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Preface
On July 10, 1951, the first negotiations between the two sides of the Korean War were held in Kaesong. There are three main issues in the current armistice talks: first, how to supervise the armistice, second, how to exchange prisoners of war, and third, how to draw the military demarcation line.
These three issues alone have been discussed by the two sides for two years. The Chinese and DPRK sides formed a negotiating delegation headed by Admiral Li Kenong, and the entire negotiating delegation was divided into three lines.
The first line of negotiations, General Nanren and General Deng Hua. The second line is the negotiation headquarters, which is in charge of Li Kenong and Qiao Guanhua. The third line is the top leadership of China and the DPRK, who are responsible for negotiating and determining the negotiation plan, guidelines and principles.
It took two full years from the first contact between the two sides to the final consensus reached by the two sides, and it can be said that Admiral Li Kenong, as the head of the delegation to the negotiations, made great contributions. Even at the last moment of the negotiations, the enemy did not abandon sabotage.
Originally, in Panmunjom, the two sides asked for the signature of the top representatives and commanders of both sides. But General Li Kenong, who has been engaged in underground work all year round, still has a mind. What happened later proved that Li Kenong was really thoughtful.
Arrogant representatives of the American side
"What you can't get on the battlefield, you can't get at the negotiating table. ”
The Korean War negotiations were the first time in the history of the United States that the United States had negotiated with an enemy without winning a war. At the same time, it was also the first time since the Opium War that China was an absolute victor and negotiated with the enemy.
In the face of the hard-won negotiations, China and the DPRK put forward three proposals, which are the three we mentioned at the beginning.
However, the US military representatives disagreed with what they said, saying that they were only discussing military issues related to the DPRK today, and that there was politics in the proposals of China and the DPRK, and they could not discuss them, so they came up with their own nine-point proposal.
In the nine-point proposal, there is no mention of a ceasefire or the withdrawal of troops, but it is simply a desire to drag on time.
They believed that as long as it could drag on, the Korean War would drag the newly established New China into a quagmire, slow down China's development, and at the same time increase pressure on the Soviet Union.
As the Korean War continues, China's various military industries will also move north in order to support the Korean front, which will also reduce the pressure on Captain Chang. I can only say that I think it is really beautiful.
If you don't listen, then continue to fight until China and North Korea are obedient. Later, China and the DPRK put forward a five-point agenda, but the US military representatives rejected it on the grounds of political issues. To be honest, if we don't talk about political issues, we should withdraw our troops from the Korean Peninsula immediately.
The US military representatives agreed to the 38th parallel proposed by China and North Korea at first, and then suddenly changed their minds during the negotiations.
China and the DPRK are required to give the US Navy and Air Force some land compensation for the 12,000-square-kilometer area when drawing the military demarcation line. Among them, several important towns in North Korea, including Pyongyang, have been included by the US military.
I'll give you Pyongyang, and you give me Washington and New York. You can't win a war, but daydreaming is a good job. If there is no navy and air force, it is a question of whether your US military can land at Incheon. Your navy and air force should compensate, and our ground forces should also compensate.
The talks have reached a deadlock, and the so-called hardline attitude of the US representative is simply unable to threaten China and the DPRK. Since the hard ones don't work, let's come with the soft ones.
At the August 10 talks, after the Chinese and North Korean representatives finished speaking. The American representative was like a mute, and without saying anything, he began the meditation ceremony.
It was also very strange for the Chinese and DPRK deputies to see that the US deputies did not say a word, and it was the first time they had seen this kind of negotiation. Seeing that the US deputies still did not speak, the Chinese and DPRK deputies were a little anxious, and some even wanted to leave.
At this time, Li Kenong, head of the negotiation team, handed a note to the delegates at the negotiation table, on which three big characters were written: "Sit down!" The representatives of the two sides were at the negotiating table, glaring at each other.
This trick of the Americans is very vicious, and if the Chinese and DPRK representatives leave here, they will be caught, and they will be able to put the hat of sabotaging the talks on the heads of our representatives.
After 132 minutes of silent confrontation between the two sides, the US representative, who could not help himself, announced the adjournment of the meeting and his retirement, setting a record for the longest period of silence. At a later meeting, the record for the shortest negotiation in history was 25 seconds.
Negotiation is a war without the smoke of gunpowder, and a small sentence at the negotiation table may make the other party grasp the handle. Therefore, in order to succeed in the negotiations at the front, Chairman Mao personally ordered General Li Kenong.
This general, who has been in charge of underground work for a long time, is careful, calm, and calm, and the spy will change from self-confidence to weakness just by looking at him.
