter tea in Tibet, etc.), there are still many teas to be proud of in Northwest China. Such as Shaanxi's Wuzi Xianhao, Hanzhong Xianhao, Ziyang Maojian, Ningqiang Bird's Tongue and Jingyang Fu Brick Tea, Gansu's Wenxian Green Tea and Tibet's Chayu Everest Holy Tea.

The main Chinese medicinal materials are: Yinqiao, Gastrodia, Coptis chinensis, Skullcap, Astragalus, Angelica, Codonopsis, Salvia, Qianghuo, Duhuo, Poria Cocos, Zhu Ling, Atractylodes, Atractylodes, Peony, Peony, Melon, Yam, Licorice, Bupleurum, Ephedra, Rhubarb, Suoyang, Lily, Banxia, Yinchen, Fat Cabbage, Lycium, Fritillary, Qincheng, Musk, Sea Buckthorn, Long Pepper, Rhododendron Rhododendron Radix, Jamanipone, Snow Lotus, Parsnip, Ox Knee, Platycodon, Tribulus Terrestris, Cimicifuga, Draining Reed, Fennel, Fern Nettle, Ganoderma Lucidum, Panax notoginseng, Peach Gum, Miscanthus Nitrate, Clay Sand, Dried Ginger, Chebula, Aster, Radix Radix, Angelica dahurica, olive, Polygonatum polygonatum vulgaris, Ta Huang, maca, snow chrysanthemum, safflower, cumin, lavender, water cypress branch, purple jasmine, plum kernel, northern sand ginseng, prince ginseng, white fresh skin, indigo root, burdock root, tribulus terrestris, prunella vulgaris, jujube kernel, sand garden, dodder seed, bitter bean, eleutherococcus, gynostemma, American ginseng, honeysuckle, bitter almond, rose, saffron, dandelion, epimedium weed, Cistanche, Tibetan Yin Chen (Swertia tooth), Tibetan horse yellow, Tibetan wood incense, Tibetan wood tong, iron mallet, rhodiola rosea, cold water stone, Sichuan red peony, southwest hand ginseng, Cordyceps sinensis, etc. Among the four major ethnic minorities in traditional medicine, the northwest region alone accounts for three: Uyghur medicine (medicine), Tibetan medicine (medicine) and Mongolian medicine (medicine). Salvia miltiorrhiza in Shaanxi, Angelica sinensis in Gansu, Cordyceps sinensis in Qinghai, wolfberry in Ningxia, Astragalus in Inner Mongolia, licorice in Xinjiang and saffron in Tibet are the world-renowned "Seven Uniques of Traditional Chinese Medicine" in Northwest China.

Animal husbandry: Most of the northwest region is located in the non-monsoon area north of the 400 mm isoprecipitation line (the southeast part is in the monsoon area south of the 400 mm isoprecipitation line), but due to the abundant monsoon residue infiltrating the northwest land, the sufficient precipitation has brought oases and grasslands to the northwest land that should be dry and rainless, and many oases and grasslands have of course become the ideal holy places for cattle, sheep, horses, donkeys, deer, camels and other large livestock to raise and graze, and nurture many perennial "water and grass to live" of northern nomadic peoples, such as Mongolian, Turkic, Xianbei, etc. In south-central Shaanxi, east-central Gansu and eastern Qinghai, as well as southeastern Inner Mongolia, people raise more pigs, cattle (mainly cattle), sheep (mainly goats), chickens, ducks, geese, dogs, rabbits, and mountain bees and other poultry and livestock.

China's four major pastoral areas are all located in the northwest region, namely Xinjiang pastoral area, Tibet pastoral area, Qinghai pastoral area and Inner Mongolia pastoral area.

Characteristic poultry and livestock mainly include Shaanxi Tongyang, Tan sheep, Qinchuan cattle, Bashan cattle, Guanzhong horses, Guanzhong donkeys, Taibai chickens, Bamei pigs, Guanzhong black pigs, Hanzhong sheep, Hanzhong hemp ducks, northern bees, Ziwuling goats, northern fine wool sheep, southern Shaanxi white goats, Gansu cooperative pigs, fine wool sheep, Shandan horses, Hequ horses, Jingyuan chickens, Taiping chickens, Lintao chickens, lion's head geese, Gansu Ma ducks, Huangxianggou chickens, Hexi camels, black fur sheep, Gannan yaks, Tianzhu white yaks, Hexi cashmere goats, Tibetan sheep in Qinghai, Datong horses, Haidong chicken, Qinghai donkey, Qinghai camel, Qinghai yak, Qaidam goat, Ningxia Guyuan chicken, Ningxia white chicken, Ningxia cattle, Yanchitan sheep, Inner Mongolia rice pig, Mongolian horse, three river horses, three river donkeys, three river cattle, purse pigs, Taibai chicken, Luyuan chicken, Luhua chicken, white cashmere goat, Charolais cattle, Sunit sheep, Uzhumuqin sheep, Abaga black horse, Alxa camel, Xing'anling reindeer, Xinjiang Yili horse, Yanqi horse, Hetian sheep, Duolang sheep, fine wool sheep, mandarin duck, Yutian hemp duck, Xinjiang camel, Kuqa white goose, Niya black chicken, Ashan red deer, Hetian green donkey, Xinjiang black bee, small-tailed Han sheep, Balchuk sheep, Tibetan fragrant chicken, Tibetan fragrant pig, Tibetan horse, Amdo sheep, plateau cattle, Tibetan yak, etc.

Fisheries: Due to the large number of saltwater lakes in Northwest China, most of them are not suitable for aquatic production such as fish. Therefore, the areas suitable for fishery production are only distributed in southern Shaanxi, southern Gansu, the Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia, and Bosten Lake on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. In particular, the crayfish in Hanzhong in Shaanxi, the Lanzhou catfish in Gansu, the Yellow River carp in the Hetao of Ningxia, the Bosten Lake fish in Xinjiang, and the Hulunbuir fathead fish in Inner Mongolia are well-known throughout the country in Northwest China.

At present, the total output value of agriculture (secondary industry) in Northwest China is 431.6 billion yuan, accounting for only about 8% of the national (5,315 billion yuan). Among them, Shaanxi Province has 131.6 billion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 120 billion yuan, Gansu Province has 70.8 billion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 70.4 billion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 22.7 billion yuan, Qinghai Province has 9.2 billion yuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region has 6.9 billion yuan.

Mineral Resources and Industry

Northwest China is rich in petroleum, coal, natural gas, nickel, platinum, potash and other mineral resources, including Karamay Oilfield and Yulin Coal Mine.

Among them, the proven reserves of coal reached 115.1 billion tons (announced by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2022), accounting for more than 56% of the national (202.9 billion tons). Among them, 41.2 billion tons in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 34.2 billion tons in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 29.1 billion tons in Shaanxi Province, 5.4 billion tons in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 4.1 billion tons in Gansu Province, 1 billion tons in Qinghai Province, and 100 million tons in Tibet Autonomous Region. It is followed by 51 billion tons in North China (accounting for 25.1% of the country, including 48.4 billion tons in Shanxi, 2.5 billion tons in Hebei, 100 million tons in Beijing, and none in Tianjin), 21.9 billion tons in Southwest China (accounting for 10.8% of the country, including 13.8 billion tons in Guizhou, 6.8 billion tons in Yunnan, 1.1 billion tons in Sichuan, 200 million tons in Guangxi, and none in Chongqing), and 10 billion tons in Southeast China (accounting for 4.9% of the country) , including 5.8 billion tons in Anhui, 3.3 billion tons in Shandong, 400 million tons in Jiangsu, 200 million tons in Fujian, 200 million tons in Jiangxi, 100 million tons in Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, 5.3 billion tons in Northeast China (accounting for 2.7% of the country, including 3.7 billion tons in Heilongjiang, 1.1 billion tons in Liaoning, and 500 million tons in Jilin), and 4.9 billion tons in Central and South China (accounting for 2.4% of the country, including 4.5 billion tons in Henan, 300 million tons in Hunan, and 100 million tons in Hubei). Coal resources are mainly distributed in the southern part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Shaanxi Province, the eastern part of Gansu Province, most of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the northern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the northwest of Qinghai Province, and the central part of Tibet Autonomous Region. The Shenmu-Yulin Coal Mine in Shaanxi, the Qingyang Coal Mine in Gansu, the Muli Coal Mine in Qinghai, the Helan Eastern Foothill Coal Mine in Ningxia, the Ordos-Alxa Coal Mine in Southern Inner Mongolia, the Hami Coal Mine in Xinjiang, and the Ali Coal Mine in Tibet are all typical representatives of the "Northwest Coal Mine Enrichment Area".

The oil reserves (announced by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2016) are 1.771 billion tons, accounting for about 60% of the country's total onshore oil reserves (2.978 billion tons). Among them, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 6.70 trillion tons (ranking first in the country), Gansu Province has 4.83 trillion tons, Shaanxi Province has 3.52 trillion tons, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1.23 trillion tons, Qinghai Province has 0.86 trillion tons, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 0.57 trillion tons. followed by 626 million tons in Northeast China (accounting for more than 35% of the country, including 3.17 trillion tons in Heilongjiang Province, 1.67 trillion tons in Jilin Province, and 1.42 trillion tons in Liaoning Province), 2.93 trillion tons in Southeast China (accounting for 16.5% of the country, including 2.63 trillion tons in Shandong Province, 0.21 trillion tons in Jiangsu Province, 0.06 trillion tons in Hainan Province, 0.02 trillion tons in Zhejiang Province, and 0.01 trillion tons in Guangdong Province), and 247 million tons in North China (accounting for 13.9% of the country) , including 2.42 trillion tons in Hebei Province, 0.04 trillion tons in Tianjin, 0.01 trillion tons in Beijing), 0.30 trillion tons in central and southern China (accounting for 1.7% of the country, including 0.29 trillion tons in Henan Province and 0.01 trillion tons in Hubei Province), and 11 million tons in southwest China (accounting for 0.6% of the country, including 0.07 billion tons in Sichuan Province, 03 million tons in Chongqing City, and 01 million tons in Yunnan Province). The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region is China's reserve oil base for the 21st century. Shaanxi's Northern Shaanxi-Yanchang Oilfield, Gansu's Yumen Oilfield, Qinghai's Qaidam Oilfield, Ningxia's Changqing Oilfield, Inner Mongolia's Mengxi-Hetao-Horqin Oilfield, Xinjiang's Junggar Oilfield, Tarim Oilfield and Karamay Oilfield are all typical representatives of the "Northwest Oil-rich Area".

The natural gas reserves (announced by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2022) are 3,606.7 billion cubic meters, accounting for more than 60% of the country's total natural gas reserves (5,983.2 billion cubic meters). Among them, Shaanxi Province has 1,177.1 billion cubic meters, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 1,148.3 billion cubic meters, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has 1,011.6 billion cubic meters, Qinghai Province has 103.5 billion cubic meters, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has 93.2 billion cubic meters, and Gansu Province has 73 billion cubic meters. followed by 19,120 cubic meters in southwest China (accounting for about 32% of the country, including 1,654.7 billion cubic meters in Sichuan Province, 256.3 billion cubic meters in Chongqing, 700 million cubic meters in Guizhou Province, 200 million cubic meters in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and 100 million cubic meters in Yunnan Province), 230.2 billion cubic meters in Northeast China (accounting for 3.8% of the country, including 134.4 billion cubic meters in Heilongjiang Province, 80.5 billion cubic meters in Jilin Province, and 15.3 billion cubic meters in Liaoning Province), and 184.4 billion cubic meters in North China (accounting for 3.1% of the country) , including 121.1 billion cubic meters in Shanxi Province, 33.7 billion cubic meters in Hebei Province, 29.5 billion cubic meters in Tianjin City, and 100 million cubic meters in Beijing), 39.2 billion cubic meters in the southeast region (accounting for 0.6% of the country, including 34.8 billion cubic meters in Shandong Province, 2.2 billion cubic meters in Jiangsu Province, 2 billion cubic meters in Hainan Province, 100 million cubic meters in Anhui Province, and 100 million cubic meters in Guangdong Province), 10.7 billion cubic meters in the central and southern regions (accounting for 0.1% of the country, including 6.2 billion cubic meters in Henan Province and 4.5 billion cubic meters in Hubei Province). Shaanxi Shenfu, Gansu Qingyang, Qinghai Shibei, Ningxia Yanchi, Xinjiang Kemeili, Inner Mongolia Sugri and other gas fields are typical representatives of the "Northwest Natural Gas Enrichment Area".

