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summary
Cucuma is a species of plant belonging to the genus Cerambycidae. It is a fruit tree that grows in the tropics all year round, so named because of the flesh of its fruit, which looks very similar to the yolk of an already hard-boiled egg. Cucuma originally originated in tropical climates such as South America and Cuba, and is widely distributed in various tropical regions around the world.
Rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, lucuma can be eaten directly or secondary processed to make jam, cream and other foods. Moreover, the taste of lucuma is delicate and silky, and the flesh taste is similar to ripe avocado or durian, with a rich creamy aroma and a hint of nutty sweetness.
Due to the lack of high-yield and high-quality varieties suitable for large-scale planting and promotion, the cultivation of lucuma fruit has not yet formed a large-scale effect, and sporadic real tree planting has only been carried out in Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places in China.
There have been many reports on the introduction, trial and cultivation of lucuma fruit in China. In terms of the breeding of lucuma, the botanical and agronomic traits of the new lucuma variety "Egg Ping No. 1" cultivated by the Honghe Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences of Yunnan Province were comprehensively evaluated, which provided a reference for subsequent research and promotion.
1. Research on the nutritional value and application of lucuma
1. The nature of the "Egg No. 1"
"Egg No. 1" is a high-quality lucuma variety. It is rich in nutrients and good taste, suitable as an edible fruit. It is rich in sugar and vitamin C, which has sweet taste and nutritional value.
In addition, it has a moderate crude fat content, a low total starch content, and a high edible rate. The fruit maintains good quality and taste during the storage period, so that people can taste fresh and delicious fruits for about 10 days.
2. Experimental location and materials
The test was conducted in Shaba, Hekou County, Yunnan Province. Located at 22°34′07.32"N, 103°53′38.32"E, at an altitude of 122 meters, the site belongs to a tropical monsoon forest climate with an average annual temperature of 23.0°C, the coldest month is January with an average temperature of 16.0°C, and an average annual rainfall of 1,772.8 mm.
The soil type is acidic sandy loam with good irrigation and drainage. A total of 15 new lucuma varieties "Egg No. 1" were planted in the experiment, and the age of the trees was 5 years according to the conventional cultivation management, and the yield was observed for 2 consecutive years. The NCS portable chromatography model 1950 card, soft ruler, vernier caliper, and 1/100th day balance tool were used.
3. Methodology
This experiment referred to the "Specifications for Quality Control of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Germplasm Resources Data", and followed the requirements of the General Description Specification of Plant Germplasm Resources and the Technical Specification Series of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resources. The properties of the color are evaluated against the color card.
Crude fat was determined according to GB/T 5009.6-2003, total sugar was determined according to GB/T 5009.7-2003, vitamin C was determined according to GB/T 6295-1986, and total starch was determined according to GB/T 5009.9-2003.
Quantitative traits such as trunk height, stem circumference at 20 cm above the ground, yield and other traits were described by taking the average of 6 trees. The characteristics of fruits, leaves, seeds, etc., were evaluated by the average of 10 representative observations for each tree.
2. Cultivation techniques
1. Selection and breeding of seedlings
Common seedling breeding methods include seed propagation, strip propagation, rootstock grafting and shoot cuttings. Seed propagation usually begins around Qingming.
First, the plump and rounded mature seeds are washed and buried in the sand, and after waiting for about half a month, small white shoots begin to appear on the seeds. The seeds that show small white shoots are then evenly sown on the seedling bed or planting pot, covered with a thin layer of fine soil, and gently compacted. Then spray the moist soil with water and cover it with hay or linen to maintain moisture.
Through this method, the seed germination rate of lucuma can reach more than 94%.
2. Planting site selection
(1) Poor soil conditions, insufficient water sources and thick soil layers: suitable for planting lucumas of spherical or spindle-shaped varieties. These varieties are more adaptable to poor soils and less water.
(2) Fertile, abundant water sources, abundant sunshine, deep and flat soil conditions: suitable for planting large peach-shaped and small peach-shaped varieties of lucuma. These varieties have good adaptability to fertile soil and sufficient water sources.
When choosing a plantation site, the drainage performance of the soil should also be considered to avoid excessive water accumulation that adversely affects the growth of lucuma. In addition, a reasonable supply of water and adequate sun exposure are also essential for the growth of lucuma and the development of the fruit.
3. Colonization
During the colonization of lucuma, colonization holes of about 50 cm in diameter and width are usually dug. Before colonization, 50 kg of organic fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer into the colonization hole, and mixed well with the soil.
The lucuma seedlings are then planted into colonization holes and the soil is backfilled to form mounds that are 10 to 20 cm higher than the soil surface. Generally speaking, about 40 lucumas are planted every 666.67 square meters.
After colonization, it is necessary to water well enough to promote the growth of the root system and cover it with leaves or hay to keep the soil moist. This helps to provide a good growing environment and promotes rooting and growth of seedlings.
