Be simple and true, not related to the poor, not to the rich. Throughout the ages, there has only been one Tao Yuanming.
- Preface
Tao Yuanming, ziyuanliang, also known as qian, "Mr. Wuliu", known as Mr. Jingjie, Xunyang Chaisang people. Great poet and poet from the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty. He worked as a petty official for several years, and then resigned from the official and returned home to the countryside. He was the first pastoral poet in China and is known as the "Ancestor of Ancient and Modern Hermit Poets".
1 Two ambitions, like two trains, often collided head-on in his heart, making him miserable.
Tao Yuanming's great-grandfather Tao Kan served as the Grand Sima (大司馬), and his grandfather and father also served as officials such as Taishou County Ling. But Tao Yuanming's father died early, and when Yuanming was a teenager, the family fortunes had declined, "few and poor." He said to himself:
"Self-reliance is a man, greedy for luck."
The scoop is sold out many times, and the silk is winter. ”
- "Self-Sacrifice Text"
Although the material life is poor, Tao Yuanming's spiritual life is very rich. He studied the Confucian "Six Classics", studied "Lao Tzu" and "Zhuangzi", "Fierce Zhi Yi All Over the World, Gong Fei Si Yuan", and had the political ambition of "Zuo Jun LiYe".
On the other hand, kuanglu landscapes and idyllic landscapes also make him love nature. "Less vulgar rhyme, sex loves Qiushan." "Don't be attached to the poor, don't draw from the rich." Therefore, he has set two major ambitions since he was a child. The first ambition: to be like the great-grandfather Tao Kan.
"When I was young and strong, I was not happy to rejoice.
Fierce ambitions are all over the world, and Qian Fei thinks far and wide. ”
- "Miscellaneous Poems"
The second ambition: to live like Grandpa Meng Jia. Yuanming wrote in the biography of Mr. Goyanagi:
Idle and quiet, not seeking glory. Good reading, do not seek much understanding;
Whenever I had a feeling, I gladly forgot to eat.
Sexual alcoholism, poor family can not often get. The pro-old knows that this is so, or invites it with wine; When the wine is exhausted, the period will be drunk. Drunk and retreating, he did not hesitate to stay. Block the circle and do not cover the wind and day; Short brown through the knot, the scoop is empty, Yan Ruye. He often writes articles for self-amusement and shows his ambitions.
Tao Yuanming, who is like his great-grandfather Tao Kan, has the same blood as his grandfather Meng Jia in his bones--dashing and uninhibited, authentic and loose. These two ambitions, like two trains, often collided head-on in his heart, making him miserable.
2 Do not bend the waist for five buckets of rice
Ancients Cloud: Goods contradict those who enter are also contradictory. In a way that is contrary to common sense, those who usurp the throne and gain the world will inevitably lose the world with a tragic ending. As a Confucian student who was deeply influenced by Confucianism, Tao Yuanming would not have failed to hear a saying of Confucius: If there is a way in the world, it is present, and if there is no way, it is hidden.
Living in such a chaotic world, "retreat" is undoubtedly the best choice. But what about the ideal of meritorious service? What about the pride of a teenager and a strong sword? Is it possible to live all his life by guarding these acres of thin fields left by his ancestors? Tao Yuanming was not reconciled, he was twenty-nine years old to get a position of Jiangzhou sacrificial wine, although the official was small, but he felt that he could suffer hardships, and he could also start from the most basic level little by little. But the reality is harsh.
"How to give up this, far away to the West Jing", "The sun and the moon throw people away, there is ambition not to be hired",
The door valve system of the Jin Dynasty made it so that "there is no cold door in the upper product, and no family in the lower product." When he was young, Tao Yuanming originally had the ambition of "helping the people of the world", but in the turbulent years when the country was on the verge of collapse, Tao Yuanming's ambitions could not be realized at all. In addition, he has a straight personality, is clear and honest, and is unwilling to bow his knees and climb to the magnates, so he has a sharp contradiction with the dirty and dark real society, resulting in incompatible feelings.
Soon he was relieved of his duties and returned home to live idly. Later, he served as a minor official several times, not only for no reason to exert his ambitions in the world, but also to be "ashamed of his ambitions.". The last time he was an official was when Peng Zeling was an official, and for more than eighty days as an official, because he could not bear the darkness of the official field, he "could not bend his waist for five buckets of rice to the little people in the township" and resigned and returned to the field. Ten years of career is a dust net, and the world is contrary to the heart.
3 Life is simple to the extreme, and fun lies in the heart
Confucius said, "A gentleman seeks the tao and does not seek food." Ploughing also, feeding in it. Learning also, Lu in it. "To be a person, you always have to keep the bottom line of your heart." When the soul loses the temple, the rain will drip on the heart.
Tao Yuanming chose to go into hiding, he could not wait to sit on the boat home, and the two voices that had quarreled in his heart merged into one this time, and it shouted clearly and loudly in his ears:
Go home! Go home!! Go home!!!
Go home and say goodbye
Returning to Xi, the countryside will not return?
Do you think of yourself as a servant in the form of a heart, and you are sad and sad?
Those who have realized the past can be traced.
The real lost is not far away, and I feel that today is not yesterday.
The boat is far away with lightness, and the wind flutters and blows clothes.
Ask Zhengfu the way forward, hating the dawn of the sun.
Su Dongpo has a high evaluation of Tao Qian, and Tao Yuanming's influence on Su Dongpo is very deep. Ouyang Xiu commented: "Jin has no article, but Tao Yuanming's "Return to Xi Ci" is just a piece. ”
After Tao Yuanming returned to the field, he lived a life of seclusion in his hometown and personally participated in agricultural labor. He personally wrote the famous article "Biography of Mr. Goyanagi" for Mingzhi. This led him to change his contempt for labor and to a certain extent to recognize the value of labor; In the common labor and interaction with the peasants, they also developed cordial feelings for them.
