399 AD
Sun En, Lu Xun Rebellion: Eastern Jin Dynasty Version of "Yellow Nest Rebellion"
In 399, Sun En, the leader of the civil revolt at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, attacked Shangyu (上虞, in modern Shangyu, Zhejiang), and a rebellion between Sun En and Lu Xun, which lasted for eleven years, broke out.
This was the largest civil uprising in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was already partial to the south of the Anjiang River, and the rebellion of Lu Xunsun En invaded the entire Sanwu region (referring to the most important ruling area of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: Wu, Wuxing, Huiji, and the surrounding areas), and because it lasted too long, the people did not have a good life, resulting in the loss of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and soon it officially declined.
Sun En and Lu Xun did not revolt at the same time. Sun En was the initial leader of the uprising, but after Sun En's defeat and suicide by jumping into the sea, the leader's position was replaced by Sun En's brother-in-law Lu Xun.
Interestingly, however, the two rebellions not only had a similar military process, but were also repelled by the same man, who ended their lives in the same way.
First of all, why did Sun En want to oppose Jin? One is revenge. Sun En's uncle Sun Tai was the head of the Wudou Rice Dao and once served Sima Daozi, the Prince of Huiji. Later, in order to make it easier to spread Taoism, he secretly plotted a rebellion with the intention of subverting the Jin Dynasty. When word reached Sima Daozi, Sima Daozi ordered Sun Tai to be killed, and Sun En, in order to avoid trouble, fled to an island (presumably the Zhoushan Islands in the waters of the East China Sea in today's Zhejiang Province) to avenge his uncle.
Second, Sun En himself is also extremely ambitious and eager to become the lord of the world. So he gathered countless people on the island and established himself as king. At this time, the Jin Room just broke out into an infighting. Sima Yuanxian, the son of Sima Daozi, in order to recruit troops and increase his power, issued an order requiring all officials and slaves under the three Wu Gongqing who were sheltered by the clan to accept Sima Yuanxian's conscription into the army. The Gate Valve Clan was extremely dissatisfied with this, and they all made enemies with Sima Daozi and Sima Yuanxian. Sun En, taking advantage of the infighting in the imperial court, revolted from the sea and attacked Shiyu along the coast. This move was echoed by the Three Wu Eight Counties, and most of the people who were dissatisfied with the government joined Sun En's rebellion. Sima Yuanxian sent his generals Xie Yan and Liu Gaozhi to deal with it, and at one point defeated Sun En. However, Sun En became more and more frustrated and courageous, and once again led the crowd to attack, and Xie Yan gradually lost his strength and sacrificed his life for the country. The Eastern Jin Dynasty sent the Northern Prefecture army Liu Gaozhi and Liu Yuke to defeat Sun En's army, and Sun Enjie was defeated and forced to jump into the sea to commit suicide, ending Sun En's rebellion.
Although Sun En died, the people's dissatisfaction with the Jin Room did not stop. After Sun En's death, Lu Xun was elected by the island's congregation and became the new leader of the civil unrest, imitating Sun En's maritime uprising, leading Sun En's old army to rebel, and caught the Eastern Jin Dynasty by surprise. At that time, Liu Gaozhi of the Northern Prefecture Army was deceased, and Liu Yu led the Northern Expedition, and the imperial court could hardly resist. Therefore, Lu Xun quickly occupied Guangzhou, captured Jiangzhou, defeated the eastern Jin Dynasty's Liu Yi and He Wujie's armies, and surrounded Jiankang Tuan.
On the other hand, under the constant urgency of the imperial court, Liu Yu finally stopped the Northern Expedition and marched south to prepare to fight against Lu Xun. Liu Yu hurried to Jiankang, and finally arrived at Stone City (石城, in modern Qingliangshan, Nanjing), confronting Lu Xun's army, which had arrived at the Qinhuai River.
Lu Xun, who had laid down half of Jiankang, was extremely frightened in the face of Liu Yu at this moment, and did not dare to act rashly at all. First, Liu Yu was strong, he had destroyed Sun En's army, and he had destroyed Southern Yan in the first Northern Expedition, and Lu Xun was not confident that he could defeat Liu Yu. Second, Lu Xun attacked the city and plundered the land all the way, fighting for a long time without stopping, and at this moment, Jiankang had exhausted the logistics materials. Under the supervision of Lu Xun, he decided to abandon the attack and temporarily retreat to Xunyang (浔陽, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi).
As soon as Lu Xun's army retreated, Liu Yu's army took the opportunity to counterattack, and in the battle of Jingzhou and Jiangzhou, defeated The army of Xu Daofu, the main force of Lu Xun, and in a short time, Lu Xun's army was distracted and forced back to Guangzhou, which had been originally occupied. The Eastern Jin Dynasty then took advantage of the victory to pursue and capture Guangzhou, and Lu Xun had no place to retreat, so he fled.
After Lu Xun escaped, the Eastern Jin generals Sun Chu and Du Huidu pursued him relentlessly, Lu Xun was too flustered and was ambushed by the enemy, and Du Huidu destroyed his entire army with fire. Lu Xun saw that the situation could no longer be recovered at this moment, so he imitated Sun En and committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea. The eleven-year-long Eastern Jin Dynasty rebellion came to an end.