4. Pest control
In the process of field management, the occurrence of diseases is less, but it is still necessary to pay attention to orchard ventilation and fruit tree pruning to prevent the occurrence of most diseases and pests. For common soot diseases, Bordeaux liquid or sterilized dan can be sprayed early in the onset of the disease and infected branches and leaves can be pruned in time to prevent further spread of the disease.
The rhizomes of the old lucuma tree are vulnerable to termites and can be sprayed at 1000 to 1500 times the concentration using 48% lesbourne. The young leaves and tips from spring to summer are susceptible to cockchafers, and black lights can be set up at the edge of the orchard, and the phototaxis of adult cockchafers can be used for booby-trapping, or 1500 times the concentration of fruit liquid can be used for control.
III. Experimental comparison
1. Plant characteristics
Through the observation of the botanical traits of 4~5-year-old young fruiting trees, it is found that the tree posture of the lucuma tree is semi-erect and strong, the average height of the main trunk is 61.9 cm in 2011 and 72 cm in 2012, and the growth of the trunk height does not change much. The surface of the trunk is moderately smooth with slight longitudinal fissures.
The average circumference of the trunk at 20 cm above the ground is 24.6 cm, and the following year it is 29.8 cm. The density of shoots is medium. The color of mature shoots is similar to gray-brown. The color of the young shoots is similar to yellow-green.
The leaves are alternate, and the color of mature leaves is similar to dark green. The color of the young leaves that have just been unfolded and not turned green is similar to yellow-green. The leaves are pointed oval, tapering at the tip and wedge-shaped at the base.
The surface of the leaf is slightly wavy, and the number of leaf vein pairs is 14~17 pairs. The leaf length is 24.7 cm, the width is 7.0 cm, and the leaf shape index is 3.5. The leaves have a leathery luster and smooth leaf margins. The petiole length is 4.1 cm.
2. Growth habits
The lucuma is the bud stage from mid-March to late April, and the flowering and fruiting period from May to June. The fruit ripens from October, mainly from the end of November to January. Through two consecutive years of observation, "Egg Yolk No. 1" showed high flowering rate, fruiting rate and yield, and good stability. The average yield per plant is 13.9 kg.
3. Fruit ripening observation
After studying the botanical traits, agronomic traits and quality traits of the new lucuma variety 'Egg Ping No. 1', the results showed that this variety had the characteristics of early fruiting, abundant yield and stable yield. The fruit shape is straight, apple-shaped, the fruit shape index is 0.8, the average single fruit weight is 322 grams, the edible part is high, and the edible rate is 71.00%.
The total sugar content of the fruit of this variety was 22.91%, and the sweetness was moderate; Vitamin C content up to 70.40%; crude fat content of 6.95%; The total starch content is 1.60%. The shape of the fruit is apple-shaped. The apex of the fruit is slightly concave in the middle and has no milky protrusions. The color of the green peel is yellow-green, while the color of the peel when edible is similar to orange-yellow. The color of the flesh is similar to the color of the egg yolk.
Fourth, development prospects
1. The adaptability of "Egg One"
Egg lucuma is a fruit with high economic benefits, which has the characteristics of early production and high yield. During the growing process, lucuma has fewer pests and diseases, so stable yields and high-quality fruits can be obtained.
Scalcuma has the advantages of strong adaptability and fast growth. It can adapt to various environmental conditions, is resistant to cold and drought, and grows well on poor red soil or brick red soil.
It will not suffer serious frost damage above 2.5 °C, and mild frostbite of leaves below 0 °C. Even in the case of serious shortage of annual precipitation in the dry and hot valley area of Baoshan in Yunnan, lucuma can still grow and develop normally and does not need to rely on artificial rainfall.
2. Other Uses
Scalcuma is favored for its aesthetically pleasing shape and tree shape. When the leaves are falling in winter, the branches are covered with golden and round fruits, giving a beautiful sight that makes up for the regret of fruitless fruit trees, so lucuma can be cultivated as a sightseeing fruit tree. In the research of tropical fruit tree bonsai cultivation management technology, Luo Wenyang and others chose lucuma fruit for bonsai cultivation, and the results were very beautiful.
In addition, lucuma can also be grown as an intercropping tree with coffee trees. Because coffee plants are short and prefer humid environments, planting lucumas can effectively shade, prevent wind, reduce pests, increase yield and improve the environment of small areas in the field, which has a positive effect on promoting the yield value of coffee. In addition, South American countries such as Brazil often use the wood of lucuma to make furniture, musical instruments, handicrafts and decorative materials.
conclusion
Cucuma is a small tropical fruit tree, while "Egg No. 1" lucuma fruit has better commodity characteristics, regular fruit shape, and is more acceptable to the market. This variety has the advantages of high yield, stable yield, high edible rate, low starch content, delicate taste and excellent quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for further promotion and demonstration of "Egg Ping No. 1" lucuma.
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