In terms of non-metallic minerals:

Gansu Province is the largest province in the country in terms of nickel ore (2.5 million tons) and cobalt ore (48,000 tons), accounting for about 57% (4.35 million tons of nickel ore) and 30% (160,000 tons of cobalt ore) respectively.

Qinghai Province is the largest province in terms of potash (254 million tons), sodium salt (salt mine, 5.31 billion tons) and miscanthus (299 million tons), accounting for about 88% (288 million tons of potash), 37% (14.3 billion tons of sodium salt) and 24% (1.227 billion tons of salt) respectively.

The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the largest province in the country with silver mines (23,700 tons), niobium-tantalum ore (231,000 tons), jade (4.281 million tons) and agate (82,700 tons), accounting for 17% (67,100 tons of oil), 33% (70,400 tons of silver), 78% (294,000 tons of niobium-tantalum), 52% (8.088 million tons of jade) and 54% (152,100 tons of agate) respectively.

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in terms of petroleum (671 million tons), natural asphalt (109,000 tons) and magnesium ore (78.27 million tons), accounting for about 64% (169,000 tons of natural asphalt) and 48% (161.49 million tons of magnesium ore), respectively.

The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) is the province with the largest chromite (1.978 million tons) and copper (16.87 million tons) reserves in the country, accounting for 70% (2.796 million tons of chromite) and 41% (40.78 million tons of copper) respectively.

In China, Shaanxi Gold, Ningxia Silver, Xinjiang Petroleum, Tibet Iron and Steel, Qinghai Natural Gas, Inner Mongolia Coal and Gansu Nonferrous Metals are known as the "Seven Energy Pillars of Northwest China".

Famous non-energy minerals are: molybdenum ore (Jinduicheng) in Shaanxi, lead-zinc (silver), gold mine (Chengxian), nickel mine (Jinchang), magnesite (Jingtieshan), copper mine in Gansu, asbestos (Mangya), salt mine (Zarhan), lead-zinc (tintieshan), magnesium ore, lithium ore, nickel ore, mica in Inner Mongolia, chrome ore (Xilinhot), iron ore (Baiyun Obo), rare earth, bauxite, nickel ore, lithium ore, gold ore, copper ore, lead-zinc, saltpeter, copper mine (Hami), gold mine (Karatongke), chrome ore, nickel ore, Iron ore, mica, copper ore (Yulong), chrome ore (Robsa), boron ore in Tibet, etc.

The northwest region is the "cradle" and "setting sail" of the mainland's aviation, aerospace and navigation undertakings, and is the place where the country's advanced science and technology rears gather, and the famous "two bombs and one satellite" have also started here -- here is the crystallization of the sweat and wisdom honed by countless scientists incognito, and also condenses the spiritual achievements of the people of all nationalities in the country who are industrious, brave, and fearless of hardships and dangers.

On October 18, 1964, the mainland's first atomic bomb, "No. 596" (pseudonym "Miss Qiu"), was successfully exploded in Lop Nur, Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang.

On June 17, 1967, the mainland's first hydrogen bomb was successfully exploded in Lop Nur, Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang.

The test sites for these two "nuclear bombs" (atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs) were in Jinyintan Town, Haiyan County, in today's northeastern Qinghai Province.

On April 24, 1970, at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, the mainland's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong 1" carried by the "Long March-1" carrier rocket was officially launched, and the satellite carried out orbit tracking and control and broadcast the music of "Dongfanghong", and stopped transmitting signals on May 14 of that year after 28 days of work (but the satellite is still operating in space orbit).

At present, Northwestern Polytechnical University, located in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, is one of the seven universities directly under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, and is known as the "Seven Sons of National Defense". It is on a par with Beijing Institute of Technology and Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in Beijing, Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in Jiangsu, and Harbin Institute of Technology and Harbin Engineering University in Heilongjiang. Its military engineering and equipment manufacturing capacity is "world-class", and it is the only modern comprehensive university in the country that develops engineering education and scientific research fields such as aviation, aerospace, and navigation.

The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gansu Province, one of China's four major space launch bases, has an operating base in Suzhou District, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, and a test base in the "Dongfeng Space City" at the junction of Jinta County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province and Ejina Banner of the Alxa League of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Many of the satellites launched from here end up in and around Siziwangqi in Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

On October 15~16, 2003, the one-day "Shenzhou 5", the first manned spacecraft launched on the mainland, was successfully launched at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. It carried the famous "space hero" - Yang Liwei (from Shenyang, Liaoning), after a day-long voyage around the earth, returned to the main landing site of Siziwangqi in Inner Mongolia the next morning, and after a successful landing, its orbital module remained in orbit for half a year.

The well-known iron and steel companies mainly include: Shaanxi Iron and Steel in Shaanxi, Jiuquan Iron and Steel in Gansu, Xining Iron and Steel in Qinghai, Zhongwei Iron and Steel in Ningxia, Baotou Iron and Steel in Inner Mongolia, Bayi Iron and Steel in Xinjiang and Tibetan Iron and Steel in Tibet. Among them, Baotou Iron and Steel Company, located in Inner Mongolia, is one of the four major steel companies in China, along with Anshan in Liaoning, Wuhan in Hubei and Panzhihua in Sichuan.

Xi'an, Tongchuan, Baoji, Hanzhong, Lanzhou, Baiyin, Jinchang, Jiuquan, Qingyang, Jiayuguan, Xining, Delingha, Golmud, Yinchuan, Zhongwei, Shizuishan, Hohhot, Ordos, Wuhai, Baotou, Chifeng, Urumqi, Karamay, Shihezi, Hami, Lhasa, Qamdo and other cities in Northwest China are all major industrial cities formed by industrialization (especially mineral resource exploitation) since modern times.

At present, the total output value of industrial enterprises above designated size in Northwest China in 2022 is only 9.2 trillion yuan, accounting for about 7% of the national (123.3 trillion yuan). Among them, Shaanxi Province is 3 trillion yuan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is 2.4 trillion yuan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is 1.6 trillion yuan, Gansu Province is 1 trillion yuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is 0.7 trillion yuan, Qinghai Province is 0.4 trillion yuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region is 0.1 trillion yuan (it is the province with the lowest total industrial output value above designated size in the country).

There are 18,423 industrial enterprises above designated size in Northwest China, accounting for more than 4% of the national (408366). Among them, 7,307 are in Shaanxi Province, 3,846 in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 3,076 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 2,027 in Gansu Province, 1,302 in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 695 in Qinghai Province, and 170 in Tibet Autonomous Region.

The main flora and fauna

Northwest China is a vast region with diverse topography and multiple climatic zones, resulting in a rich diversity of flora and fauna.

It concentrates the geological wonders from plateaus to plains, from mountains to basins, from hills to grasslands, from deserts to forests, from snow-capped mountains to rivers and lakes, in addition to the ocean. It condenses a variety of topography from the south to the north, from Mongolia to Qinghai-Tibet.

From the Hengduan Mountains near the tropics at 26 degrees north latitude to the Daxing'an Mountains near the high cold at 54 degrees north latitude, from the arid and rainless Tarim Basin to the warm and humid southern Tibetan valley, from the highest Himalayas to the lowest altitude of Turpan Ayding Lake, from the Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon in Tibet with a vertical drop of more than 6,000 meters to the endless Inner Mongolia steppe, there are all kinds of national-level rare wild animals and plants from the southern Tibetan macaques in Tibet to the snow hare in the Daxinganling Mountains of Inner Mongolia, from the giant panda in Shaanxi to the wild camel in Xinjiang, from the snow lotus in Qinghai to the red-crowned crane in Ningxia, from the tropical rainforest in southern Tibet to the coniferous forest in northern XinjiangIt is a condensed "Chinese geography reader" worth savoring.

The Northwest Region includes the "Two Realms and Seven Regions" in the "Animal and Plant Divisional System", and Gansu Province alone in the Northwest Region occupies five of them, namely the Palearctic Mengxin System, the North China System, the Qinghai-Tibet System, and the Southwest and Central China Systems of the Oriental Boundary.

The "two realms and seven zones" of the distribution of animals and plants in Northwest China mainly include:

1. Palearctic Boundary-North China: covering central Shaanxi, southern Ningxia, central Gansu, and eastern Qinghai. The range is in the vast area north of the Qinling-Huaihe line, east of the Riyue Mountain, and south of the Great Wall. The main representative animal is the brown pheasant (Pheasantaceae Pheasantaceae Horse Pheasant Birds, Crossoptilon mantchuricum), and the representative plant is Arborvitae orientalis (Platycladus orientalis).

2. Palearctic Boundary-Northeast Region: covering the mountainous areas of the northern section of the Daxing'an Mountains in eastern Inner Mongolia. The main representative animals are the Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris ssp. altaica), and the representative plant is the Siberian Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis).

3. Palearctic Boundary-Qinghai-Tibet Region: covering most of Tibet, most of Qinghai and southwestern Gansu. It ranges from a vast area west of the Hengduan-Qilian Mountains, north of the Himalayas, south of the Kunlun Mountains, and east of the Pamirs. The main representative animals are the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii), and the representative plant is the uniflora (Kingdonia uniflora).

4. Palearctic Boundary-Mongolia New Area: covering northern Shaanxi, northern Ningxia, north-central Gansu, northwestern Qinghai, most of Inner Mongolia and most of Xinjiang. The range is a vast area north of the Great Wall, south of the desert, east of the Pamirs, and west of the Great Khingan Mountains. The main representative animals are Przewalski's horses (Equus ferus), and the representative plants are Populus euphratica (Populus euphratica).

5. Oriental Boundary-Central China: covering southern Gansu and southern Shaanxi. The range is south of the Qinling-Huaihe line, north of the Tropic of Cancer, east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and west of the sea. The main representative animals are the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon), and the representative plant is Ginkgo biloba.

6. Oriental Boundary - Southwest Region: covering Gannan Prefecture in Gansu Province and Nyingchi City and Shannan City in Tibet. The range is in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, close to the vast area of the Sichuan Basin and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The main representative animal is the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), and the representative plant is Davidia involucrata.

7. Oriental Boundary-South China: covering the rainforest area of the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra River in Cuona County, Motuo County, Chayu County and other places in Tibet. It covers a vast area in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The main representative animal is the Chinese pangolin (Pangolinaceae pangolin genus mammal, Manis pentadactyla), and the representative plant is the Wangtian tree (Parashorea chinensis).

In the northwest region, the famous rare animals are: crested ibis, wildebeest, impala, pheasant, giant panda, golden monkey, red-bellied horned pheasant, red-bellied golden pheasant, white-crowned pheasant, black stork, horse bear, bearded vulture, black-necked crane, white spoonbill, white-rumped deer, Tibetan snowcock, Przewalski's horse in Qinghai, musk deer, rabbit raccoon, white-lipped deer, Tibetan antelope, northern goat, green-tailed rainbow pheasant, blue horse chicken in Ningxia, swan, wild ass, lynx, mandarin duck, brown bear, golden eagle, white crane, Siberian tiger in Gansu, argali, black stork, peregrine falcon, wild horse in Xinjiang, Wild camels, jade-banded sea eagles, Tibetan snow leopards, original chickens, red pandas, Tibetan antelopes, Tibetan horse pheasants, wild yaks, impalas, black-headed horned pheasants, alpine snowcocks, long-tailed langurs, Tibetan golden snub-nosed monkeys, red-breasted horned pheasants, white-tailed rainbow pheasants, etc.