Conclusion: Lu Xunsun's rebellion lasted too long and was very large, directly destroying most of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and Liu Yu even seized the throne and usurped the Throne shortly after defeating the enemy, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was officially destroyed from then on.
Sun Enlu's Rebellion: Half of the Jingluo Empire and the Beginning of the Southern Dynasty Era
Lü Lu usurped power: the wind and rain after the cold
In 386, after lü Guang, a Former Qin general during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, led an army to pacify the western region, he occupied Liangzhou on the way back to the dynasty. After he learned in Liangzhou that the Former Qin monarch Jian Jian had been killed by Yao Cang, he declared himself a great general and a pastor of Liangzhou, establishing the Later Liang regime.
In 399, Lü Lu, the prince of Houliang, staged a coup d'état, killing The Later Liang monarch Lü Shao and seizing power.
Lü Lu and Lü Shao were both sons of Lü Guang, the founding monarch of Later Liang. Lü Shao was Lü Lu's younger brother, but he was a concubine. Before Lü Guang died, he decided that Lü Shao would inherit his throne, with Lü Lu, who was born as a lieutenant and holding military power, and another son, Lü Hong, as a situ. Therefore, whether Lü Shao's position was consolidated depended on whether Lü Lu and Lü Hong could obey their father's will and be loyal to Lü Shao.
On the day of Lü Guang's death, Lü Shao did not mourn. After Lü Lu learned about it, he came to the palace to cry and mourn. Lü Shao had a cowardly personality, he knew that he was inferior to Lü Lu, and feared that Lü Lu would murder him, so he offered to give way to him. However, Lü Lu refused on the grounds that he was a shu out.
Lü Shao's cousin Lü Chao often advised him to get rid of Lü Lu as soon as possible, but Lü Shao was reluctant to listen. One day, Lü Shao received Lü Lu, and Lü Chao stood next to him with a sabre in his hand. Lü Chao kept signaling Lü Shao with his eyes to order him to take Lü Lu down, but Lü Shao did not respond to him from beginning to end.
Lü Hong originally had the opportunity to become Lü Guang's heir, but Lü Guang only changed his mind after finding Lü Shao in the war. Therefore, Lü Hong always held a grudge against Lü Shao, and he proposed to his brother Lü Shao to depose Lü Shao and put Lü Shao in power. Lü Lu saw that Lü Hong supported him and made up his mind to overthrow Lü Shao. Lü Lu and Lü Hong divided their troops into two routes. Lü Lu led hundreds of brave soldiers over the northern city of Guzang and attacked Guangxianmen. Lü Hong led his troops and attacked Hong Fanmen. Qi Cong, the general who was stationed in the palace at the time, learned of the rebellion led by Lü Lu and went to fight. During the battle, Qi Cong slashed at Lü Lu with his sword, and actually cut Lü Lu's forehead, but in the end he was captured by Lü Lu's attendants.
Soon Lü Shao also learned that Zi Lü was plotting a rebellion, and then the general Lü Kai led the forbidden army to meet the battle. Lü Chao also led two thousand soldiers to reinforcements. When Lü Guang was alive, Lü Lu led troops to conquer the north and suppress the rebellion, and had a high prestige and status in the Later Liang army. After the soldiers of the Forbidden Army knew that they were going to fight Lü Lu, they were very frightened and fled. Lü Shao had no choice but to commit suicide, and Lü Chao, seeing that the tide had gone, fled from Guzang City to Guangwu (present-day Yongdeng County, Gansu).
After Lü Shao committed suicide, Lü Lu did not immediately claim the title of king, because his younger brother Lü Hong also had heavy troops in his hands, and it was Lü Hong who first proposed to depose Lü Shao. Lü Hong proposed that Lü Hong ascend to the throne, but Lü Hong insisted that his brother be the king of the day. So Lü Lu asked Lü Hong to speak to the courtiers: "What our brother did today was the last will of the former emperor. The courtiers knew very well in their hearts how the former emperor could have issued a testament that would allow several sons to kill each other. However, under the circumstance that Lü Lu and Lü Hong held the military and political power, they did not dare to disagree, and had to express their allegiance to them. Lü Lu then ascended to the throne and changed his name to Yuan Xianning. Lü Lu appointed Lü Hong as the governor of Dadu and the governor of various Chinese and foreign militaries.
Conclusion: After Lü Guang established the Later Liang regime, he suppressed the heroes who had originally joined him in the western regions, and gradually replaced them with members of the clan and local people in Liangzhou. But Lü Lu's usurpation of power disrupted the process of this power transfer and shook the foundation of the Houliang regime.
Lü Shao gave way to his brother Lü Lu, but Lü Lu did not accept it, and when he returned home, he launched a coup d'état and usurped the throne
400 AD
Li Xuan established Xiliang: Li Yuan recognized me as an ancestor
In 400 AD, the general Li Huan of Beiliang Town called himself the Duke of Liang in Dunhuang and established a political power, known in history as Xiliang.