From the beginning of the negotiations to the start of the war again in mid-August. Chairman Mao sent more than 40 telegrams to Li Kenong at the front, instructing and reminding the front line of all the details. Don't be afraid that the negotiations will break down, and if you can't negotiate at the negotiating table, then fight again on the battlefield.
On 18 August, three divisions of the United States and South Korea launched an attack on the Korean People's Army in a vain attempt to force China and the DPRK to make concessions at the negotiating table.
The most odious thing is that on August 22, the US Air Force dropped 4 incendiary bombs and 13 bombs during the DPRK-China negotiations. In the face of absolute evidence, the US military flatly denied it. The delegation to the frontline negotiations decided to change its strategy and combine talks with each other in order to promote talks.
Not an inch of land
With the end of the Fifth Campaign, the fronts of the two warring sides have been relatively stable, and the night battles and movement warfare of the Volunteers are difficult to play in positional warfare, and the Volunteers have insufficient experience in positional warfare, and the front-line commanders and fighters also lack experience in positional warfare.
However, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the People's Army, relying on their strong organizational and Xi learning capabilities, as well as their indomitable fighting spirit, did not let the well-equipped United Nations forces taste the slightest sweetness.
During the summer offensive, the United Nations forces, under the cover of heavy equipment such as aircraft and tanks, continued to storm the positions of the three KPA corps with superior forces for seven days and nights, and advanced less than 7 kilometers after paying 16,000 casualties.
On 1 September, the United Nations forces made a comeback, and after fighting again with the KPA on Heights 851, fighting for six days and nights, no effective progress was made. At the end of the summer offensive, the KPA and the Volunteer Army eliminated 78,000 UN troops.
The front of the US army advanced less than 8 kilometers, and in some places less than 2 kilometers. There was no time to rest, and the US army gathered superior forces and heavy equipment to launch a fierce attack on the positions of the Volunteers and the People's Army.
The commanders and fighters of the Volunteer Army quickly summed up the lessons and lessons, and combined the tunnels with the field offensive to build an impregnable underground Great Wall. Xi on the battlefield and grow on the battlefield.
Destroy more enemies with fewer sacrifices and costs than in five campaigns. Ridgway's progress was so slow that the US Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that it would be difficult to reach the Yalu River in another 20 years.
On October 15, the U.S. military returned to the negotiating table. The venue of this negotiation was Panmunjom. This time, the Americans no longer boast of their so-called superiority in the sea and air, nor do they demand that China and the DPRK cede 12,000 square kilometers of land.
Instead, the two sides retreated 1,500 square kilometers and the U.S. forces advanced 600 square kilometers. This left Li Kenong and the negotiators speechless, as if your U.S. military had won on the front line.
Such an unreasonable demand was naturally refuted, negotiations were not resolved, and the two sides went to war again. In order to achieve its goal, the US military took advantage of its air superiority to frantically attack the supply lines supporting roads and railways.
In order to ensure the smooth operation of the railway, the railway soldiers exhausted all means. When the train is not in the middle of the day, they dismantle the railroad tracks, so that the US Air Force thinks that they have bombed them, and wait until the train passes to repair the railroad tracks.
The newly formed Chinese Air Force also engaged in a desperate confrontation with the ace of the US military in World War II over North Korea. This is no less than a child who has just learned to run, let him go to fight with Tyson, but the Chinese Air Force accomplished an impossible miracle.
From December 18, 1950 to the armistice in Panmunjom, 330 U.S. planes were shot down, 231 were lost, and 116 pilots were killed in Korea. The outstanding performance on the battlefield enabled the Chinese and DPRK representatives to once again win the initiative.
After deliberations, the negotiators proposed that the line of contact between the armies of the two armies should be used as the military demarcation line, and that each side should retreat two kilometers. Although the United States accepted this proposal, it came up with a delaying tactic.
Say that if there is a truce within 30 days, the demarcation line is in force. After 30 days of armistice, the military demarcation line will be redrawn. The U.S. military fantasized about gathering heavy forces in 30 days and launching another offensive.
An agreement is reached
From 27 November, when the warring parties reached an agreement on a military demarcation line, negotiations moved to the last three agendas. However, no matter what kind of proposal is put forward, the US side will oppose it, and even sent its air force to attack the Chinese and North Korean convoys that are negotiating.
After some verbal exchange and on the basis of adhering to principles, China and North Korea made concessions, reached a preliminary agreement and began negotiations on prisoners of war.
On the issue of prisoners of war, the United States has been manipulating from the very beginning. The list of prisoners given to both China and North Korea is less than 40,000 people. The list does not contain any useful information other than the pinyin of the names, making it impossible for China and North Korea to verify.