Famous rare plants are: Shaanxi rhododendron orchid, unifolium, ancient dry lotus, shrimp spine orchid, feather leaf primrose, purple peony, green dipper, Gansu dove tree, spike fir fir, small cedar orchid, single flower orchid, green velvet artemisia, Gansu peach, Minjiang cypress, Sikkim huperus, Qinling fir, spotted ephedra, juniper leaf white hair moss, southern yew, Qinghai Huafu flower, black fruit wolfberry, split yellow pansy, dew aconitum aconitum, big report spring, beautiful rib pillar flower, blue hosta gentian, feather leaf point plum, Jiuzhi green velvet artemisia, jellyfish snow rabbit, Ningxia wild wolfberry, Wild Herbs, Ephedra, Crystal Leaves, Inner Mongolia Thorn, Quadrangle, Half Sunflower, Sand Holly, Leather Bud Chrysanthemum, Mountain Clove, Black Grande, Red Willow, Mongolian Almond, Long-leaved Red Sand, Big-flowered Dipperus, Mongolian Tulip, Helan Mountain Astragalus, Populus euphratica, Tamarix, Wild Lily, Wild Apple, Dwarf Almond, Ferulus, Shuttle Tree, Cistanche, Ibemu, Luobuma, Gymnocarpus, Kashgar Overlord, Tianshan Snow Lotus, Tianshan Ice Grass, Snow Ridge Spruce, White Saffron, Xinjiang Yew, Xinjiang Tulip, Tibet's Tahuang, Pagoda Flower, Tibetan Snow Lotus, Rhodiola rosea, Microporous grass, Jade Dragon Fern, Tibetan Mulian, Tibetan Dipper, Snow Mountain Sequoia, Yadong fir, Alpine rhododendron, Large-flowered yellow peony, Himalayan yew, etc.

The famous national nature reserves are: Qinling (Zhouzhi), Changqing, Foping, Hanzhong, Hancheng, Taibai Mountain, Niubeiliang, Ziwuling, Hualong Mountain, Tianhua Mountain, Qingmu River, Micang Mountain, Huangshui River, Huanglong Mountain, Huangbaiyuan, Laoxian, Motianling, Wuguan River, Pingheliang, Hongyanao, Gahai, Minqin, Anxi, Xinglong Mountain, Qilian Mountain, Baishui River, Lianhua Mountain, Kongtong Mountain, Xiaolong Mountain, Yanchi Bay, Taizi Mountain, Heihe Wetland, Dunhuang Yangguan, Dunhuang West Lake, Yellow River Shouqu, Qinghai Longbao, Qinghai Lake, Sanjiangyuan, Qaidam, Beichuan River, Hoh Xili, Mengda Tianchi, Luoshan, Helan Mountain, Shapotou, Baijitan, Liupan Mountain, Haba Lake, Huoshizhai in Ningxia, Hulun Lake, Horqin, Tumuji, Daqinggou, Heili River, Dahei Mountain, Daqingshan, Etuoke, Wulate, Wulanba, Ordos, Xilin Gol, Honghuaerji, Baiyin Aobao, Dalinor, Saihan Wula, Lop Nur in Xinjiang, West Tianshan, Kanas, Aibi Lake, Kekesu, Burgen River, Altun Mountain, Tomur Peak, Tarim Populus euphratica, Bayinbrook, Baluk Mountain, Ganjiahu Suosuolin, Tibet's Qiangtang, Mangkang, Wuqi, Serinco, Mapanyongcuo, Mount Everest, Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon, etc.

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The main figures emerging from the Northwest include:

Shaanxi Province: Prehistoric figures Nuwa, Emperor Yan (Shennong), Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan), Cangjie, Huaxu, Youchao, Qin people Houji (Ji Qi), Du Kang, Gongliu (Ji Liu), Wu Taibo (Ji Tai), Zhou Wenwang (Ji Chang), Zhou Wuwang (Ji Fa), Zhou Gongdan (Ji Dan), Zhou Zhaogong (Ji Zheng), Zhou Mu Wang (Ji Man), Qin Xianggong (Ying lost), Qin Mugong (Ying Renhao), Qin Huiwen Wang (Ying Si), Qin Zhaoxiang Wang (Ying Ze), Gu Gong (Ji Yan), Warring States Meng Tian, Meng Wu, Bai Qi, Wang Ben, Sima Cuo, Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang (Ying Zheng), Qin Huhai, Han Dynasty Wang Li, Ma Yuan, Ma Chao, Fa Zheng, Geng Yi, Cai Lun, Dou Rong, Zhang Qian, Ban Chao, Ban Gu, Su Wu, Ma Rong, Jia Kui, Zhong Kui, Liu Hai, Zhao Gongming, Shi Seng Zhao, Sima Qian, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (Liu Heng), Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (Liu Qi), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (Liu Che), Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty (Liu Xun), Wang Wei, Du Pre, Wei Xiaokuan, Kou Qianzhi of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (including the Jin Dynasty), Yang Su, Yin Kaishan, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (Yang Jian), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty (Yang Guang), Wu Jun of the Tang Dynasty, Han Yun, Han Qian, Zhang Xuan, Zhou Fang, Li Mi, Wei Gao, Wei Zhuang, Du Mu, Du You, Du Fu, Xue Tao, Han Wei, Yang Jiong, Ling Hu Chu, Bai Juyi, Yan Zhenqing, Wei Yingwu, Yu Xuanji, Yan Shigu, Sun Simiao, Hou Junji, Li Xiaogong, Liu Hongji, Qu Tutong, Yan Liben, Liu Gongquan, Yang Ningshi, Tang Taizong (Li Yuan), Tang Xuanzong (Li Longji), Tang Taizong (Li Shimin), Tang Gaozong (Li Zhi), Du Ruhui, Guo Ziyi, Changsun Shunde, Song Dynasty Guan Tong (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms), Fan Kuan, Kou Zhun, Li Jing, Zhang Zai, Han Shizhong, Li Xianzhong, Liu Guangshi, Li Yuanhao (Western Xia), Lv Dalin, Lv Dajun, Lv Dafang, Jin Dynasty Dang Huaiying, Wang Chongyang, Yuan Dynasty Guo Kan, Ming Dynasty Kang Hai, Wang Shu, Li Dingguo, Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong, Feng Congwu, Wang Jiusi, Qing Dynasty Wang Shibo, modern and modern politicians Lian Zhan, Fu Hao, Qi Yu, Hao Peng, Lu Hao, Xi (Zhongxun), Xi (Jinping), Bai Keming, Bai Rubing, Bai Dongcai, Zhao Leji, Hu Qili, Sun Xinyang, Jia Zhibang, Liu Binjie, Jing Junhai, Wang Dongfeng, Li Yangzhe, military strategists Li Da, Zhang Zongxun, Guan Linzheng, Zhang Lingfu, Zhang Zongxun, Zhang Youxia, Zhang Shengmin, Du Yuming, Yang Hucheng, Li Yunlong, Liu Yunzhang, Xie Zichang, Liu Zhidan, film and television actors, Yan Ni, Wang Ji, Jing Tian, Bai Bing, Bai Yu, Jia Qing, Zhang Yan, Sowers, Ma Rong, Dou Xiao, Guo Da, Zhou Jie, Ma Yue, Ling Xiaosu, Zhang Jiayi, Zhang Hanyu, Wang Dazhi, Dai Chunrong, Shi Guoqing, Liu Xiaohu, Lu Shuming, Sun Feifei, Feng Yuanzheng, Liu Yijun, Li Yitong, Wu Jingan, social activist Sun Heng, Yu Youren, Ma Shengli, Yang Qiangsheng, Zhou Shouqian, entrepreneurs Feng Lun, Gao Naize, Zhao Buchang, Zhang Chaoyang, writers Liu Qing, Lu Yao, Mo Shen, Zhou Ming, Wu Mi, Qu Tao, Chen Zhongzhong, Jia Pingwa, Jia Qianqian, Chen Zhongzhong, Ye Guangcen, Gao Jianqun, Li Ruobing, Li Chunping, Zhang Haowen, Chenshaliu, Du Pengcheng, Liu Chengzhang, hosts Hu Die, Chai Lu, Wang Xiaolei, musicians Zhao Jiping, Rao Yuyan, calligraphers and painters Ru Gui, Shi Lu, Shi Dan, Chen Bin, Qiu Xing, Liu Wenxi, Cui Zhenkuan, Wang Xijing, Yang Xiaoyang, Chen Guoyong, Zhao Zhenchuan, Guo Quanzhong, Zhang Zhiguang, Luo Ping'an, Chen Zeqin, Liu Zichun, Cheng Kegang, Wu Sansan, Shi Xianxian, Du Zhongxin, Li Chenghai, Zhou Yibo, Li Zhenlong, Yang Jiancai, singers Wang Jie, Sun Hao, Sun Meng, Huang Xin, Xu Wei, Zheng Jun, Su Xing, Dang Ning, Zhang Chu, Han Zhenzhen, Wu Xiangfei, Ye Liangchen, Cao Xuanbin, Wang Erni, Peng Guangqin, directors Guanglong, Ding Hei, Cao Dun, Hou Yong, Li Yong, Li Yang, Ha Wen, Zhang Yimou, Gu Changwei, Huang Jianxin, Wang Quanan, Wu Tianming, Yang Shupeng, Zhang Zien, Liu Huining, moral model Zhang Fuqing, Internet character Shi Hengxia (Sister Furong), sportsmen Qin Kai, Tian Liang, Yang Hao, Wang Zheng, Gu Yuan, Si Yajie, Ma Zhenbang, Zhao Changjun, Wang Libin, Guo Wenjun, Li Jianxin, Wang Baoshan, etc.

Gansu Province: Pre-Qin people Fuxi, Nuwa, Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan), Qi Bo, Bu Xuan, Ju Tao, Gong Liu, Concubine Zu, Qin Xianggong (Ying Lost), Qin Feizi (Ying Feizi), Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang (Ying Zheng), Han Dynasty Li Guang, Li Ling, Ma Yuan, Wang Fu, Kui Huan, Li Kang, Ma Teng, Zhang Xiu, Dong Zhuo, Ma Chao, Jiang Wei, Han Sui, Pang De, Jia Xu, Zhao Yi, Zhang Zhi, Gai Xun, Diao Chan, Duan Huizong, Zhao Chongguo, Gan Yanshou, Gongsun He, Gongsun Ao, Li Xiong (Cheng Han), Li Te (Cheng Han), Li Te (Cheng Han), Fu Hong (Former Qin), Fu Jian (Former Qin), Lv Guang (Later Liang), Song Xuan (Northern Liang), Li Wei (Western Liang), Yao Chang (Later Qin), Yao Xing (Later Qin), Liu Xiong, Li Mu, Fu Xuan, Yin Keng, Huangfu Mi of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (including the Jin Dynasty), Li Yuan, Li Ao, Li Bai, Li Yi, Liang Su, Li Sixun, Li Shimin, Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Guo Xijiao of the Jin Dynasty, Jin Luan, Li Mengyang, Zhao Bangqing, Mi Wanzhong of the Ming Dynasty, Niu Jian, Du Kun, Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty (including the Republic of China), modern political and military strategists Xianhui, Li Xi, Cai Wu, Gou Zhongwen, Tian Xuebin, Ci Guowei, Jiang Yuntai, Li Shijun, Feng Zhiqin (Liu Qiaoer), An Weijun, Zhang Xuezhong, Chen Baosheng, Li Jianhua, Ma Bufang, Ma Buqing, Ma Hongkui, scientists Lu Ke, Li Can, Wen Lan, Li Shuke, Ren Jizhou, Duo Yingxian, Ge Baofeng, Wu Yousheng, Chai Tianyou, Jia Chengzao, Xu Delong, Wang Longde, Qin Dahe, Yang Ziheng, Yao Tandong, Shi Yafeng, writers Lei Lei, Hu Yaquan, Ma Xiaoxiao, Gao Chengyuan, musicians Zhao Jiping, Ma Sanli, Lv Jihong, Huang Jinzhong, Zhang Weiwei, Sonam Tashi, entrepreneurs Li Yang (crazy English), Wang Shi, Liu Ximo, Yan Xijun, Pan Shiyi, calligraphers and painters Zhang Wei and Wang Xiaoyin, film and television actors Wei Chen, Huang Xuan, Zhang Zhixi, Luo Haiqiong, Long Meizi, Xu Xiaosa, hosts Zhu Jun, Zhang Li, Zhang Li, Geng Sa, He Jia, Ma Bin, Li Xiuping, Shui Junyi, Pei Xinhua, Zhang Tengyue, Meng Shengnan, moral models Wang Jinxi, Qi Fabao, Internet characters Yang Lijuan, sportsmen Cai Lilong, Zhao Jianguo, etc.

