"Water Margin" not only reflects the historical event of the Songjiang Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty, but also describes a lot of sports activities. "Water Margin" mentions a number of sports activities including martial arts, wrestling, archery, keju, etc., among which Keju is the most classic.
Facing the public and participating in the whole people
Keju was first embodied in "Water Margin" as a popular sports culture with the active participation of all classes. The popularity of Keju in the Song Dynasty had a lot to do with the emperor's affection. In "Water Margin", it is mentioned that Song Huizong, who was the king of Duan at that time, liked to bow very much, and often played balloons with the "little yellow door" around him.
Qian Xuan's "Song Taizu Juju Picture" painted by Qian Xuan in the Yuan Dynasty reflects the scene of Song Taizu kicking the juju with the prince and the minister of civil and military affairs. The History of the Song Dynasty also records the history of Song Taizong and the prince, the prime minister, the king of Huaihai and his servants in March Wuzi in the Daming Palace. The emperor was enthusiastic about the Keju movement, which led many people to see engaging in the Keju movement as a shortcut to promotion and wealth.
"Water Margin" records that Gao Yu, a master of juju, was favored by Huizong of the Song Dynasty because of his outstanding juju skills, and was finally promoted to the rank of captain. The existence of this matter is also confirmed in historical books such as "History of the Song Dynasty", "Continuation of Capital and Governance Tongjian", and "Manuscripts of the Song Society".
The "History of the Song Dynasty" also records a prime minister named Li Bangyan, who was also a master of Keju. During the Song Zhenzong period, Liu Yong also became famous because of his excellent keju technique, which was appreciated by Prime Minister Ding Wei. Keju was not only loved by dignitaries and nobles, but also by ordinary people.
In the fifty-first chapter of "Water Margin", it recorded the swinger Duan Tianci's juju, "I saw Duan Tianxi riding a horse, and he would lead thirty or twenty idle men, holding slingshots, blowpipes, balloons, sticky rods, and musical instruments, and playing outside the city." In fact, this is a true reflection of the active participation of the people of the Song Dynasty in the Keju movement.
Not only adult men, but also women and children in the Song Dynasty were very fond of this sport. "Literature General Examination" records the scene of the Song Dynasty women's juju: "The Song female disciple team has one hundred and fifty-three people, dressed in four colors, embroidered Luo wide shirts, tied brocade belts, kicking hydrangeas, the ball does not leave the feet, the feet do not leave the ball, the Chinese court watchs, and thousands of people admire. ”
In the Song Dynasty, Keju was a sport that was loved and actively participated in by all social strata, and had typical popular characteristics. As the king of the middle of "Water Margin" said: "This is Qiyun Society, called Tianxia Yuan, but what does it hurt to kick?" One sentence expresses the spiritual essence of the Song Dynasty's Keju movement in which everyone participates and everyone is equal.
The evolution of Kemari professional culture
"Water Margin" also reflects the characteristics of the development of the Keju movement in the Song Dynasty in the direction of professionalism. Gao Yu mentioned in "Water Margin" is a professional master of Keju, and the author spares no effort to render his superb Keju skills.
Gao Yu achieved advancement through excellent ball skills, and also in the Song Dynasty, many people relied on Keju to live completely or to some extent, and became professional players specializing in Keju.
In the Song Dynasty, there were still many such people, and the composition was more complicated. Among these people are officials who specialize in competitions, such as Su Shu, the head of the left army, and Meng Xuan, the head of the right army; there are also professional artists who are engaged in Keju performances in Vashe, such as Huang Ruyi, Fan Lao'er, Xiao Sun, Zhang Ming, Cai Run, and others; and there are even some folk artists who make a living by teaching and playing wild ball.
The increase in the number of Keju practitioners prompted the Keju organization in the Song Dynasty to become more and more perfect and standardized. "Water Margin" mentions the largest and most complete Song Dynasty organization "Qiyun Society". There is also a record in the "Keju Spectrum": "The husband who bows, the Confucian sayings are bowing, and the Circle Society is called Qiyun." ”
The function of "Qiyun Club" is similar to that of today's Chinese Football Association, and there are very complete organizational norms and competition rules in "Qiyun Club". The organizational norms of Qiyun Club are explained in detail in the "Keju Spectrum", and the behavior and moral norms of the members must meet the requirements of "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith".
The division of labor of the team members in the Keju competition is clear, and the responsibilities are clear, including the main coercion, the deputy coercion, the untie, the ball coercion, the main meeting, the net guard, the section level, the color, the dry work, the urging, the left army, the right army, the tip, the oblique flight and other positions.
In the game, there are not only professional referees, but also special scorers to determine the winner or loser of the game by counting and chipping. The team that wins the tournament will also receive a prize, not only a famous flag, but also a certain amount of money. Therefore, some people believe that in the Song Dynasty, the rules of Keju have been quite perfect, have a certain professional level, and have entered the track of professionalism.
The professionalism of Keju in the Song Dynasty is also reflected in the professional use of balls, professional clothing, and the emergence of team songs that have begun to take shape. In the Song Dynasty, Keju competitions and performances had special balls - "balloons".
"Water Margin" wrote that the balloon rose to the ground, and Duanwang couldn't catch it. In the Song Dynasty, there was not only a complete set of procedures for the production of balls, but also the "cooking method" for inflating the balls. What's more, the Keju is also specially maintained during the competition. Cheer up the ball before the game, whistle the water during the game, and break it up after the game.
The weight of the ball is also prescribed: "The predecessors are healthy, and they weigh fourteen taels. This is the standard weight of football in the Song Dynasty, which is not much different from the weight of modern football. In the Song Dynasty, there were not only requirements for the use of balls, but also rules for game clothing.
"Water Margin" once mentioned Duanwang's costume when he bowed: "I saw Duanwang wearing a soft gauze Tang scarf on his head, wearing a purple embroidered dragon robe, and his waist was tied with a civil and military double tassel tape, and the front placket of the embroidered dragon robe was pulled up, and he was carried on the side of the silk line, and he was wearing a pair of flying phoenix boots with gold threads. ”
Judging from Duanwang's attire, this is very consistent with his identity. But at the same time, Duanwang's refreshing short dress is also conducive to the Keju movement. In fact, the costumes of the Song Dynasty Keju competition personnel initially had the function of modern team uniforms.
In "Tokyo Menghualu", there are two teams that compete in Kemari, one team wears a red team uniform, and the other team wears a blue team uniform. Not only does this make the two sides clearly distinguish themselves on the court, but the costume also has obvious functionality, allowing the Keju player to show his flexibility and flexibility, and to be more fully engaged in the game.
There is also music to cheer up the Keju competition, which is described in the poems of the Song Dynasty. "Dream Lianglu Shangshou Banquet" has the saying of "Happy Sending Meteor Degree Color Door". Zhang Gongzhen's "Gong Ci" has "10,000 people look at the green night together, and the sound of drums and flutes is moderate color balls", and "Tokyo Dream Lianglu" also has a record of "the whistle cane and drum of the music club are broken".
In addition, there are also songs such as "Shiso Pill", "Wisp of Gold", "Good Daughter", "Doctor's Mother", "Good Child", "Falcon Fighting Rabbit" and other songs that have initially possessed the form of modern team songs to sing Keju sports.
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