The adaptability and cultivation techniques of lucuma in chaoshan area
Ding Zechuan
Lucuma nervosa A.DC.) is native to the tropical regions of Cuba and South America and belongs to the lucuma genus of plants in the family Erythroxylum, also known as peach, peach olive, egg fruit, lionhead fruit and so on. Introduced to China in the 1930s, it was sporadically cultivated in Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Yunnan. Guangdong Province is the province with the largest area suitable for cultivating lucuma fruit in China, except for some parts of northern Guangdong that are not suitable for planting due to climatic conditions, the rest of the area can be planted. The lucuma tree is beautiful, the fruit shape is beautiful, the nutrition is rich, and its flesh can be processed into jams, drinks and fruit wine in addition to fresh food.
1 Overview of the test site
Chaoshan region is located in the southeast coast of Guangdong Province, north of the Lotus Mountains, south of the South China Sea, west of Haifeng County, east of Raoping County, across the sea from Taiwan, is a typical South Asian tropical region, the Tropic of Cancer throughout the territory, full of sunshine, abundant heat, abundant rainfall, the average annual temperature of 21 ~ 22 °C, the annual sunshine 1 900 ~ 2 400 hours, the annual rainfall of 1 400 ~ 2 400 mm, the average annual relative humidity of 78% ~ 83%. Spring sunshine is less, the air is humid, the disaster weather is low temperature rain and cold spring; summer rainfall, high temperature and heat, the average temperature is as high as 35 °C, often hit by tropical low pressure, tropical storms or typhoons; autumn weather is mostly sunny, cool and dry, and the constant cold dew wind causes significant cooling, endangering crop production; winter weather is mild, precipitation is small, low temperature frost when strong cold air invades, extremely low temperature -0.5 °C. Soil types include yellow soil, red soil, red soil, alluvial soil, paddy soil, etc., which are suitable for the growth of a variety of tropical and subtropical fruit trees. It is rich in Chaozhou citrus, green plum, olive, lychee, longan, banana, passion fruit, emblica and other fruits.
2 Biological characteristics
Botanical characteristics: lucuma is a perennial evergreen small tree, medium tree, up to 6 m, canopy semi-circular, conical, happy, etc.; branches are gray-brown, longitudinally lobed, new shoots yellow-brown with short villi, occurring in the axils of old mature branches or branches; tree branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and other organs can secrete white milky sap; leaves alternately spiral- arrangement, oblong or inverted lanceolate, thick paper, leaf margin slightly shallow wavy, leaf apex tapering, leaf midrib convexity, basal wedge-shaped. Lucuma flowers are bismaphroditic flowers, 1 to 4 flowers live polyphytes on the axillary or new shoots of the new shoot leaf, self-pollinating, calyx 5 to 6 lobes, sepals 5 to 6 lobes, sepals live, calyx yellow-green; bell-shaped corolla, number of lobes is 5 to 7 lobes, diameter 6.5 to 7 mm , corolla petals single-petal synapsysis, white-green, number of stamens 5 to 7, partially degenerated, pistil flower pillars short, ovary conical, 5 rooms; lucuma fruit has peach,inverted ovoid, spherical, flat and spindle shapes, fruit peduncles are slightly concave, fruit apex or pointed, Green when immature, yellow when ripe, seeds 1 to 6, oblong oval, brown shiny, lucuma edible part of the medium peel, loose and delicate flesh, good quality and flavor.
Phenological period: Lucuma often pulls out buds at the same time as pulling out new shoots, and its shoots are affected by tree age, tree potential and climatic environment. In the Chaoshan region, lucuma is pumped 4 times a year and spring shoots once a year, from mid-March to mid-April, summer shoots twice from mid-May to mid-August, autumn shoots 1 or 2 times in late August to late October, and winter shoots are less frequently, around mid-November. The buds of the positive fruit are drawn out when the spring shoots are drawn, and the initial flowering period is from late May to early June, the final flowering period is from late June to early July, the small fruit period begins in mid-to-late July, and the fruit matures from December to January to March of the second year. In summer and autumn, flower buds are often withdrawn, especially plants with low fruiting rates. Lucuma fruit bears fruit in all seasons, with the best quality fruit ripening in January to March of the following year.