Li Kuan was a descendant of the famous Han Dynasty general Li Guang, who had been an official for generations, so the family was very prestigious in Gansu, and later Tang Emperors also posthumously recognized Li Kuan as his ancestor.
Li Xuan's grandfather Li Yi was the former Liang's Wu Wei general, Tianshui Taishou, and his father Li Chang was a former Liang Shizi attendant, influenced by the family, Li Kuan studied classics from an early age, practiced martial arts, and was both literate and martial, and at that time, some people said that Li Xuan would definitely be able to dominate one side in the future. In 397, the Xiongnu branch of Lu Shuihu rebelled against Hou Liang and established Jiankang Taishou Duanye as the governor of Dadu. In the following year, Duan Ye appointed Li Huan as the commander of Xiaogu County, and soon after the death of Dunhuang Taishou, The Dunhuang Protector Guo Qian and Shazhou Zhizhong Suoxian supported Li Huan as Dunhuang Taishou.
Dunhuang is the only way from the Central Plains to the Western Regions, backed by the desert, and in the south is the Qilian Mountains, which can be attacked and defended. Li Huan served as the Taishou of Dunhuang and had the capital to divide the territory, but because of duan ye's existence, his seat was still unstable.
In 399, Duan Ye proclaimed himself king of Liang and established the Northern Liang regime. Duan Ye's close confidant Suo Si wanted to replace Li Hui, and said bad things about Li Yu in front of Duan Ye, who was often jealous of his subordinates, and became suspicious, so he agreed to let Suo Si serve as the Taishou of Dunhuang. Suo Si took five hundred people to Dunhuang to take up his post, and sent a message to Li Huan in advance, asking him to meet him twenty miles outside the city. Li Xuan was very surprised to receive the news, and was planning to leave the city, when Xiaogu County ordered Zhang Mi and Li Huan's half-brother Song Xuan to persuade him: "Now that the Houliang Lü clan is weak and Duan Ye's strength is not strong, it is precisely the time to make a difference, the general has territory in his hands, why should he tie his hands and capture it?" Under the persuasion of the crowd, Li Xuan decided to resist. He led his troops to repel Suo Si, and knowing that Suo Si had slandered him, he wrote a letter to Duan Ye and accused Suo Si. Duan Ye was still confronting Hou Liang, and at this time he did not want to have one more enemy, so he killed Suo Si and promoted Li Huan to the position of general of Zhenxi, in charge of the military forces west of Liangxing, which was equivalent to completely handing over the military and political power in the west to Li Hui. This means that Li Huan actually has an independent position, but he is still nominally Duan Ye's subordinate.
Duan Ye was self-reliant under the support of Lu Shui Hu Frustrated Canal Mengxun, but the relationship between the two was not good, Duan Ye was born in Confucianism, marching and fighting was a layman, so he was very jealous of Frustrated Canal Mengxun, and Frustrated Canal Mengxun just wanted to take advantage of Duan Ye's prestige and was not really willing to assist him. The two sides were suspicious of each other, which made the people in Beiliang panic, which gave Li Huan the opportunity to become independent. In 400, Northern Liang Jinchang Taishou Tang Yao united with the people of the six surrounding counties to jointly elect Li Huan as the governor of Dadu, the great general, the Duke of Liang, the pastor of The Second Prefecture of Qin liang, and the lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty. Li Huan immediately announced a general amnesty, the name of jiannian was Gengzi, the capital was Dunhuang, and independence was officially declared.
After the establishment of political power, how to survive in a chaotic world is the most important problem that Li Xuan needs to solve. His first step was to expand his territory. Li Xuan asked his younger brother Song Xuan to lead his troops to the east to capture Yumen Pass, where he stationed his troops to guard against Northern Liang in the east. At the same time, it expanded westward and extended its power into the western region. In 401, Mengxun killed Duan Ye and established himself as the King of Liang. Li Huan took the opportunity to go on an eastern expedition and capture Jiuquan, capturing alive his uncle Mengxun of The Depression Canal, Jiuquan Taishou Frustrated Canal Yisheng. Jiuquan and Liangning counties surrendered, and Li Huan expanded a step further east.
After gradually expanding the territory, Li Huan's second plan was to send emissaries to the Eastern Jin Dynasty to claim subjects, in this way to win the approval of the Han scholars and attract talents. In the same year, Li Huan moved the capital to Jiuquan, concentrated his forces against the Northern Liang regime of Mengxun in The Depression Canal, and appointed Song Xuan as the protector of Dunhuang, assisting his son to stay in Dunhuang. Only then did the Western Liang regime stabilize and become a force to be reckoned with in Liangzhou.
Conclusion: Xiliang has played a role in the development of Dunhuang and the Western Regions in history. After the rise of Xiliang, it formed a juxtaposition and confrontation with the other two regimes in the Liangzhou region, Northern Liang and Southern Liang.
Was Li Huan, who established the Kingdom of Western Liang, really the ancestor of Li Yuan, the emperor of Tang Gaozu?