Li Kenong and the front-line representatives could only go around in succession to verify the US prisoner list, and then compare their own prisoner list. The United States also brazenly said that it would send some prisoners of war to Captain Chang in accordance with the wishes of the prisoners of war.
At the same time, in the prisoner of war camps, the American army began to rule as brutally as the Japanese fascists. Snakes, insects, rats, ants, germ experiments, verbal insults, and wanton slaughter can be said to be the same as fascists.
The POWs had seized the U.S. military steward of the POW camp and wanted to negotiate with the U.S. military. After releasing the steward, the U.S. military turned around and carried out a large-scale massacre of prisoners of war.
The prisoners of war captured by the Volunteers and the People's Army were treated in accordance with the real Geneva Conventions, fed well, clothed well, and given gifts when they left. But when they returned, they were persecuted by the McCarthyists.
The negotiations again reached an impasse, mainly because the Americans believed that they still had something to fight. Since the war with Spain in South America, the United States has never lost a war, and they have achieved the goal of the war, and they are still unwilling.
If you are not reconciled, then fight, and beat until you are convinced. In the Battle of Shangganling, the U.S. military fired more than 1.9 million shells, blowing up all the hills, but still did not shake the volunteers.
They have taken out all the modern weapons in this war, but they are still unable to move forward, and they have sunk deeper and deeper into the quagmire of war. Soldiers and people at home are very dissatisfied with the U.S. government.
But they still did not give up, and Syngman Rhee of South Korea was even more frenzied. In order to cope with the possible future war of the US military, the volunteers dug tunnels, built warehouses, and stockpiled supplies on Korean soil, and built 720 kilometers of fortifications on the west coast.
The positive measures and hard-line attitudes of China and the DPRK have made the US top brass realize that if the war continues, they will also be dragged into the quagmire, but they are still unwilling and still shirk the blame on the issue of prisoners of war.
Syngman Rhee, who opposed peace, even clamored to hit the Yalu River. China and North Korea decided to give them a little color to see, and the summer counterattack began.
At this time, the volunteer army was no longer the volunteer army that could not even eat enough when he first entered the DPRK. They have thoroughly studied tactics and tactics, are well-armed and well-armed, and have high fighting spirit.
In just 14 days, the Volunteers launched 29 attacks on more than 20 targets of the United Nations Army, conquered 19 important targets, annihilated more than 4,100 enemies, and suffered more than 1,600 casualties.
After the end of the summer war, the United States had lost the will to fight, but Syngman Rhee decided to shed the last drop of South Korean blood, and he would not go to the battlefield anyway.
In order to teach Syngman Rhee a lesson, the Battle of Jincheng began. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has come up with all kinds of artillery that can be taken out on the Korean battlefield.
Before the battle began, Chairman Mao instructed the front line to beat Syngman Rhee and cry. The other UN forces will not fight for the time being, and if they attack, then they will all be wiped out.
At nine o'clock in the evening of July 13, 1,483 artillery pieces launched an attack on the South Korean army, and more than 1,900 tons of artillery shells were poured into the positions of the South Korean army. The excellent performance of the volunteers once again allowed the deputies to win the first opportunity at the negotiating table.
Taking advantage of the victory, Li Kenong and the negotiators pursued the victory and put forward a number of favorable conditions and issues. At this time, the US representative really knew that it was painful, and gave detailed answers and guarantees to the nine questions raised by China and the DPRK.
The previously agreed military demarcation line, relying on the heroic fighting of the Chinese and North Korean troops, once again advanced 332.6 square kilometers to the south.
At 10 o'clock on July 27, 1953, representatives of China, North Korea and the United States signed an armistice agreement at Panmunjom. Originally, Marshal Peng Dehuai, commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers, Kim Il Sung, supreme commander of the People's Army, and Clark, commander-in-chief of the United Nations Forces, signed in person.
Li Kenong, who had worked underground for many years, sensed Rhee's ambitions. It was chosen that the chief representatives of the two sides would sign at the venue first, and after the agreement was signed, the two sides returned to the camp and handed it over to their respective commanders for signature.
Syngman Rhee did organize an assassination team at that time, preparing to attack the representatives of both sides. When it was time to sign, the killer couldn't see his target and looked confused, and was finally arrested by security personnel. I have to say that Li Kenong is thoughtful.
During the two years of negotiations with Russia, he could only rest for three or four hours a day, and his illness was aggravated by overwork, but he still did not take a step back, always fighting on the front line, and always guarding against the intrigues of the United States and South Korea.
Fortunately, under the bloody struggle of the front-line soldiers and his strategic planning at the negotiating table, New China won the battle for the founding of the country.