Plant beans under the south mountain, grass full of beans seedlings are thin.
Morning Xingli is desolate, with the moon lotus hoe return.
The road is narrow and long, and the dew stains my clothes.
The clothes are not enough to be sorry, but the wish is not broken.
—— "Return to the Garden and The Field" Part III
However, Tao Yuanming thought that he could calm his heart by returning to the countryside, and he was quickly disrupted.
In 420, Liu Yu deposed the last emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty, known historically as Liu Song. At this point, the two Jin Dynasties ended, and China entered the 169-year-long Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties. When the news reached Lushan, Tao Yuanming looked at the crops in the field and was silent for a long time. He returned to the hut, wrote a poem with a pen, and wrote a long preface to the poem:
In the Jin Dynasty, the Wuling people fished for their profession.
Edge creek line, forget the distance of the road.
Suddenly, the peach blossom forest, hundreds of steps between the shores, no miscellaneous trees, fresh herbs,
The fall is colorful, and the fishermen are very different.
Go back and forth, wanting to exhaust the forest.
When the forest is exhausted, there will be a mountain, and the mountain will have a small mouth, as if there is light.
Ditch the boat, enter from the mouth...
——(The Tale of Peach Blossom Origin)
There is no war, no usurpation, no doorway, calm and tranquil, quiet and peaceful. It's a beautiful story when a fisherman stumbles upon an isolated peach blossom garden. However, when the fisherman after leaving wanted to find this paradise again, he could not find it. He couldn't help but wonder if he really arrived at Peach Blossom Garden or had a dream?
Life is actually a bureau, the authorities are confused, the bystanders are clear, anyone will be affected by his time, in the face of great changes in history, no one can be unfazed. No matter what kind of era, only those who truly have great wisdom can see through life and death, and see through life.
When Tao Yuanming was forty-four years old, a disaster made his family even more destitute. This summer, the poet's "more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine grass houses" full of life was burned by a merciless fire, and the whole family had to live on the boat and live on the help of relatives and friends.
However, living in a fishing boat is not a long-term solution. Tao Yuanming consulted with his brother Tao Zhongde, and Zhongde said, "Let's rebuild it in the South Village." Tao Yuanming nodded. Everyone worked together to build a new house before Li Qiu, and the disaster of the fire finally passed.
4 Cultivate when busy, drink alcohol in idle time, peaceful and quiet, simple and distant.
After hoeing the back of the house with a sore back, leisurely drinking a pot of wine, and then sleeping beautifully, is the interest in this expression in words? Sometimes, he wrote twenty more "Drinking" in one breath:
The knot is in the human realm, and there is no traffic or horse noise.
Asked Jun He Neng'er, his heart was far away from himself.
Under the eastern fence of the chrysanthemum, you can leisurely see the South Mountain.
The mountain atmosphere is good day and night, and the birds are returning.
There is truth in this, to discern what has been forgotten.
- "Drinking", the fifth
The phrase "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the South Mountain" vividly shows Tao Yuanming's otherworldly mentality. When Xin Abandoned Disease had no way to serve the country and his ambitions were difficult to reward, he quoted Tao Yuanming as a confidant: "You must believe in the chrysanthemums and the eastern fence, and you have a thousand years of high feelings, only Tao Pengze." It gave Tao Yuanming the highest evaluation of a person in the ancient world.
5 Make friends with pins
After his retreat, many people came to make friends with him, Tao bus friends look at the character, he himself is sincere and honest, affectionate and loyal. "A gentleman gives words to others". Tao Yuanming wrote all his true feelings for his friends into poetry. After Yang Songling became a soldier, Yuanming wrote the "Long History and Preface to the Gift of Sheep" and earnestly advised:
If the road passes through the shangshan, it will be less hesitant for me.
Thank you so much Qi and Lu, how is it to be refreshed now?
- "The History and Preface to the Long History of the Sheep"
Because he is sincere and loyal, Tao Yuanming is more respectful and understanding, and tolerates others.
Zhou Xuzhi, together with Liu Chengzhi and Tao Yuanming, was called the "Three Hiddens of Xunyang", and the three of them were determined not to be out of the ordinary. However, Liu Yu claimed to be the empress, but Zhou Xuzhi was invited to give a lecture outside jiankang east city, which was a treacherous act.
Tao Yuanming just laughed when he knew. He can understand the limitations of others, he can understand the choices of others, and he shows a sense of generosity. No matter whether rich or poor, rich or poor, no matter whether they believe in Buddhism or the Tao, whether they are in the government or in the opposition, as long as they can maintain upright conduct and clean discipline, Tao Yuanming is willing to associate with them.
Su Shi said: Tao Yuanming wants shi Zeshi, and does not want to be suspicious of it; If you want to hide, you will hide, and you will not go to it. Hunger knocks on doors and begs for food; Full of chickens to extend the customer. Ancient and modern sages, noble and true. Tao Yuanming's lifelong behavior is exactly a "true" word. Whether it is with himself or others, Tao Yuanming always has a pure heart, and throughout his life, he has not changed a bit.
Heaven and earth are always there, life is impermanent, and "change" is the constant norm. Only by returning life to rich tranquility can we laugh at the vicissitudes and vicissitudes of this person, and can we listen to the voice of the heart every time we face life choices.
In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming left peacefully in a thatched hut with a smile. His life seems to be plain, but it is incomparably "prosperous". His life seems to be fruitless, but it is incomparably "great". Because he got rid of the curse of life that we can't get rid of, he lived his life as "poetry and far away.". Before dying, he looked calm, and murmured in his mouth: "In the midst of the great wave, neither joy nor fear, nor in the great wave, neither joy nor fear..."