Early fertility: Egg yolk fruit trees are generally planted after 5 years of production, grafted seedlings are planted after 3 years, and large trees are put into production after 2 years. The yield increases year by year, with the initial fruiting plant yielding about 5 kg, and the average yield of the stable tree in the fifth year reaching 15 kg.
Adaptability and stress resistance: After long-term observation, lucuma is suitable for growing in Chaoshan region. Lucuma fruit is more hardy, no cold damage is found at a temperature of 5 °C, the leaves below 0 °C are mildly frostbitten and turn purple or black; the branches are brittle, the resistance to mechanical force or natural wind is weak, the tropical cyclone in summer, before the invasion of strong cold air in winter, it is necessary to do a good job of protective measures against the tree wind; drought resistance is strong, in summer 35 °C high temperature drought, no irrigation conditions, normal growth and development; strong humidity tolerance, good growth on moist soil; strong tolerance to barrenness, suitable for sand loam, red soil and red soil and other soil types. Lucuma fruit has strong resistance to diseases and insects, no serious pests and diseases have been found, and occasionally scarab beetles nibble on young shoot leaves, a small number of mesenchymal insects are slightly infested, and slight soot disease is found. Prevention and control measures include: strengthening the quarantine of seedlings before planting, using lights to trap scarab beetles at the edge of the garden, protecting natural enemies such as ladybirds, parasitic bees and other biological control of shell insects as pests, pruning as harmful branches and leaves, scraping bark or brushing, etc., doing a good job of pruning, cultivating and weeding, paying attention to drainage and other orchard management in the rainy season, and preventing and controlling soot disease.
3 Cultivation techniques
Lucuma is suitable for cultivation in Chaoshan region of Guangdong Province, and is a tropical fruit tree species that can be selected for the production of green, organic fruits in Chaoshan region. Promoting excellent lucuma varieties and supporting high-quality cultivation techniques through circle branches, grafting, etc., can promote the planting and promotion of lucuma in Chaoshan area.
Seedlings: Seedlings are commonly used for seed propagation, branching and grafting. Seed propagation is usually in the spring, select full and mature seeds through sand storage treatment, germination and whitening and sowing, covering the nursery substrate about 2 cm thick, and shading the garden after watering. Circle branch propagation is usually carried out in March to May, select branches about 2 to 3 cm thick, ring peel width of about 4 cm, dry for 1 week, with red loam soil, coconut bran or peat moss and other hair base mixture naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or indole butyric acid (IBA) 50 mg / kg, mixed matrix with the branch ring peel as the center of the oval shape, and wrapped tightly with film, wait for about two months, when the white root system grows in large quantities, can be sawn off the branches of false planting. Grafting generally uses the multi-bud cutting method, often in March to April, when the scion tissue is full, the bud body is full, and the climatic conditions are suitable. When grafting, take the solid seedlings of 1 to 2 years old with robust growth and smooth bark as rootstock, cut the thickness of the rootstock on the excellent strain, with 3 full bud eyes, and the robust branches of about 4 cm long are scion, cut off the top of the rootstock and cut it quickly, when the grafting film is bandaged, the bud eye is only covered with a single layer, so that the scion germination automatically breaks the film, and the scion sprouts in about 15 days, and the indefinite buds on the rootstock are erased in time.
