"The Biography of the Painter" ~ 341
<h1 class=pgc-h-arrow-right data-track=2 > Dong Bangda, a high-ranking Tianguan, is one of the three of landscape painters, but his influence is the smallest! </h1>
Text/Lu Xiuhui
Dong Bangda (1696-1769), zifu cun, zhengcun, dongshan, non-wen, zhejiang fuyang people.
Dong Bangda's grandfather was Lang Zhong, who practiced medicine in the countryside, his father was a farmer, and the family was poor, and the family often filled the hunger with wheat skin and rice bran. Even so, my grandfather put farming first. When Dong Bangda was five or six years old, he studied with his grandfather, entered a private school at the age of seven, and could write smooth articles by the age of eleven. At that time, years of natural disasters, although there were grandfathers practicing medicine, but the people had no way to survive, how to pay for medical treatment, the family was too poor to open the pot, Dong Bangda was forced to quit school to help his father farm. But he still used his spare time to study hard, and he knew that the only way to change the fate of his family was to read, and there was no other way.
Dong Bang reached the age of seventeen and passed the Xiucai examination with excellent results. Soon, he was also supplemented as a tribute student and received the government's food subsidy, which was tantamount to reducing the burden on the family. In the next ten years, Dong Bangda spent his days teaching in Qiantang, Hu (Hu) Yuan, and other places, while studying hard and reading a lot of books. In the first year of Yongzheng, Dong Bangda was again qualified to pay tribute. In the Qing dynasty, the Yongzheng period was once every six years, and the students who were both literate and excellent were selected by the provincial scholars and politicians, and the tributes were entered into the Beijing Division, called Bagongsheng, referred to as Bagongsheng. At the same time, after passing the imperial examination, the selected person was appointed as a seven-pin jing official of the first class, a second-class zhixian, and a third-class teacher. Those who are even lower will be dismissed, which is called the abolition of tribute.
Dong Bangda entered the Beijing Imperial Examination as a tribute. Dong Bangda's family was very poor, and the imperial examination was in the spring of the following year, and he had to live in the capital years ago in advance, otherwise he would miss the examination. He was unaccompanied in the capital, living a difficult life, and suffering from cold eyes. However, Dong Bangda is particularly ambitious and has been studying hard, hoping to one day make a contribution to the cause. Once he went to shave his hair, and a moment of inspiration burst out, and he made a couplet: "When you meet, you are full of bullet champions, and there should be no scratching head." The owner of the shaving shop pasted the couplet on the wall, and everyone who saw it was amazed.
Dong Bangda won the first victory in the Beijing Dynasty, won the first place in the imperial examination in the second year of Yongzheng (1724), and stayed in Beijing to teach his official students. But that one who doesn't come to money is very difficult to teach by the Eight Flags disciples. One year, Chinese New Year's Eve, Dong Bangda chased after the debt collectors, mistakenly entered the mansion of The Household Department Shangshu Li Tingyi at the time, and happened to encounter the housekeeper of the Li Mansion holding a stack of red paper, ready to find someone to write the Spring Festival, dong Bangda volunteered himself. After reading the Spring League written by Dong Bangda, the housekeeper was overjoyed and presented the Spring League to Li Tingyi. Li Tingyi was greatly surprised to see that each pair of Spring Leagues was neat and neat, and the handwriting was vigorous, so she asked the housekeeper to call Dong Bangda to the back hall to meet him. During the conversation, Li Tingyi found that Dong Bangdabo was ancient and modern, exported into chapters, and full of talent, so she left him to live in the palace, and Dong Bangda found a safe place to live. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), under the recommendation of Li Tingyi, Dong Bangda became a Qipin Xiaojing official in the household department. In order to repay the kindness of the encounter, Dong Bangda worked day and night to help Li Tingyi deal with official documents and acted as a tutor for Li Tingyi's children.
