During the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi once wrote a poem "Wuyi Lane", "Wild grass flowers by the Suzaku Bridge, the sunset at the mouth of Wuyi Lane." In the old days, Wang Xie Tang Qianyan flew into the homes of ordinary people." Through the description of Wuyi Lane and Suzaku Bridge, the poem reflects the decline of the two major families of Wang Xie in the past Eastern Jin Dynasty. The decline of the Wang Xie family is a long history, with factors such as changes in political power, the blows of war, and the implementation of the imperial examination system. The Sun Enluxu Rebellion at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the starting point for the decline of the two major families.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >, ruled by the warriors of the Eastern Jin Dynasty</h1>
The so-called shi clan, that is, the family clan, is also known as the "door valve". The predecessor of the Shi clan was the Warriors of the Warring States Period, and during the Han Dynasty, they became powerful landlords by annexing land and monopolizing their careers. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, powerful landlords had become a family family. By the Wei and Jin dynasties, the establishment of the dynasty also had to rely on the support of the scholars, who also gained privileges in the state power. The Nine-Pin Zhongzheng system introduced by Cao Wei was a system that protected the privileges of the warrior clan, and under the protection of the privileges, there was a phenomenon of "no cold door in the upper grade and no power in the lower grade" in society.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty was the pinnacle of gate valve politics. After Sima Rui crossed south, a large number of northern warriors also followed him to the south. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was established under the support of the warrior clans of the North and the South. In the area of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, imperial power has been severely constrained, and it is often the warriors who control the power. Among these clans, the Langya Wang clan and the Chen Junxie clan were undoubtedly the most prominent. The Langya Wang clan controlled great power in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, such as Wang Dao as the prime minister and Wang Dun holding the upper military power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and there is a saying that "the king and the horse share the world". After Huan Wen, it was the Xie clan of Chen County who came to power, and there were high-ranking and powerful figures such as Xie An, Xie Xuan, and Xie Shi.
At that time, the distribution of the northern warriors and the southern warriors was also different. The indigenous haoqiang Zhu, Zhang, Gu, and Lu in the south were mainly distributed in the Jiankang area; the northern and southern shi clan could not penetrate in Jiankang, so they chose to open manors in other areas, and the eastern Zhejiang region became the first choice of the northern shi clan. Geographically located not far from Jiankang, the eastern Zhejiang region has good arable land resources and beautiful landscapes, which can not only obtain a source of food and clothing, but also enjoy the beauty of mountains and rivers. At that time, the pastoral of the Wang Xie family was basically in eastern Zhejiang.
However, the shi clan opened up a pastoral garden in eastern Zhejiang, which aggravated social contradictions. The comfortable life of the gentry is based on cruel exploitation. According to Ge Jianxiong's "History of Chinese Mouths", about half of China's population during the Wei and Jin dynasties became dependent people, mainly in the form of sharecroppers, guests, buqu, and slaves, who lost their land, failed to enter the state's "households and people", and it was difficult to obtain the legal protection of the state. The gentry could buy and sell them, whip them, and even kill them, in other words, they were similar to slaves.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > two, the outbreak of sun's uprising</h1>
Sun En was originally from Langya, and was originally a warrior. Sun En's ancestor was Sun Xiu, who was one of Zhao Wanglun's advisers during the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings". Later, after the defeat of Zhao Wanglun, the Sun family declined sharply. After the Yongjia Rebellion, the Sun family moved to Jiangnan. At that time, there was still a Wudou Rice Sect (a branch of Taoism) in the Jiangnan area, and the people who believed in the religion were basically lower-class people, and the Sun family also accepted the Wudou Rice Sect and became its leader.
Five buckets of rice teaching
Sun En's uncle Sun Tai contacted the lower classes through the Wudou Rice Sect, forming a good mass base, and the Jin Shu Sun En's biography said that "the people ... Worship them as if they were gods, and they all give up their possessions and enter their children to pray for blessings and celebrations." Sun Tai's behavior upset the Eastern Jin government, so he exiled him to Guangzhou. After Sun Tai arrived in Guangzhou, he was temporarily appointed by Huaizhi, the Assassin of Guangzhou, as the acting Taishou of Yulin Commandery. Later, he served as the chief bookkeeper of Xuzhou and the Taishou of Xin'an. During Wang Gong's rebellion, Sun Tai privately recruited thousands of troops, and "the three Wu Shishu followed them." After that, the Eastern Jin Dynasty served as Sun Tai's army, so sun Tai and his six sons were killed, while Sun En fled to the Zhoushan Islands.