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Colonization: Colonized seedlings are selected for grafting nursery seedlings with robust growth, developed root system, and no quarantine diseases and insect pests, circle branches out of nursery seedlings or solid bag seedlings (for grafting after colonization), and the garden is suitable for good ecology, drainage and irrigation, and convenient transportation. Generally planted in March to May, the planting density can be 4 m × 4 m or 4 m × 5 m, first dig 80 cm × 80 cm × 80 cm colonization hole according to the garden plan, apply organic fertilizer (such as pig manure, soil manure, green manure, soybean cake, etc.) 8 kg and an appropriate amount of lime as the base fertilizer, mix the original soil into the application, wait for about a month, the organic fertilizer fermentation is sufficient after colonization. Before colonization, according to the situation of seedlings, some young branches and young leaves can be cut off, and after colonization, the root water is drizzled, and the tree tray is covered with straw, leaves or weeds, which plays a moisturizing and drought-resistant role.
Fertilizer management: Young trees combined with plastic pruning, weeding, loosening of soil, finishing of tree discs, compound fertilizer (18-4-18) about 50 g before each extraction, fertilization 4 times a year, according to the growth of the tree, can be slightly topdressed water fertilizer every 2 months (can be 3% to 5% of the fermented bean cake water or 0.2% root multi-humic acid water-soluble fertilizer +0.2% compound fertilizer 18-4-18), to accelerate the cultivation of a productive canopy. The result trees are subjected to budding fertilizer, fruit preservation fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer, etc. according to the tree potential and fruit quantity, and can be applied 0.3 to 1 kg of urea per plant, compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 0.2 to 0.5 kg, calcium superphosphate 0.3 kg, and organic fertilizer 10 kg (such as 7.5 kg of decomposed sheep manure, peanut cake fertilizer 2.5 kg), urea 0.5 kg, calcium magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer 0.5 kg per plant, and shallow application according to the circular groove. Chaoshan area may to June is a rainy season, if the rain is too much should be drained in time to prevent the orchard from accumulating water, July to August is often high temperature and heat, if there is drought, water should be irrigated in time to keep the soil moist.
Plastic pruning: After the colonization of young trees, pay attention to the cultivation of well-distributed main branches and side branches at all levels, the length of side branches is about 30 cm, and the growth of young trees is mainly vegetative within 3 years. When pruning, pay attention to less sparseness, more retention, light cutting, and remove the dense branches in the tree body. The result of the tree is mainly spring shears, summer shears as a supplement, spring pruning is generally carried out 1 month after fruit picking, mainly for the previous year's branches left about 30 cm for short cuts, pruning dead branches, diseased insect branches, cross branches, etc., summer pruning for summer shoots to grow to 30 cm after the top and over-dense branches to thin the pruning, so that the proportion of branches and leaves is reasonable, the length of the branches is moderate, and the light distribution is appropriate.
Flower and fruit management: flower bud management, lucuma fruit flowering amount is large, fruit fall rate is high, in the bud, flowering period according to the tree situation, the production of trees to do a good job of controlling the flowers and fruit protection work, erasing the long summer shoots, pruning the canopy of too many too dense and too weak branches, so that the tree momentum remains moderate, improve the fruit rate. The bud stage is strong and the pollination rate is increased, and 1 to 2 sprays of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% borax, 0.3% urea, 2,4-D or gibberellin 5 to 10 mg/L can be sprayed. Fruit stage management, physiological fruit fall, according to the fruit state of each branch can leave 1 to 3 fruits, remove deformed fruit, diseased fruit and too dense small fruit. To prevent the fruit from crushing the branches, the drooping branches can be supported by a frame or tied with elastic ropes to fix the branches.
Fruit bagging and harvesting: When the fruit reaches the size of an egg, you can choose to add a foam mesh bag to a breathable paper bag or a transparent plastic bag to reduce sunburn, prevent pests and diseases, and improve the appearance and quality of the fruit. Egg yolks are not consistent due to different harvest batches at different ripening stages, and can be harvested when the fruit turns yellow. The harvesting process should be careful to prevent mechanical damage to the fruit, and the fruit can be naturally ripened after 7 to 14 days. In order to prevent the fruit from overriding and rotting, it is advisable to check the fruit daily and can be eaten when the peel turns orange-yellow and the flesh is soft.