Lady Li Shangshu had a personal maid, very intelligent and astute, had read some books, a little bit of a word, and when she saw that in the year of The Emperor, Madame planned to find someone for her to marry, but the maid was resolutely unwilling, and said to Madame: "I am a lowly person, I do not want to marry a slave, I would rather marry someone like Mr. Dong as a concubine." Otherwise, you will not marry for the rest of your life. ”
When Li Shangshu heard about this incident, he said with regret: "Mr. Dong is a handsome talent in the world, and soon he will rise up in the clouds and soar to the top, how can he marry a maid as a wife?" When Li Shangshu and Dong Bangda were drinking together, he told Dong Bangda about this matter as a talking point and proposed to give the maid to Dong Bangda as a concubine. At this time, Dong Bangda was already in his thirties and had not yet married, and he said to Li Shangshu: "I have been depressed all my life and have fallen into the capital, and no one has ever appreciated me." Fortunately, I met an adult and was reused. She is a weak woman, can appreciate me sympathy for me, must not be an ordinary person, how dare I treat her as a concubine, should marry her as a proper wife. Li Shangshu listened to Dong Bangda's words, respected him even more, and let the maid marry Dong Bangda.
In the eleventh year of Qing Yongzheng (1733), dong bangda jinshi and the first one, just over a year after marriage. Dong Bangda and dong yu, the son of the maid, later became a university scholar, equivalent to Xiang Guo. He was a very influential calligrapher and painter at that time, and he was famous for a while, which was enviable. Dong Bangda was later awarded the hanlin academy for editing, and began his promotion of official luck and prosperity.
It has been 90 years since the Manchu Qing entered the Central Plains, and in order to consolidate its rule, it was necessary to change the previous practice of reusing only the Manchus and ignoring the Han. As Hang Shijun said in the "Policy of Current Affairs": "Opinions cannot be set first, and the domain should not be too divided, although there are many talents in Manchuria, compared with the Han people, three out of ten." The inspectors of the world are often full of Han and Han, and the governor is not a Han. Why is the inside full and the outer man also? Three rivers and two Zhejiang, the world's talents are deep, the people in the corners, and there are few people out of the middle. Now those who are fruitful in the use of the side, do not care about their talents, do not care about their performance, do not care about their assets, and those who have not adjusted for ten years, all are people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, are not there any opinions."
Hang Shijun ruthlessly pointed out the shortcomings of the Qing court's employment of people, the purpose was to prevent the Han people, the world was full of officials, there were few Han people, and there was not a single Han person serving as the governor of various places. Jiangsu and Zhejiang are places where famous talents are born in the world, but it is difficult for Jiangsu and Zhejiang people to be promoted to officials. The language was sharp, directly attacking the key points of the Manchu Qing, and a major taboo in the official arena was torn to the point of no clothing.
The rulers realized the seriousness of the problem, implemented a policy of envelopment among the upper echelons of the Han people, and deliberately promoted typical figures among the Han people to be larger officials. Dong Bangda encountered this opportunity, and his career was smooth sailing, from editing to Shaanxi examiner, Qianlong ten years and then served as a bachelor, Qianlong twelve years as a cabinet bachelor, Qianlong eighteen years as a ceremonial attendant. In December of the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, Shangshu of the Ministry of Jingong. A year later, he was transferred to rebbe Shoshu. In the thirty-first year of Qianlong, he also gave the "Forbidden City Horseback Riding". As a Han official, he received the highest political treatment.
Dong Bangda is a cold warrior and a very talented person. When he interacted with Cao Xueqin, Cao Xueqin was very poor at that time, and he devoted himself to the writing of "Dream of the Red Chamber" while selling paintings to make a living. On the twenty-fourth day of the twenty-third month of Qianlong (1758), Dong Bangda and Cao Xueqin met at the family of Duncheng, the patriarch, Dong Bangda was a heavenly official, and Cao Xueqin was only an unknown cold soldier, but it did not prevent them from talking about poetry and painting during the banquet. When Cao Xueqin asked him to write and write a preface to his "Southern Harrier and Northern Iris Examination Work", he agreed.