Qinghai Province: The pre-Qin people have no Yi Jian (ancient Qiang people), Han Dynasty people Han Sui, Dian Ling (ancient Qiang people), Deng Xun, Zhao Chongguo, Huo Quzhi, Beigong Boyu, five Hu and sixteen people bald Wugu (Nanliang), Tugu Hun Lord, Tang Dynasty (including Tubo) people Zhilugu, Shang Wanwen, on the fear of heat, Ge Shuhan, Hei Tooth Changzhi, Song Dynasty people He Guan, Gao Yongnian, Yuan Dynasty people Zhang Ji, Su Laiman (Xining Wang), off the machine (Qi Wang), Gale Mang (the ancestor of the Salar people), Qu Jie Dunzhu Renqin, Ming Dynasty people He Jin, Li Chun, Chai Guozhu, Liu Minkuan, Zhang Wenren, Gushi Khan (Erut Mongolia), Luo Zhe Jianzan, Qing Dynasty people Li Hanqing, Zhou Guanghui, Zhang Sixian, Li Shitai, Yang Yingju, Wu Mushi, Zhu Xiangfang, Ma Mingxin, Tsongkhapa, Xian Meizhen, Cuo Zhou Renzhuo, Xiebei Dorjee, Senior Monk Sanluo, Lobsang Drakpa, Sonam Gyatso, Erdeni (Fourth Panchen Lama), Kasang Gyatso (Seventh Dalai Lama), Lobsang Yixi (Fifth Panchen Lama), Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (Fifth Dalai Lama), Lobsang Choji Nyima, modern and modern politicians Lobsang and Zhao Leji, religious leaders Zamusu, Ma Yuexiang, Geje Rinpoche, writers Pu Wencheng and Gazang Tseden, artists Batel, Liu Jialiang, Yang Jin Lanze, film and television actors Jin Han, Kang Lei, Xiao Shunyao, Guo Wentao, Tenzin Nyima, Daiqing Tana, sportsmen Qieyang Shijie and Ren Longyun, etc.

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: Han Dynasty people Zhang Liang, Fu Xie, Huangfu Song, former Liang people Zhang Yu, Zhang Mao, Zhang Jun, Zhang Zuo, Zhang Chonghua, Northern and Southern Dynasties Xiao Baoyin, Mo Zhen Niansheng, Wan Qian Chounu, Tang Dynasty people Hun Xuan, Fugu Huaien, Tuoba Sigong (Li Sigong), Western Xia people Li Yuanhao, Li Chunyou, Li Liangzuo, Ren Dejing, Ming Dynasty people Xu Qi, Ma Shilong, Qing Dynasty people Ma Bao, modern and modern politicians Zhang Zhu, Liu Qiang, Zhang Jin, Zuo Kun, Sun Diancai, Li Chengyu, Ma Qizhi, Ma Sizhong, Ma Youde, Zhou Shengxian, Wang Zhengwei, Yan Xiaohong, Ma Tingli, Liang Dajun, Wang Zhengsheng, Ma Hancheng, Wang Weimin, Wang Lanhua, Xie Shenglin, military strategists Ma Yun, He Ming, Zhang Yuanhe, Han Liancheng, Meng Changyou, Zhang Yueying, Sun Shouming, Chen Liangbi, Yuan Jinzhang, film and television actors He He, Niu Chao, Yang Yi, Xiao Cong, He Miao, Tao Hong, Weizi, Zhen Long, Li Geng, Li Huan, Li Naiwen, Hong Universe, Luo Yizhou, Huang Junpeng, Wang Siyi, Ma Mengwei, Zhao Muyang, Li Mengying, director Ha Wen, calligrapher and painter Wang Ping, entrepreneur Dong Yongsheng, host Ma Li, Lu Jian, Ma Bin, Ma Xin, Liang Yimiao, Wang Jingfang, Kang Jianning, musicians Hou Lei, Hao Feier, Zhao Muyang, Wang Zhengrong, Aisha Li, writer Zhang Xianliang, quyi artist Yang Jinfeng, sportsmen Zhang Liang, He Jie, Wang Wanxiang, Qi Chunxia, etc.

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Han Dynasty people Lu Bu, Tuoba Liwei, Jin Dynasty people Yuwen Mohuai, Northern and Southern Dynasties people Yuwentai, Yuwen Hao, Yuwen Chun, Yuwen Yong, Du Luozhou, Liao Dynasty people Yelu Bei, Yelu Abaoji, Yuan Dynasty people Meng Ge, Tuo Lei, Temujin (Genghis Khan), Kublai Khan, Heerlun, Wokotai, Qing Dynasty people Gon Buzhab, Bu Mu Butai (Empress Xiaozhuang), Seng Lingqin, Nerjing, modern and modern politicians Buhe, Fu Ying, Yang Jing, Wulan, Bai Bing, Wang Lijun, Hao Xiushan, Wulanfu, Uliji, Glory Xian, Qi Zhongyi, Qi Junfeng, Duo Songnian, Guo Shuqing, Yun Bulong, Yun Shubi, Wu Guoqing, Batel, Bu Xiaolin, Guo Shuqing, Bai Yugang, Ji Yatai, Bayin Chaolu, National Hero Gadamerin, Entrepreneur Niu Gensheng, Military Strategists Qin Yi, Liu Guangzi, Zhang Guirong, Hao Xiushan, Liu Cunzhi, Musicians Wei Wei, Han Lei, Zhang Wei, Yun Fei, Gege, Tengger, Husleng, Dedema, Na Renhua, Meiqige, Ulan Tuya, Ulan Tuoya, Ulan Tuoga, Yang Wei Linghua (Phoenix Legend), Hanggai Band, Siqingerile, Buren Bayar (auspicious three treasures), Ala Teng Ole, director three treasures, film and television actors Li Dan, Xing Fei, Yongmei, Xu Lu, Deng Wei, Ye Qing, Liu Yan, Zhang Wei, Yang Kun, Wang Likun, Wang Luodan, Sarina, Li Jingjing, Qiandemen, Kong Lianshun, Ayunga, Zhang Benyu, Jiang Luxia, Asru, Zhu Yan Manzi, Siqin Gaowa, Hasgaowa, Saren Gaowa, writers Bai Qing, Qingsheng, Zhang Tiannan, Ma Boyong, Gamora, Yuan Sanyang, Baoerji, Ba Osr, Bryn Bech, Saiyin Chaoketu, scientist Hao Shui, Gu Binglin, Li Yuansheng, Xu Rigan, hosts Gao Bo, Lu Jian, Bai Yansong, Huang Jianxiang, Guo Shudong, Zhang Shaogang, Liu Fangfei, Liang Yimiao, Bao Xiaofeng, Xiaolu Sister (Jia Jie), music artists Ma Lijuan, Yu Yuexian, Internet personalities Bao Xishun (the first person in China), Yao Yuzhong (the main culprit in the tomb robbery case), Huge Jiletu (the main culprit in the 49 incident), religious figures Tubudan, Guan Bu Zabu, sportsmen Wang Lin, Guo Shuang, Li Qian, Gao Fenglian, Meng Fanlong, Baoligao, Cao Zhipeng, Wu Zhiqiang, Zhang Tiequan, Zhang Xiaoping, Zhao Zilong, Kong Debao, Chen Yunxia, Meng Kebatel, Nashun Geril, etc.

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Zhang Qian, Zheng Ji, Ban Chao, Princess Wusun (Liu Xijun) of the Han Dynasty, Fa Xian and Kumarosh of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Yusufu Haas Hajifu of the Song Dynasty, Yu Yuli, Lian Xixian, Avanti of the Yuan Dynasty, Haitar and Amanisha Khan of the Ming Dynasty, Dunanbai, Zuo Zongtang, Emin and Zhuo of the Qing Dynasty, He Yonghui, Chen Yuxin, Su Jianxiao, Leli Khan, Meswud, Nur Baikeli, Saifuddin Aizezi, Hadan Kabin, Ismail Amat, Timur Dawamat, Erken Tuniyaz, Yusufjan Maimaiti, Mayinur Hasmu, Eligen Yiminbahai, Erkenjan Turahun, Shekrat Zakir, Abdullah Zaklov, Nurlan Abdumankin, Zumrat Wubuli, Ismail Tielivardi, Elizat Ahmatjan, Abulahat Abdurixit, military strategists Wang Hongwei, Kerim, Zunun Taiyef, Kurban Turum, Hader Azim, Dawut Mehsuti, Caodanov Zaire, Azezov Hasmu, Hematjan Kasmi, Ahmatjan Hasmu, Budukerim Abbasov, Markov Iskhakov, Daleli Khan Sugurbayev, Isshak Berk Mununov, sportsmen Du Feng, Wang Jie, Wang Yanhong, Liu Dina, Hu Mingxuan, Hu Jinqiu, A Dijiang, Adili Wushuer (Prince of the Sky), Abdulkul Mijiti, film and television actors Lu Chuan, Wang Yang, Xu Jia, Huang Han, Lei Mu, Li Ming, Zheng Yu, Dai Si, Wang Lan, Mi Re, Basen, Jiang Xin, Zhang Tong, Zhang Li, Wang Jing, Ma Jingwu, Xiong Ruiling, Li Yapeng, Chen Jianbin, Wang Xuebing, Duan Yihong, Tong Liya, Reiza, Wang Yizhe, Medina, Wang Haiyan, Yu Hazy, Di Lieba, Guli Nazha, Amuduliti, Hamiti Istark, writers Yin Qian, Bi Shumin, Liu Liangcheng, Dong Libo, Duan Baoguo, musicians Duo Liang, Ben Xi, Jiang Dunhao, Wang Hongwei, Alpha, Zhang Yangyang, An Mingming, Dilibair, Nazakit, Hanikzi, Bahar Guli, hosts Li Xia, Li Yong, Li Jiaming, Baekli, Nigmaiti, supermodels Han Yan, Yue Mei, Ma Wei, Li Yahong, music artist Kangbal Khan, entrepreneurs Tang Yanfeng, Zhang Guoqiang, calligrapher and painter Hazi Amat, scientists Wang Shu, Wu Tianyi, Zheng Jingchen, Wushuer Slamu, writers Li Chengpeng, Nimi Xiyiti, Internet personalities Alimihan Seyiti (China's longest-lived elderly), religious figures Turdi Ahong, Arong Khan Aji, Jusufu Mamay, moral models Lu Jianhui, Tian Chongfeng, Wang Jingping, Serjiang, Aini Jumaier, Wuti Asim et al.