After Sun Tai was killed, his followers spread that he was "Cicada Metamorphosis Dengxian" and sub-enfeoffed Sun En, who supported the escape to the island. In 399, Sima Yuanxian was in charge of the political situation by forcibly recruiting troops in eastern Zhejiang in an attempt to form an armed force that could compete with the Beifu and Jingzhou soldiers. Sima Yuanxian's conscription was resisted by the Shijia clan, so he could only open a knife to the low-level warrior clan. The low-ranking warriors were oppressed and ostracized, so they chose to rebel.
In October of that year, Sun En took the opportunity to lead the believers from the island to attack Shangyu, Huiji and other places, and the army grew to tens of thousands. So the people of the eight counties of Jiangnan rose up one after another and responded with troops. "In the middle of the ten days, hundreds of thousands of people" and "the counties of Kiuchi are everywhere swarming." In this uprising, Huijian Neishi Wang Ningzhi, Wu xing Taishou Xie Miao, Yongjia Taishou Xie Yi, wucheng Ling Xiahou Huan, and others were killed, and Shi Huanqian of Wu, Sima Chong, the prince of Linhai Taishou Xincai, Wei Yin of Yixing Taishou, Xie Minghui of Nankang, Xie Chong, Huangmen Lang, Zhang Kun, Zhongshu Lang Kongdao, and Prince Xie Ma Kongfu were killed.
The Wei and Jin clans were distributed in the land
Sun En's rebellion seriously endangered the interests of the Xie clique, so the Eastern Jin Dynasty sent Xie Yan, the leader of the Northern Prefecture Army, to suppress the uprising as the governor of The Inner History and the military governors of Wuxing and Yixing. Under the leadership of Liu Gaozhi and others, the Beifu soldiers continued to crush Sun En's troops, and Sun En was forced to retreat to the island for recuperation. In May 400, Sun En made a comeback, attacked Shangyu, Shanyin and other places, and killed Xie Yan and his second son, and the Xie clique suffered an unprecedented blow. After that, the Eastern Jin Dynasty once again sent Beifu soldiers to suppress it, and Sun En once again retreated to the island. In 401, Sun En attacked eastern Zhejiang again, this time attacking Yangzhou, Dantu and other places, capturing Gao Gaozhi and other senior commanders of the Northern Province, but in the battle with Liu Yu, he was defeated three times and had to retreat to the island again.
After that, the Eastern Jin Dynasty strengthened coastal defenses, and Sun En's army had difficulty obtaining supplies. In 402, Sun En's forces suffered a plague on the island, losing most of them. In March 402, Sun En's desperate attack on Linhai was unsuccessful. Sun En and more than a hundred of his subordinates chose to commit suicide by throwing themselves into the sea, so the locals said that Sun En became a "narcissus". After this battle, the failure of Sun En's uprising was declared.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > three, Lu Xun revolted</h1>
After Sun En committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea, there were still thousands of rebels, and they jointly promoted Sun En's brother-in-law Lu Xun as the leader. Lu Xun was also a low-ranking scholar from the north, and his ancestor Lu Zhan, a famous scholar of the Western Jin Dynasty, served in the Shizhao court before being killed by Ran Min. In 350, the Lu clan crossed the south of the Jiangnan River, and later Lu Xun married Sun En's sister as his wife, and the two families formed a relationship of kinship.
Sun En's uprising caused great damage to Yangzhou's economy. Of course, this kind of destruction was not only caused by the rebellion and looting of the manor, but also the robbery of the Beifu soldiers. For example, after Liu Gaozhi defeated Sun En for the first time, he connived at the army to burn and loot, "there is no trace of people in the city, and The month is a slight returner." After the war, the Jiangnan area was "starving for households, and the public and private sectors were not supported" and "starvation and disease were plagued". Therefore, Huan Xuan, who was sitting in Jingzhou, in order to realize his ambitions, blockaded the Yangtze River and did not provide material supplies for Jiankang, and "the merchant travel was extinguished." The Eastern Jin Dynasty then ordered a crusade against Huan Xuan.
The Jingyang controversy
In order to stabilize the eastern Zhejiang region, the Eastern Jin Dynasty appointed Lu Xun as the Taishou of Yongjia. Lu Xun also wanted a chance to breathe, so he agreed to it. After that, Huan Xuan, in 402, in collusion with the Northern Province general Liu Gaozhi, invaded jiankang city, then declared himself emperor and changed the name of the country to Chu, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was actually declared dead. After becoming emperor, Huan Xuan also killed the senior generals of the Beifu soldiers on a large scale in an attempt to eliminate the threat of the Beifu soldiers. In 403, Liu Yu, the new general of the Beifu Army, raised an army, and Huan Xuan was defeated, and Liu Yu held the highest power from then on.