In May of the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), Dong Bangda asked for dismissal due to old illness. "Dong Bangda is more than seventy years old, sick and begging, and the example of self-introduction. However, Yi Zhi's family had been living in the Beijing Division for a long time, and they could not return to their original home country, and the affairs of the Ministry of Rites were not very complicated, so they were allowed to give them leave for several months, so that they could be at ease and did not have to be relieved. Less than two months later, in July of the same year, Dong Bangda died. Ji Xiaolan made a tie for him:
Fuchun River ancient green mountains, the table is always staying, Cixun can become a virtuous prime minister;
Listening to the rain hall nine years of tents, eating single parents, the old grace is the most grateful to the old protégé.
Dong Bangda was both a high-ranking official and an outstanding painter. Dong Bangda was a high school scholar by Keju, as a court official, he was busy with official duties on weekdays, and painting could only be Dong Bangda's "side job", so he was not a professional painter; as a painter, Dong Bangda, he was indeed good at this way, especially famous for landscape painting, was an influential painter at that time. His painting style is far from the "Yuan Sijia" (Huang Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zhan, Wang Meng), and the "Four Kings of the Early Qing Dynasty" (Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi, Wang Yuanqi). His landscape paintings are light in ink, light in color, gentle with a pen, and full of literary interest. He likes to use thirsty pens to paint, and the Jiangnan landscapes in his pen are beautiful, surrounded by smoke and clouds, simple and simple, can be traveled and lived, and the artistic conception is exquisite. Both the Qianlong Emperor and his ministers praised him as another painter surnamed Dong after Dong Yuan and Dong Qichang, one of the Three. The Qianlong Emperor specially ordered him to preside over the Royal Painting Academy, and he was also one of the "Ten Philosophers in Painting" of the Loudong School of Painting at that time.
The court painters of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty were different from the full-time court painters of the past, and the scope was relatively extensive, in addition to the full-time court painters, there were also foreign missionaries, as well as some wenhan ministers, that is, the so-called Hanlin painters or lyric painters. The so-called lexicographer refers to officials in high positions, not professional painters who serve in the court, and their main job is to be officials, so their paintings have an "amateur" nature. Hanlin painters also refer to courtiers who had an official rank, were good at painting, were close to the emperor, and often paid tribute to painting and calligraphy to invite favors or be commissioned to create. Judging from their affiliation and status positions, they are not in the academy, but different from the full-time painters of the academy. Dong Bangda belongs to the category of Hanlin and Lexicon painters.
Dong Bangda lived in the Qianlong era, which was an era in which the emperor paid more attention to court painting. In China's 5,000-year history, there have been three emperors who have played a guiding role in the cultural and artistic activities of that time, one is Zhao Tuo, the Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, one is Zhu Zhanji of the Ming Xuanzong, and the other is the Qianlong Emperor ai Xinjueluo Hongli of the Qing Dynasty, who was the same as Dong Bangda. He was the longest-reigning and longest-lived emperor in China's feudal society. The Qianlong Emperor showed extraordinary talent in all aspects. Carefully appreciate Dong Bangda's works, it is not difficult to find that many of them were written for the Qianlong Emperor, or the Qianlong Emperor's poetic intentions, word intentions, and some paintings also have the Qianlong Emperor's imperial pen inscriptions, and dozens of such works have survived.
Lu Xiuhui has a poem "Storing Songs for Dong Bang Dafu", praising:
Poverty is forced to reach the peak, and diligent research can melt gold.
Feelings of solitude, lin kong no trace.
Painting mountains nourishes my eyes, and makes water boats into fronts.
Contentment is blessed, and benevolence is nothing.
Another day, not by fate, change the ground and write loosely.
The clouds allow the world to fly, and the wind of the four seas.
The relationship can be met, and the years are kind and long.