Tibet Autonomous Region: Tibetan Gangpopa, Tsongkhapa, Padmasambhava, Songtsen Gampo, Cangyang Gyatso, Milarepa, Yundan Gongpo, Muni Tsangpo, Dharma Rinchen, Sherab Gyaltsen, Ming Dynasty Daci Dharma King, Qing Dynasty Qinrao Norbu, modern and modern politicians Luo Mei, Junmei, Lei Jun, Jiayang, Abu, Zhangzhu, Dorjee, Guoguo, Cui Yuying, Luo Qingwu, Bu Duoji, Tsering Dorjee, Lobsang Jiangcun, Caiwang Sangpei, Baima Chilin, Nima Zhandui, Dawa Tsering, Gongjue Baimu, Pubu Dunzhu, Baima Wangdui, Ngapoi Jinyuan, Lobsang Tenzin, Ngawang Pume, Tseden Choga, Phuntsok Raojie, Tsewang Dorjee, Tseden Phuntsok (Tseden Phuntsok), Solang Lundrup, Thubten Nyima, Thubten Kedrup, Lobudundrup, Gyaltsen Phuntsok, Yongzhong Gava, military strategists Qiongse and Tsewang Rinzing, Quyi artist Thubten, scholars Zhou Wei, Huo Kang, Tsewang Junmei, Jidan Phuntsok, religious figures Ji Jigme, Thubten Kelsang, Jampa Gelsang, Erdeni (the 11th Panchen), Dedrup Living Buddha, Dhamma Lochok Rinpoche, film and television actors Pasang, Dobjie, Lobsang Qunpei, Tenzin Jigme, Rawang Lobu, Quni Tsering, Yangzi Baiyun, Solang Zhuoga, Solang Meiqi, Internet character Su Min (50-year-old aunt self-driving tour), musicians Wangmu, Yangjima, Jianyang Zhuoma, Yangjin Zhuoma (Han Hong), Caidan Zhuoma, Solang Wangmu, Tashi Phuntsok, Caiwang Lobu, Tsering Raji, teacher Gesang Deji, etc.

other

The northwest region is rich in land and resources, rich in products, and has many ethnic minorities, so the food culture here is rich and diverse enough, just like "a hundred schools of thought contend, a hundred flowers bloom". In the great northwest, the "ancient Silk Road" from Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi) to the Roman Empire on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) at Heihaikou, due to the development of politics, economy, culture and trade at that time, many places of interest and historic sites were formed, and the corresponding development of food and drink was also brought about.

In the mainland, "Shaanxi cuisine" (Shaanxi cuisine) is dominated by noodles, "Gancai" (Gansu cuisine) is famous for "Lanzhou beef (ramen) noodles", "Qinghai cuisine" is good at beef and mutton as the main ingredient, "Ningxia cuisine" has the characteristics of "halal cuisine" of the Hui nationality, "Xinjiang cuisine" with strong taste, changeable techniques and exotic customs, and "Tibetan cuisine" (Tibetan cuisine) and "Mongolian cuisine" with ethnic minority cultural characteristics (Inner Mongolian cuisine), which is part of the food culture of the Great Northwest, is collectively called "Northwest Cuisine" (Great Northwest Cuisine) together with the halal cuisine made by ten ethnic minorities who believe in Islam such as the Hui people.

The main delicacies are: Shaanxi's Xi'an Meat Sandwich Bun, Beef and Mutton Steamed Bun, Liangpi, Qinzhen Rice Skin, Qishan Zhenzi Noodles, "Biang Biang" Noodles, Qianxian Pot Helmet, Gourd Head Steamed Bun, Bubble Oil Cake, Retort Cake, Qiongguo Sugar, Hu Spicy Soup, Soup Buns, Oil Splash Noodles, Pulp Water Surface, Buckwheat Dumplings, Qishan Rolling Dough Skin, Golden Thread Oil Tower, Gourd Chicken, Water Basin Mutton, Jia San Soup Buns, Mutton Powder Soup, Steamed Mutton, Xi'an Sour Plum Soup, Osmanthus Thick Wine, Mille-Feuille Oil Shortbread, Small Fried Foam, Trouser Belt Noodles, Douhua Steamed Buns, Oil Splash Spicy, Hanzhong hot rice paste, clear oil pot stickers, Yulin black stunned, Yan'an dipping, artichoke rubbing, Weinan tofu soaking, Shangluo Danfeng rice noodles, slurry water stirring dough, Baoji Xifu noodles, Ankang steamed noodles, persimmon cake, stone bun, yellow rice bun, Shaanxi pasta, milk soup pot fish, southern Shaanxi bacon, Gansu Lanzhou beef noodles (Lanzhou ramen), Tianshui spicy, Tianshui gua, milk and egg mash, stuffed skin, Lanzhou slurry water surface, hand grasp beef and mutton, Jingning roast chicken, Longxi bacon, Dunhuang donkey meat yellow noodles, Wuwei "three sets of cars" (rock sugar red date tea, Liangzhou noodles, braised elbow meat), Jingyuan lamb, apricot peel water (tea), Sanbaotai tea, gray beans, hot winter fruit (pear), Jiayuguan barbecue, mutton mat rolls, Zhangye caviar, artichoke dough, beef rice, pot tea, Jiuquan paste pot, Hezhou steamed buns, Wuwei dough, Qinghai's Hualong beef ramen, Qinghai old yogurt, Qinghai stuffed skin, sweet paste, muddy pot buns, Ga noodles, dog urine (cake), raw stewed lamb, Qinghai milk skin, hand grasp mutton, lamb intestine noodles, haggis, Qinghai boiled tea, Qinghai boiled rice, Dry mixed ramen, Qinghai soil hot pot, Qinghai three roast, dry plate fish, Tibetan blood sausage, Ningxia Ningxia hand-grasped beef and mutton, stewed lamb offal, Hui fried oil fragrant, steamed lamb, mutton noodles, artemisia noodles, stewed chicken, fried paste, mutton noodles, stewed snacks, Ningxia roasted whole sheep, lamb chops small noodles, Dawukou cold skin, spicy paste, swallow noodles kneading, clove elbows, raw noodles, eight treasure tea, Yellow River catfish, Ningxia nine bowls, Inner Mongolia's Mongolian milk tea, mutton siu mai, hand meat (beef and mutton), shabu mutton, roasted whole sheep, Boiled Lamb Hot Pot, Miscellaneous Fish Pot, Steamed Chinese Fish, Alxa Camel Meat Tart, Mongolian Tart, Albas Stewed Mutton, Horqin Roasted Whole Beef, Buryat Soup Bun, Pork Hook Chicken, Ba Meng Stuffed Skin, Braised Three Treasures in Thick Soup, Stone Barbecue, Yellow Braised Camel Steak, Fried Sour Porridge, Hohhot Baking, Small Groove Cake, Fengzhen Moon Cake, Tongliao Beef Jerky, Inner Mongolia Cheese, Milk Tofu, Chifeng Pair, Mongolian Fried Rice, Chrome Slag, Vegetable Bun, Rice Noodles, Mutton Steamed Buns, Airege, Mutton Floss, Manzhouli Whole Fish Feast, Knife Cut Crisp, Zhuozi Mountain Smoked Chicken, Shallot buns, Mongolian enema, noodles dumplings, dumplings, Inner Mongolia pot cakes, Inner Mongolia stewed noodles, grilled camel paws, haggis, yellow rice noodles fried cakes, back spoon noodles, oily meat, sauce beef, Mongolian butter cakes, Xinjiang roasted naan, large plate chicken, hand pilaf, grilled buns, shelf meat, horse intestines, pulled noodles (noodles), lamb belly wrapped meat, naan pit barbecue, lamb skewers, Xinjiang hand finger meat, Xinjiang salted milk tea, Baulsak (Kazakh dim sum), oil dumplings, oil tart, Xinjiang mixed noodles, Naren noodles, Xinjiang cold noodles, Koldak, Stewed mutton, thin-skinned buns, yogurt gnocchi, milk skins, crispy buns, soil hot pot, Xinjiang roasted whole sheep, crispy lamb legs, Changji yellow noodles, Bohu grilled fish, Qizi soup rice, Kashgar yogurt, rice intestines, noodles and lungs, Hu spicy sheep's trotters, Qiongqiong rice, naan wrapped meat, maren candy (cut cake), raisins, pepper chicken, Xinjiang yogurt, Xinjiang fried rice noodles, Tibetan tsamba, butter tea, cheese, steamed beef tongue, raw beef sauce, sheep blood sausage, fried lung slices, stewed Tibetan chicken with matsutake mushrooms, cordyceps fish meatballs, yak cheese, Tibetan sauerkraut soup, Tibetan soil hot pot, Enema, liver blowing, fritillaria, cereal porridge, Yanjing plus noodles, Tibetan sweet tea, Lhasa Tibetan noodles, spicy tripe, air-dried meat, Naqu lamb chops, cordyceps matsutake chicken, ginseng fruit in oil, Shigatse oil noodles, crispy cheese cake, cheese buns, Tibetan steamed buns, pea pengbi, Lin Zhimasen, fried kasai, Gutu pimple soup, etc.

Non-snack specialties mainly include:

(Shaanxi) Xi'an thick wine, Zhouzhi kiwifruit, Yanliang melon, Lintong pomegranate, persimmon cake, Baqiao cherry, Baqiao grape, Lintong fire crystal persimmon, Yanliang Xiang date, Gengzhen carrot, Laobaozi fresh peach, Lantian apricot, osmanthus sour plum powder, good cat smoke, crystal cake, "Shaanxi pick" dim sum, oil pouring spicy, Xi'an oil tea, Huxian rice, Chang'an strawberry, osmanthus mash, Xi'an paper-cutting, Xi'an clay sculpture, Xi'an antique, Lantian jade, Xianyang Qindu Qin pepper, Jingyang Fu brick tea, knotweed sugar, Qianxian pepper, Chunhua buckwheat, Guanzhong black pig, Xingping pepper, Sanyuan pomegranate, Binxian wine date, Dajin date, Binzhou pear, Xianyang pot helmet, Changwu apple, Changwu apricot, Jingyang persimmon, Chunhua nectarine, Xianyang Malanhong, Qianxian green onion, Xingping garlic, Sanyuan small grinding sesame oil, Xianyang amber sugar, Yongshou Huaihua nectar, Guanzhong donkey, Liquan apricot, Liquan pear, Liquan apple, Binzhou twist, Qindu sweet potato, Changwu water tofu, Qianzhou cloth, Tongchuan Yaozhou pepper, Tongchuan cherry, Tongchuan codonopsis, Yijun walnut, Yijun corn, Mengjiayuan peach, Yaozhou snow candy, Yaozhou skullcap, Weinan Weibei apple, Pucheng watermelon, Pucheng crisp pear, Fuping persimmon, Qiongguo sugar, Tongguan pickles, Baishui Dukang wine, Huaxian green onions, Hancheng pepper, Dali peanuts, Gaoshi crispy melon, Dali daylily, Laocheng oil cake, Tang Sancai, Baoji Taibaijiu, Xifeng wine, Famen Temple toilet paper, Baoji American ginseng, Taibai fritillary, Taibai cabbage, Fengxian pepper, through the heart of red carrots, Baoji pepper, Fufeng apple, Qishan balsamic vinegar, Meixian kiwifruit, Taibai vegetables, Fengxiang cured donkey meat, Baoji tea crisp, Fengxiang clay sculpture, Fengxiang paper-cutting, Horse spoon face, Hanzhong rapeseed oil, Yangxian black rice, Yangxian red rice, Xixiang beef jerky, Ningqiang walnut bun, vegetable tofu, Zhenba bacon, Hanzhong Xianhao tea, Luoyang gastrodia, Luoyang eucommia, Liuba soil honey, Chenggu tangerine, Hanzhong giant salamander (baby fish), Liping eight bowls, Xixiang Songhua eggs, Ningqianghua fine xin, Chenggu kiwifruit, Hanzhong figs, Dingjun Mingmei tea, Ankang dried tofu, Baihe papaya, Pingli gynostemma, Langao konjac, Pingli Nuwa tea, Ziyang selenium-rich tea, Ningshan shiitake mushroom, Zhenping Coptis chinensis, Xunyang jujube, Zhenping Black Chicken, Ziyang Maojian Tea, Ningshan Zhuling, Ningshan Walnut, Wang Mang Tempeh, Wuli Thick Wine, Hongxiang Gong Rice, Ankang Oil Tea, Rice Tofu, Shangluo Walnut, Zhen'an Chestnut, Sipo Acorn Powder, Danfeng Grape, Artichoke Glutinous Cake, Shangluo Black Fungus, Xiaoyiwan Persimmon, Shangzhi Meat, Luoyuan Dried Tofu, Tsushai Stirred Dough, Shangluo Oak Wood, Yungai Temple Noodles, Shanyang Nine-Eyed Lotus, Quercus Bacon, Shanyang Gastrodia, Luonan Tofu, Shangnan Kiwifruit, Shangluo Salvia, Lingnan Beef Scalper, Yulin Old Yulin Wine, Rice Fat Millet, Jingbian Potatoes, Yulin red dates, Fugu sea red fruit, Hengshan mutton, Daming mung beans, Yulin apples, Jingbian buckwheat, Jiaxian oil dates, Jingbian carrots, Jingbian mutton, haggis, Yulin fried soybean milk, Shagai vegetables, Suide black powder, Yulin tofu, Pinsanxian, Yan'an crisp pear, Yan'an red dates, Huanglong walnut, Wuqi balsamic vinegar, Yichuan pepper, Yichuan thick wine, Zhidan buckwheat noodles, Zhidan mutton, Luochuan apples, Zhiluogong rice, Yan'an sour dates, Yan'an millet, Zichang pancakes, Ganquan rice wine, Huangling Zhenzi noodles, Hukou crisp pear, Zichang vermicelli, etc.