In the same year, Lu Xun took the opportunity to attack Dongyang, but was defeated by Liu Yu. After that, Lu Xun moved to the Fujian area, and the following year captured Guangzhou, declaring himself the general of Pingnan and taking the history of Guangzhou. Liu Yu was busy eliminating huan xuan's remnants at this time, so he officially appointed huan xuan as the assassin of Guangzhou, and Huan Xuan's brother-in-law Xu Daofu as the first phase. Lu Xun also agreed to Liu Yi's request and released the captured officials and warriors.
In 409, Liu Yu northernly attacked Southern Yan, and the following year Southern Yan perished. At this time, Lu Xun's troops had been resting in Guangzhou for five years, their strength had been restored, and Liu Yu's Northern Expedition provided him with a heavenly opportunity to raise troops. In 410, Lu Xun and Xu Daofu marched toward Jiankang in two ways, led by Xu Daofu in the east, all the way north along the Ganjiang River, attacking Ganzhou, Ji'an, Nanchang and other places, and the soldiers pointed directly at Jiankang. Lu Xun led the West Road north along the Xiang River, attacking Changsha, Baling and other places along the way, and entering the Yangtze River. Eventually, the two armies converged on the Yangtze River. After the army converged, it marched to Jiankang and defeated Liu Yi of Yuzhou, and Jiankang fell into crisis.
Liu Yu heard the news of Lu Xun's rise and hurried south. At this time, the people of Jiankang were panicked, and many people suggested moving the capital. However, Liu Yu believes that "if it is moved, it will collapse on its own" and resolutely opposes the relocation of the capital. When Lu Xun's army reached Huaikou, Liu Yu declared martial law inside and outside, ordered the construction of fortifications, and built fences and fortifications along the river. He also mobilized the troops around Jianghuai in the vicinity of Jiankang. Through this series of operations, Jiankang City has become impregnable. When Liu Yunan returned, Lu Xun hesitated, and even wanted to turn around and occupy Jingzhou, missing the best time to attack.
Soon, Under the resolute persuasion of Xu Daofu, Lu Xun sent a large army to land near Jiankang City to seek a decisive battle with Liu Yu's army. However, Liu Yu placed his army on the south bank of the Qinhuai River, avoiding its sharp edges and holding the wall without fighting. For two months after Lu Xun's army had built Kangcheng, the supply of food was seriously insufficient, and the army was tired. So Lu Xun chose to return to Jingzhou and wait for a decisive battle after recuperation. Liu Yu seized the opportunity at this time and sent a large army to pursue, and the two sides fought a major battle around jiujiang, and finally Lu Xun's army was defeated. Lu Xun and Xu Daofu then led the remnants of their forces back to Guangzhou, but found that Guangzhou had been occupied by Liu Yu's army. Lu Xun could not attack the city, and then turned to Jiaozhou (Vietnam Jiaotong), and finally committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
Sun Enluxun's uprising, which lasted for a total of 11 years, turned to half of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is of great significance to the development of history. First of all, Sun Enlu rebelled, destroying the manor economy in eastern Zhejiang and accelerating the decline of the Shi clan. Since then, the power of Wang Xie and other families has never been able to raise its head again. In the subsequent Southern Dynasty, the Wang Xie family was further attacked and continued to decline; second, Sun En's uprising provided an opportunity for the rise of Huan Xuan and Liu Yu, which directly led to the collapse of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; third, the Sun Enluxun uprising opened up a precedent in Chinese history to rely on sea areas and waters for large-scale operations, which had an important enlightening effect on the ancient Chinese coastal defense assumptions and naval construction.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > recommended reading</h1>
The Beifu soldiers who saved the Eastern Jin Dynasty eventually became the gravediggers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
The singable and weeping Zu Ti Northern Expedition eventually declared bankruptcy due to the internal strife of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
Huanwen Northern Expedition: Treating the great cause of national reunification as a game of ambition, it is no wonder that the Eastern Jin Dynasty did nothing
From swallowing a tiger to a beacon Yangzhou Road, why has Liu Yu failed to unify China?
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the north fell into large-scale chaos, why could not the Eastern Jin Dynasty achieve reunification