(Gansu) Lanzhou Anning pink peach, Qingbaishi melon, Beiyuan crisp pear, soft pear, winter fruit pear, white melon, Lanzhou lily, Yongdeng bitter water rose, Tang Wangchuan apricot, Lanzhou black melon seeds (melon), preserved mutton, Yuzhong Chinese cabbage, Yuzhong flowers, three fortress tea, apricot peel tea, crystal pickles, grilled lamb skewers, silver Jingyuan lamb, Damiao perfume pear, Shuichuan long noodles, sour rotten meat, a nest of silk, small mouthful of jujubes, Jingyuan wolfberry, Dongwan donkey meat, Jingyuan black melon seeds, Pingchuan apples, Jingtai stuffed skin, Huining flaxseed oil, Wenguan fruit oil, Dry sand watermelon, Dingxi potato, Dingxi codonopsis, Dingxi astragalus, Dingxi angelica, Dingxi broad bean, Longxi bacon, Minxian dim sum, Minxian black fur sheep, Minxian bracken nettle pig, Lintao Taoyan, Tongwei bitter buckwheat, Huangxianggou chicken, snow mountain camel palm, Minxian honey, Lintao dahlia, Tianshui Gangu pepper, Qin'an pepper, Huaniu apple, Qin'an apple, Qin'an peach, Qinzhou cherry, Wushan bean paste, Longquan vermicelli, Tianshui tea, Tianshui walnut, Tianshui roast chicken, Wushan leek, Gangu green onion, Qingshui powdered shell egg, Wushan black fungus, Maijishan flour plastic, Pingliang Huating Duhuo, Huating rhubarb, Huating walnut, Pingliang yam, Chongxin celery, Chongxin rice wine, Pingliang red cow, Pingliang golden fruit, Jingning early pear, Jingning apple, Zhuanglang apple, Jingning flatbread, Lingtai handmade noodles, Zhuanglang potato, Pingliang donkey meat, Qingyang apple, Zhengning green onion, Huanxian shadow puppet, Qingyang donkey, Qingyang sachet, Qingyang buckwheat, Qingyang daylily, Huanxian lamb, Banqiao white cucumber, Qingyang melon, Qingyang millet, Ningxian walnut, Zaosheng beef, Qingyang black goat, Qingyang white melon seeds, Longdong black goat, Shishe millet, Longnan Wudu pepper, Longnan green tea, Longnan black fungus, Wudu olive, Liangdang apple, Chengxian walnut, Longshen tea, Liangdang wolf tooth honey, Lixian rhubarb, Bapan pear, Hongchuan wine, Jinhui wine, Huixian ginkgo, wine persimmon, Longnan red membranaceus, Danchang angelica, Huixian purple garlic, Xihe Banxia, Wudu sweet persimmon, hot dough, hemp baked cake, canned tea, Longnan mulberry silkworm, Longnan artichoke, Wuwei desert chicken, Minqin melon, Wuwei morel, Ziyang long eggplant, Tianzhu white yak, Minqin mutton, Minqin licorice, Minqin broccoli, wild staghorn cabbage, Liangzhou soft pear, Liangzhou big moon cake, Wuwei wine, Wuwei grape, Chakou post horse, Minqin wolfberry, Liangzhou walnut, Liangzhou crown pear, Liangzhou smoked vinegar, Minqin shallot, Liangzhou liangfen, Minqin ginseng fruit, Jinchang gray fragrant bean, Shuangwan watermelon, Yongchang carrot, Lijing golden trout, Jinchuan red pepper, hemp seed, Yongchang beer barley, Yongchang meat sheep, Dongwan green radish, Shuangwan edible sunflower, Jinchang imperial ginseng, Yongchang mushroom, goldfish hair, Jinchang quinoa, Yongchang bulazi, Zhangye Shandan Horse, Zhangye Grape, Braised Pork Stir-fried Gun, Glacier Snow Grapes, Qiyi Glacier Mineral Water, Beef Rice, Apple Pear, Shandan Mutton, Zhangye Gluten, Northwest Cuisine, Linze Jujube, Xiaohe Red Date, Red Deer Antler, Folk Music Purple Garlic, Qilian Wine, Jinhuazhai Millet, Zhangye Rice Wine, Zhangye Red Pear, Zhangye Horse Oil, Sunan Yak, Wujiang Rice, Shandan Hair Cabbage, Zhangye Folk Embroidery, Jiuquan Guazhou Honeydew Melon, Luminous Cup Wine Vessel, Dunhuang Grape, Dunhuang Li Guangxing, Guazhou Goji Berry, Guazhou Suoyang, Hexi Corridor Wine, Jinta bighead fish, Jiuquan onion, Yumen hops, Gansu yellow sheep, air-dried steamed buns, apricot peel water, Qingquan ginseng fruit, Zhanhui honey, Jinta black vinegar, Dunhuang silk, Dunhuang colored sculptures, Jiayuguan onions, Jiayuguan pig's head pears, mud ditch carrots, wild Mawan watermelon, chrysanthemum bullwhip, Silk Road camel palm, camel hair painting, Jiayu stone inkstone, Linxia Yongjing red dates, Linxia bracken, Linxia pot helmet, Linxia brick carving, Yongjing lily, red matsutake mushroom, morel, Kangle shiitake mushroom, Baoan clan waist knife, Hezhou peony, hand grasp mutton, sweet wheat, Yongjing strawberry, Linxia pepper, Linxia hemp, Linxia brick carving, Linxia gourd, Gannan yak, Gannan bracken nettle pig, Zhouqu Congling Tibetan chicken, Gannan tsamba, Gannan butter tea, Gannan bracken, Maqu Oula sheep, Maqu Hequ horse, Diebe morel, Ganjia Tibetan sheep, Zhouqu walnut, Xiahe hoof tendon, Gannan bracken, Tibetan yogurt, Zhouqu pepper, knife Shiha, Lintan milk tea, Lintan angelica, Zhouqu honey, Zhouqu persimmon, etc.

(Qinghai) Xining rhubarb, cordyceps, Huangyuan vinegar, cordyceps wine, Qinghai old yogurt, Huangzhong broad beans, Datong potato, plateau salvia, Qinghai deer antler, Qinghai Tibetan medicinal materials, glass salt, Qinghai jade, Qinghai carpet, handmade woolen fabrics, Taer temple pile embroidery, Mao Yu Yu, Haidong mutual aid barley wine, mutual aid rhubarb, mutual aid broad beans, Ping'an potato, Ledu sand fruit, Ledu purple garlic, Ledu green radish, Ledu cherry, Ledu artichoke, Xunhua pepper, Haidong black garlic, Ledu Tibetan fragrant pig, Minhe watermelon, Ledu pepper, Xunhua Pepper, Hualong Mineral Water, Mutual Aid Green Onion Chicken, Haidong Chicken, Minhe Beef Cattle, Haibei Menyuan Rapeseed Oil, Menyuan Barley, Haiyan Yak, Qilian Tibetan Sheep, Rhodiola Rosea, Qilian Yellow Mushroom, Menyuan Fern Nettle, Plateau Honey, Hainan Chaka Tibetan Green Salt, Guide Pepper, Guide Honey, Guide Soft Pear, Xinghai Yak Meat, Gashko Mutton, Tibetan Yogurt, Haixi Chaidamu Goji Berry, Tanggula Tibetan Sheep, Qinghai Dongguo Pear, Qinghai Lake Spotted Naked Carp, Qaidam Bactrian Camel, Tianjun Yak, Plateau Quinoa, Black Goji Berry, Coarse pure wool, Huangnanzhou Tongren bracken nettle, Tongren huangguo pear, Hequ horse, Cistanche, Zeku black barley, Huangnan steamed bun, Jianzha walnut, air-dried beef and mutton, Suhuola sheep, West Qinjiang, cattle and sheep head craft jewelry, Yushu Tibetan medicinal materials, black barley, Yushu coriander root, Yushu bracken nettle, Yushu yak, Tashijia sheep, unicorn fish, strong incense rhododendron, Yushu horse, Tangchuan Gabao, Yushu riba, Yushu Tibetan knife, Guoluo bracken nettle, Gander yak, Maduo Tibetan sheep, Guoluo rhubarb, Jiuzhi yak, cordyceps, Banma Tibetan snow tea, Kuji fritillary, chicken heart chestnut, snow reishi and so on.

(Ningxia) Yinchuan Ningxia wolfberry, Ningxia hair cabbage, Ningxia licorice, Ningxia Helan stone, Ningxia Tan sheepskin, old Yinchuan wine, Ningxia wolfberry smoke (plugged in the south of the Yangtze River), Yellow River carp, Helan screw vegetables, Ningxia rice, Dingbei celery, Helan Mountain wine, Babao tea, Ningxia long jujube, Xixia Gong rice, Zhang Liang melon, Lingwu Mountain grass sheep, Shizuishan Dawukou small rooster, Ligang sweet watermelon, Shahu big fish head, dried lily, Shizuishan sesame oil, Huangquqiao lamb, mud wow, Taixi coal, Shahu big fish head, sheep pan winding, Taole red melon seeds, Wuzhong Liheqiao beef, Biandangou apple, Qingtongxia pepper, Qingtongxia watermelon, pigeon fish, perfume pear, Yanchitan sheep, Yanchitan chicken, Yanchi melon, Yanchi millet, Wuzhong morning tea, Zhongwei selenium gourd, Zhongwei wolfberry, Haiyuan cumin, Haiyuan potato, frozen rabbit meat, concentric round dates, white peas, snowflake mutton, cassia tea, Zhongwei golden silk dates, Haiyuan melon, Zhongwei tartary buckwheat, Zhongwei grapes, Zhongwei rice, Guyuan Pengyang red plum apricot, Guyuan red chicken, Guyuan potato, Xiji celery, Pengyang apricot, Guyuan licorice, Jingyuan Yellow Beef, Liupan Mountain Qinjiang, Liupan Mountain Astragalus, Liupan Mountain Broad Bean, Jingyuan Honey, Guyuan Sunflower, Pengyang Pepper, Guyuan Golden Mime Wine, Guyuan Wheat, etc.

(Inner Mongolia) Hohhot Tuoketuo chili, Wuchuan wheat, Wuchuan sesame oil, Qingshuihe small fragrant rice, Qingshuihe rice vinegar, mare's milk wine, air-dried beef jerky, Mongolian cheese, Wuchuan potatoes, Tuoxian colored rice, Tuoxian fennel, Hohhot bake, Hasuhai carp, roasted whole sheep, Bikeqi green onions, Qingshuihe mushrooms, Qingshuihe fried cakes, Qingshuihe sea red fruits, Yili milk, Mengniu milk, cordyceps tobacco, hand-handled beef and mutton, Mongolian milk tea, Mongolian silverware, Ulanqab Zhuozi Mountain smoked chicken, Ulanqab potatoes, Wumeng oats, Cold vegetables, Mongolian yogurt, Fengzhen moon cakes, Gobi sheep, Liangcheng Hongmao medicinal wine, Huade Chinese cabbage, Shangdu celery, red stewed mutton, buckwheat dumplings, Xinghe graphite, Chayouzhongqi carrots, Siziwangqi sheep, Manhan mountain treasures, Daihai Lake fish, Huade alpaca plush, Wumeng corn, white melon seeds, spark sunflower, Wumeng kidney beans, Mongolian leather paintings, Hulunbuir Aosimo, Arctic blueberry, Molidawa girl fruit (false sour pulp), willow artemisia sprouts, beautiful white shrimp, grassland mushroom, Yakeshi potato, Zhalantun black fungus, Shalantun Shaguo, Hulun Lake Small White Fish, Three Hippos, Sanhe Cattle, Molidawa Yellow Smoke, Molidawa Suzi, Zhalantun Sunflower, Genhe Bruk Cabbage, Arong Banner Corn, Arong Banner Soybean, Milk Tofu, Braised Beef Head, Knife Cut Crisp, Genghis Khan Teppanyaki, Inner Mongolia Carpet, Mongolian Tobacco Purse, Chifeng Yellow Corn, Ao Han Banner Millet, Bahrain Stone, Hada Fire, Air-Dried Beef, Chifeng Mung Bean, Niujiayingzi North Sand Ginseng, Dali Nuoer Huazi Fish, Dali Nuoer Crucian Carp, Ningcheng Laojiao Wine, Chifeng Pot Wrapped Meat, Tianshan Daming Mung Bean, Karaqin apples and pears, grassland lake milk wine, Karaqin tomatoes, Weng Niu extra rice, Chifeng smoked chicken, Alu Korqin banner mutton, Bahrain beef, Bahrain mutton, Tongliao Kulun buckwheat, Kailu pepper, Zalut mung bean, Zalut sunflower seeds, Tongliao yellow corn, Zhongjing pear dates, Tongliao peas, Tongliao maifan stone, Mongolian white food, Mongolian fried rice, Mongolian vegetable buns, Tongliao red matsutake mushrooms, Horqin beef, Zalut grassland sheep, Ordos cashmere, Etuoke spirulina, Ordos hair cabbage, Ordos shallots, sea red seeds, red pickles, Inner Mongolia sand fruit, sour apricot, Ordos milk wine, Dongsheng beef, Dalat white shrimp, Jungger Yellow River carp, Yellow River grass carp, Wushenqi red dates, Xinmiao fried rice, Batu Bay soft-shelled turtle, Hangjinqi licorice, Bayannur Dengkou sunflower seeds, Hetao Laojiao wine, Hetao king wine, Wallace melon (white melon), Hetao honeydew melon, Hetao tomato, Hetao cistanche, Hetao wheat flour, Hetao rice, Wuyuan sunflower, pioneer wolfberry, Wuyuan yellow persimmon, Wuyuan wheat, Hetao black melon seeds, Wuyuan lantern red melon, Erwolf Mountain white cashmere goat, Ba Meng licorice, Ba Meng watermelon, Hetao apple pear, Urad mutton, fried sour porridge, mutton meatballs, black willow melon, Bayannur mutton, Baotou Damaoqi mutton, Guyang oats, Guyang noodles, South China Sea Yellow River carp, Damaoqi potato, Inner Mongolia matsutake mushroom, Xiaowengong garlic, Damaoqi red-skinned wheat, golden knife roast lamb back, roasted whole sheep, beef jerky, golden camel wine, West Lake fish, roasted Luohan pearls, Houshan sesame oil, oil basket, sheep scorpion, camel paw, Tumut mutton, Wuhai grapes, Wuhai apples, Wuhai winter dates, Wuhai strange stones, Inner Mongolia cucumber, Inner Mongolia lace, Inner Mongolia snuff bottle, Inner Mongolia corn residue, Xing'an League rice, Xing'an League corn, Arshan black fungus, Russian vermicelli, wood lingzhi, roast lamb shank, Guiliuhe wine, wolfberry chrysanthemum bullwhip, Urad grapes, Zhalantun mushrooms, Xing'an melon, Golmud pigeon, Xinlin Shandong peach, Xing'an League yellow beef, Sanjiang oil fish, Xing'an League blueberry, Xilin Gol League mutton, Ximeng beef, Ximeng mushroom, Ximeng meat Cistanche, Xiwuqi milk tea, Sunit sheep, Sunit daylily, Ximeng potato, Ximeng sand dates, Ximeng red peppers, Ximeng sand fruits, Alxa League cistanche, Arab League Suoyang, Juyan melon, Azuoqi ghee, Alxa white cashmere goat, Alxa Bactrian camel, Alxa milk tofu, Ejina cheese, Alxa hand-handled meat, sand rice jelly, Inner Mongolia hazelnuts, Alxa sheep's back, Ayouqi strange stone, Suoyang oil cake, Alxa shallot, Alxa fried rice, Mongolian silver, Mongolian horse-head qin, etc.

(Xinjiang) Urumqi Xinjiang raisins, Xinjiang jujube, Xinjiang mutton, Xinjiang sea buckthorn, Xinjiang milk, Tianrun milk beer, Xinjiang vinegar willow fruit, Xinjiang best pine seeds, Xinjiang wolfberry, Miquan rice, Dabancheng broad beans, Xinjiang wild watermelon, Xinjiang Luobu hemp tea, Xinjiang almonds, Xinjiang cantaloupe, Xinjiang roasted naan, Toutunhe grapes, Xishan potatoes, Urumqi oil dumplings, Karamay pomegranate, Karamay rice sausage, Karamay Liangpi, cherry tomatoes, Wuerhe white melon, Baimutag, red Mibao, Mutton pilaf, oleander, rizamat, global red grapes, Xinjiang figs, Turpan grapes, Turpan raisins, Xinjiang cut cake (marline candy), Turpan black sheep, Turpan fighting, Xinjiang Aferulcao, Turpan fragrant pear, Tuoxun black sheep, Musailaisi wine, Shanshan cantaloupe, Shanshan mulberry, Turpan wine, Tuoxun apricot, Xinjiang barbecue, Tuoxun red dates, Hami cantaloupe, Hami grapes, Yiwu Tukuo whole sheep, Hami nectarine, Hami watermelon, Liushuquan jujube, Bactrian wild camel, Balikun soil hot pot, Balikun puff pastry, stewed fresh fish with wild mushrooms, Yili Prefecture Yilite wine, Krabra apples, Huocheng lavender, Zhaosu garlic, Zhaosu potatoes, Zhaosu rape, dried apricots on Yili trees, Yili Tianma, Nalati honey, Turks Mountain nectar, Ili cantaloupe, Qapqar rice, Naren noodles, Tex apples, Tianshan black plum, Mohur grapes, Kazakh bacon, Kazakh horse intestines, Huocheng cherry plum, Gongliu Hetao, Tianshan Ibemu, Tianshan red deer, Huiyuan carrots, Yili white pigs, Yili folding knives, Xibe milk skin, copper Shamawa, Changji Laolonghe watermelon, Mulei chickpeas, Manas sheep, Fukang melon seeds, Jimsar pepper, Manas jasper, white-skinned garlic, Tunhe tomato paste, Xinjiang tomato, Mulei mutton, Qitai flour, Hutubi cow, Jimusar chicken, fresh apricots, Hui yellow noodles, stone ladder onions, Changji carrots, Wugongtai sweet potatoes, Hu spicy sheep's trotters, Qitai white artichoke, Fukang peach, Qitai pepper, Mulei white peas, Bortala Jinghe wolfberry, Sailimu Lake high whitefish, Organic Sunflower Oil, Bole Red Grape, Bortala Mutton, Bortala Honey, Butter Tea, Xinjiang Cotton, Jinghe Reed, Pigment Chrysanthemum, Oil Tower, Yellow Honey Treasure Melon, Bole Tea, Bortala Ephedra, Bortala Licorice, Abbey Lake Artemia, Bayingolin Korla Pear, Ruoqiang Gray Jujube, Yuli Melon, Yuli Luobu Sheep, Xinjiang Luobuma, Bosten Lake Fish, Bohu Pepper, Jimo Sheep, Golden Gobi Red Dates, and Wild Red Dates, Yanqi Chinese Cabbage, Tarim Red Deer Antlers, Bayinbrook Mushrooms, Bazhou Reeds, Tiemenguan Pepper, Luobu Grilled Fish, Turghut Pie, Xinjiang Vermiculite, Xinjiang Comfrey, Xinjiang Long-staple Cotton, Simmental Cattle, Xintian Wine, Kizil Suzhou Artush Fig, Baren Apricot, Wucha Yak, Munag Grape, Xinjiang Ferul Mushroom, Kizilsu Melon, Aheqi White Garlic, Xinjiang Tiger Vegetables, Kashgar Jiashi Melon, Kashgar Pomegranate, Yingjisha Apricot, Yecheng Walnut, Kashgar Grape, Kashgar Red Dates, Kashgar Mutton, Kashgar Sweet Apricot, Shache Melon, Almonds, Figs, Pamir Glacier Mineral Water, Apricot with Muyag, Xinjiang pumpkin, Xinjiang peach, Kashgar cumin, Maigaiti Duolang sheep, Yingisha knife, Balchuk sheep, Hetian jade, Hetian Jun jujube, Kok Tiereke grape, Celle pomegranate, Akchar melon, Hotan thin-skinned walnut, Hetian carpet, Hotan baked egg, Moyu walnut, Hetian rose, Hetian cistanche, Hetian mutton, Zakole, Celle walnut sesame candy, Hetian dried apricot, red willow Dayun, Kunlun snow chrysanthemum, Aksu apple, Aksu red date, Aksu walnut, Kuqa small white apricot, Kuqa medicinal mulberry, Keping mutton, chickpeas, Wensu rice, Xinjiang Chamagu (kohlrabi), Xinhe grapes, Shaya Luobu hemp honey, Shaya Luobu hemp tea, Xinjiang snow lotus, Xinjiang red deer, Kuqa grapes, Shaya knife, Kucha knife scissors, Kuqa sour plum, Awati Musaleth wine, Tacheng Dalieba bread, Tacheng kvass wine, Tacheng cheese, Tacheng flying goose, Anjihai pepper, orchid fritillary, melon seeds, double low rape, Bashbai sheep, Yumin safflower, Xinjiang brown cattle, Junggar Bactrian camel, Tacheng melon, Tacheng walnut, Marina jam, Wusu willow tea, Tacheng air-dried meat, Xinjiang hops, Wusu beer, Xinjiang salmon, Altay large fruit sea buckthorn, Dingshan edible sunflower, Hemu honey, Qinghe Aferul mushroom, camel milk, Burjin river fish, Altay big-tailed sheep, Kanas melon, Kanas soybean, milk flower kidney bean, Beitun white spot pike, Altay pike, camel milk, Altai mountain stone people, Shihezi meat cistanche, Shihezi grapes, Shihezi peach, Shihezi lamb, Shihezi watermelon, Shihezi Liangpi, Xinjiang Corps apples, etc.

(Tibet) Lhasa saffron, Lhasa beef paste, Tibetan barley wine, Tibetan butter tea, Tibetan tsampa, Tibetan rhodiola, Tibetan medicinal materials, Tibetan cordyceps, Tibetan mare's milk, Tibetan beef and mutton, Tibetan yak, Tibetan ginseng fruit (bracken), Tibetan snow chicken, Quma lane mineral water, Nimu Tibetan incense, Tibetan musk, Tangga Tibetan eggs, Tibetan carpets, Tibetan thangka, Tibetan knives, Shigatse Mount Everest mineral water, bergamot ginseng, Emma potatoes, Gangba sheep, Tibetan eggs, Yadong black fungus, Yadong black gastrodia, Tibetan calf, Yadong fish, Tibetan wine, Pari yak, Gyantse carpet, Nagqu cordyceps, Tibetan fritillary, snow artemisia, snow lotus, Kashmir cashmere, Tibetan air-dried meat, sheep Bajing honey, Gesarma, Shannan Tibetan chicken, Gacha walnut, Changguo red potato, Tibetan gastrodia, Tibetan horse chicken, white-lipped deer, Zha Nang, Cuona apple, Gongga Tibetan incense, Zhan Bao peach blossom, Luozha tsamba, Longzi black barley, Zhan Nang red skin potato, Gongga Ganoderma lucidum, Qamdo musk, Nujiang schizophrenia fish, Tibetan goat, Tibetan snow pheasant, Qamdo drunken pear, Wuqi yak, Sodosi chili sauce, Basu buckwheat, Chaya black barley, Ngawang sheep, Chaya apple, Luolong tsamba, Mangkang peach salt, Linzhi peach, Linzhi Tibetan pig, Linzhi matsutake, Linzhi gastrodia, Linzhi honey, Linzhi Ganoderma lucidum, Langxian walnut, Motuo lemon, Motuo banana, Motuo stone pot, Chayu rice, Chayu Everest holy tea, Linzhi citrus, Bahe fish, Lulang stone pot chicken, Bomi snow lotus, Yigong Tibetan knife, Linzhi palm ginseng, Chayu dragon claw, Menba wooden bowl, Linzhi golden fungus, Linzhi apple, morel, Boletus, Chayu peanut, Ali Ritu cashmere, Ritu white cashmere, Cuoqin goat, Zhangxiong semi-fine wool sheep, Ali barley wine, Tibetan mask, Tibetan Kawu, Pulan wooden bowl, Tibetan blood sausage, Tibetan liver blowing, etc.

Famous enterprises are: Shaanxi Automobile Group, Xidian Group, Shaanxi Coal Industry, Yanchang Petroleum, LONGi Green Energy, Qinchuan Machine Tool, Shaanxi Drum Group, AVIC Xifei, Xifeng Liquor, Maike Group, Leejun Pharmaceutical, Buchang Pharmaceutical, Xi'an Janssen, Shaanxi Construction Engineering, Dongling Group, Fast, Kaimi Group, Miqi Pastry, Baishui Dukang, Jinhua Group, Xi'an Restaurant, Xizhilang, Yinqiao Dairy, Hans Beer, Huasheng Fruit, Bingfeng Soda, Imperial Treasure Goat Milk, Xiying Group, Nanyang Dick, Hi-Tech Building Materials, Baotashan Paint, Gansu Reader Group, Jinchuan Nickel and Cobalt, Lanshi Heavy Equipment, Lanzhou Beef Ramen, Foci Group, Jiuquan Iron and Steel, Fangda Carbon, Jinhui Wine, Mogao Wine, Dunhuang Seeds, Zhenglin Food, Longxing Heating, Manor Ranch, Yellow River Beer, Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, Qilianshan Cement, Lanzhou Cigarettes, Liaoyuan Dairy, Binhe Wine, Chunfeng Group, Duyiwei, Xinghuo Machine Tool, Huatian Technology, Dongfang Palace, Qinghai Salt Lake Co., Ltd., Xikuang Copper, Tibetan Sheep Carpet, Sanjiangyuan Cordyceps, Qinghai Spring, Kunlun Mountain Mineral Water, Chaka Qingyan, Tianyoude Qingli Liquor, Jinhe Tibetan Medicine, Xiaoxi Niu Dairy, Hoh Xili Food, Zangge Mining, Xining Special Steel, Xuezhou Group, Jingzhu Tibetan Medicine, Shengyuan Carpet, Huading Heavy Machinery, Zhengping Road and Bridge, Ningxia Zhongning Goji Berry, Tianyuan Manganese, Baofeng Energy, Ningken Group, Bairuiyuan Goji Berry, Yipin Starch, Xinhua Department Store, Qinglong Pipe Industry, Shared Equipment, Xiajin Dairy, Ningxia Hengli, Ningxia Iron and Steel, Northwest Bearing, Jiaze New Energy, Benniu Group, Licheng Electric, Liheqiao, Ning'an Fort, Tederic Pharmaceutical, Xiangshan Selenium Sand, Yanchitan Sheep, Qilixiang, Saiwaixiang, Yinghai Cement, Xixiawang Group, Saibeixue Group, Yuanda Zhonglian, Yili Dairy, Mengniu Dairy, Shengmu Dairy, Baotou Iron and Steel, Ordos Group, Yitai Coal, Yili Clean Energy, King Deer Cashmere, Hetao Laojiao, Junzheng Group, Hetao Flour, Mengcao Group, Mengdu Group, Little Sheep, Beiben Heavy Truck, Northern Rare Earth, Northern Heavy Industry, Youran Animal Husbandry, Jinhe Biology, Huineng Coal, Tianmeihua Milk, Grassland Red Sun, Chifeng Gold, Mongolian King, Hongmao Medicinal Liquor, Tara Eji, Guangfa Grassland, Jianyuan Deer, Xinjiang's TBEA, Goldwind Generator, Guanghui Group, Pacific Construction, Tianshan Textile, Niya Wine, Wusu Beer, Tianrun Dairy, Xiyu Spring Dairy, Maiquor Dairy, COFCO Tunhe, Xinjiang Tianye, Zhongtai Chemical, Tiankang Biotechnology, Hehe Jade, Hetian Jade Jujube, Qingsong Jianhua, Xinjiang Zhonghe, Tianshan Cement, Bayi Iron and Steel, Mushen Group, Xiyu Orchard, Friendship Shopping Mall, Baihua Village, Guannong Group, Loulan Red Date, Qiangdu Jujube, Xiaochu Group, Shambhala, Jin Xuechi, Sipavi Medicine, Daqo Energy, Tibet Glacier Mineral Water, Huabao Flavor, Haisco Pharmaceutical, Nordicang, Qizheng Tibetan Medicine, Tibet Tianlu, Treasure of the Plateau, Zangyuan Group, Shenglu Group, Lhasa Beer, Everest Glacier, Lingkang Pharmaceutical, etc.

The Northwest Territories are home to 19 of UNESCO's 59 Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (including the United Nations Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Rescue and the Memory of the World Heritage). Including Shaanxi's guqin, calligraphy, paper-cutting, seal carving, shadow puppetry, Xi'an drum music, Jingyang Fu brick tea (traditional Chinese tea-making skills), Gansu's "flowers" (Hui), wooden buildings, engraving printing, Qinghai's Regong art (Tibetan), Inner Mongolia's long-tune folk songs (Mongolian), Humai (Mongolian), Xinjiang's Muqam art (Uygur), Messirev (Uygur), "Manas" epic (Kirgiz), Tibet's Tibetan opera (Tibetan), "Gesar (Si)er" epic (Tibetan), Tibetan medicine bathing method (Tibetan), etc.

The main traditional arts and intangible cultural heritage (non-snacks) in Northwest China are: Shaanxi Qin dialect, Guanzhong shadow puppetry, Ansai waist drum, Yijun peasant painting, Han tune Erhuang, northern Shaanxi storytelling, northern Shaanxi folk songs, northern Shaanxi suona, Shaanxi paper-cutting, northern Shaanxi caves, Hancheng drums, Fengxiang clay sculptures, Fengxiang New Year paintings, northern Shaanxi Yangge, Hanzhong rattan weaving, Guanzhong noodle flowers, string plate cavity, Ankang fire dragon, Huayin old cavity, Heyang marionette, Yangxian puppet show, Shangluo flower drum, Ziyang folk song, folk fire, Yulin song, Zizhou stone carving, Gansu flowers, Longdong shadow puppetry, Gannan Tibetan opera, Gannan "Gesar Biography", Gansu paper-cutting, Gannan Thangka, Lintao Tao Yan, White Horse Dance, Longdong Cave, Taiping Inspiration, Qingyang Sachet, Sheepskin Raft, Luminous Cup Carving, Lanzhou Carved Gourd, Qingyang Suona, Yellow River Waterwheel, Hexi Treasure Scroll, Northwest Quzi Opera, Liangzhou Xianxiao, Lanzhou Drum, Yugur Folk Song, Baoan Waist Knife, Qinghai's "Gesar Biography", Regong Art, Tibetan Thangka, Haidong Flowers, Hehuang Shadow Puppet Play, Ancient Tibetan Medicine Bath, Huangnan Tibetan opera, gilt skills, Hehuang embroidery, Tu folk songs, Ningxia's mountain flowers, Hui paper-cutting, Hui embroidery, Helan inkstone, Ningxia Xiaoqu, Guyuan brick carving, Beiwudang temple music, Longde clay sculpture, inlaid bone carving, Inner Mongolia's Mongolian patriarch tune folk songs, Mongolian Humai, Mongolian horse-head qin, Naadam Assembly, sacrifice Ao Bao, yurt, Mongolian horse harness, Mongolian costumes, Mongolian embroidery, "Gadamerin" story, Wang Zhaojun legend, Chahar wool embroidery, Urad embroidery, Tushiyetu embroidery, Oroqen roe deer horn hat, Evenki sunflower, Daur hockey, Hulunbuir sunflower, Urat copper and silverware, birch bark making skills, Xinjiang Muqam art, Messiref, "Manas" epic, "Jangar" epic, Uygur drum music, Uygur Sainam, Xinjiang folk songs (Xinjiang songs), Kazakh Ayits, Kirgiz embroidery, Uygur Dastan, Uygur Dawaz, Tatar Saban Festival, Xibe Westward Migration Festival, Yingjisha clay pottery, Xinjiang flower felt, Xinjiang clothing, Xinjiang calico, Xinjiang Folk Houses, Xinjiang Paper-cutting, Xinjiang Musical Instruments, Xinjiang Mulberry Paper, Tajik Eagle Dance, Xibe Bow and Arrow, Xinjiang Traditional Cotton Textile, Adelaide Silk, Xinjiang Carpet, Xinjiang Lambskin Hat, Ingisha Knife, Karez, Tibetan Opera, Thangka, "King Gesar" Epic, Tibetan Medicine Bathing Method, Tibetan Knife (Tibetan Metal Forging Technique), Guozhuang Dance, Tibetan Papermaking, Nimu Tibetan Incense, Tibetan Qiangdun Festival, Reba Dance, Zhikong Kagyu Music, Tibetan Folk Song, Qiangmu Dance, Harmonic Qin Dance, Butter Flower Art, Lhasa Kite, Mangkangjing salt drying skills, Tibetan calendars, Tibetan costumes, Tibetan silver ornaments, etc.

Famous Clinics

At present, there are 122537 medical institutions in Northwest China, accounting for more than 11% of the national (1043624). There are 330091 licensed physicians, accounting for about 9% of the country's (3590877). The famous tertiary hospitals include Xijing Hospital, Tangdu Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Provincial People's Hospital, the Red Cross Hospital, the Third Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of the Air Force, Xi'an Children's Hospital, the Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, the Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, the Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, the Provincial People's Hospital, the Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Provincial Cancer Hospital, the Provincial People's Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, the Red Cross Hospital, the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, the District People's Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Inner Mongolia District People's Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot First Hospital, Baogang Hospital, International Mongolian Medical Hospital, Xinjiang First Medical University, District People's Hospital, Cancer Hospital, Shihezi First Affiliated Hospital, District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Corps Hospital, Urumqi Friendship Hospital, Xinjiang Zhongwei Hospital, Tibet District People's Hospital, Tibet Military Region General Hospital, Tibet Sino-Tibetan Hospital, etc.