On April 14, 1936, Liu Zhidan, commander of the Red 28th Army, was killed on the battlefield of the Red Army's Crusade. The ruthlessness of the bullets is very regrettable. In the revolutionary war, many senior commanders died on the battlefield, including Liu Zhidan, including Huang Gongluo, Zhao Bosheng, Hong Lei, Deng Ping, Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, and so on. Some people use "conspiracy theories" to interpret Liu Zhidan's death, hype up the "mystery of Liu Zhidan's sacrifice", and the intentions are extremely dark and sinister.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" >, Liu Zhidan sacrificed</h1>
Liu Zhidan is one of the founders of the base area in northern Shaanxi, and in an extremely difficult and complicated environment, he maintained and developed this red Soviet area and became the foothold of the Central Red Army.
In early 1936, Liu Zhidan led the Red 28th Army to march east to Shanxi, and on April 14, when attacking the town of Sanjiao on the Yellow River, Liu Zhidan personally went to the front line to check the enemy's situation, unfortunately was shot, and died not long after. There is a "husband zhi", whose original name is Ma Yi and whose pen name is Sima Lu. He had served as the propaganda minister in the Northern Shaanxi Border Region, and the Yan'an rectification failed to pass the censorship, and was sent to the front line to break the party, flee to Hong Kong, found newspapers and periodicals, and in the form of memoirs, create rumors of Liu Zhidan's sacrifice. He said in the book: "There is no exact date for Liu Zhidan's death. When Liu Zhidan died, the only person by his side was pei Zhouyu, the central commissioner, Liu Zhidan was killed by the central Red Army, and the executor was Pei Zhouyu, the central commissioner beside Liu. According to another northern Shaanxi cadre, I said, "When Liu Zhidan died, the bullet went through the back of his head. ’”
Weaving conspiracy theories with rumors and lies is a good trick for the well-known. First of all, Sima Lu said that there was no exact time, which could only show that he himself did not know the time. Song Renqiang, then political commissar of the Red 28 Army, recalled the day when commander Liu Zhidan was sacrificed: "At dawn on April 14, the siege of Sanjiao Town began. The headquarters of our army is located on Dangjia Mountain on the top of the south hill, not far from the position of our regiment. By noon, the attack was not going well. Only then did we discover that the original intelligence was inaccurate, and that the enemy had only one battalion, but in fact a regimental headquarters, two battalions, and an artillery company. Comrade Zhidan consulted with me and asked me to stay in the military headquarters to grasp the overall situation, and he personally went to a regimental position to have a look. I asked Comrade Pei Zhouyu, the commissioner in charge of the security work, and the staff officers to go with Comrade Zhidan. ”
Song Renqiang served as the political commissar of the cadre regiment during the Long March, partnered with Chen Geng, and experienced all kinds of difficulties and dangers to come to northern Shaanxi and then to the Red 28 Army. His memoirs are detailed and objective, and the credibility is undoubtedly very high. On the other hand, Sima Lu's works are made up of rumors and are full of prejudice. For example, he said, "Liu Zhidan was sent as the commander of the Red 28th Army, leading Xu Haidong to more than 400 people." The implication is that the composition of the Red 28th Army is the former Red 25th Army unit from Eyuwan, and Liu Zhidan's command is not moving, and he has no feelings for Liu Zhidan. In fact, the Red 25th Army led by Xu Haidong was organized into the 75th Division of the Red 15th Army as early as September 1935 after meeting the Red Army in northern Shaanxi. Leaving aside the strict discipline of the Red Army, let us see which units the Red 28Th Army is made up of. Song Renqiang's memoirs record: "(Red 28 Army) had three regiments under its jurisdiction, totaling more than 1,200 people. The Suide and Wubao Combat Regiments were organized into one regiment; the Mizhixi Guerrilla Division was organized into two regiments; and the Qingjian Hong Fourth Regiment was organized into three regiments. Liu Zhidan led the Red Army in northern Shaanxi in accordance with the basic principles that people were familiar with, and they ignored them.
In addition, Sima Lu wrote in the book: "On November 3 (1935), the Northwest Revolutionary Military Commission was established, and four of the nine members were Nie Hongjun, Xu Haidong, Cheng Zihua, and Guo Hongtao, indicating that the Central Committee affirmed the suppression of this line of fire. Such a statement is not only prejudice, but simply "stupid opinion" -- the Central Red Army and the Northern Shaanxi Red Army met on October 19, 1935, and then urgently arranged the Battle of Zhiluo Town.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="50" > second, Pei Zhouyu's memories</h1>
Since Sima Lu pointed directly at Pei Zhouyu, let's take a look at Pei Zhouyu's statement.
Pei Zhouyu, born in 1913 in Longmen Town, Pingjiang, Hunan Province, to a poor peasant family, joined the Red Army and walked through the Long March. In December 1935, Pei Zhouyugang recovered from illness and received a task: in order to enrich the cadres of the Red 28th Army, Wang Shoudao, director of the Security Bureau, appointed him as a commissioner. Before leaving, Vice Chairman Zhou Enlai specially received several comrades who went to serve in the Red 28 Army and emphatically emphasized: "We must respect Commander Liu Zhidan and all cadres and fighters, and we must be primary school students and must not make fingers." ”
Combined with the "Memoirs of Pei Zhouyu" and the memories of Liu Zhidan's guard Xie Wenxiang's "Commemoration of Liu Zhidan", let's take a look at the whole process of Comrade Liu Zhidan's sacrifice:
Liu Zhidan took Pei Zhouyu, the correspondent and the guards to the forward position of a regiment, and said a few words to the regimental commander and political commissar, and then Liu Zhidan and they climbed towards a small hill. According to guard Xie Wenxiang, the hill was about 300 meters away from the enemy's bunker; and according to Liu Zhidan's daughter Liu Lizhen and son-in-law Zhang Guang, many years later, they personally went to visual inspection, and the straight-line distance was about 1,000 meters. In short, it is very close to the enemy, and the battle situation in Sanjiao Town can be clearly seen with a telescope. Liu Zhidan observed on the tip of the mountain, Pei Zhouyu and the guard Xie Wenxiang repeatedly dissuaded Liu Zhidan: "The target is too big to hide, so quickly transfer!" Liu Zhidan watched intently, and when he saw the soldiers rushing up to the enemy bunker and were blocked by enemy fire, Liu Zhidan quickly called the correspondent to inform the regiment, not only by bravery and brutality, but also by tactical tactics. Liu Zhidan also wrote a short note to Song Renqian and asked the correspondent to send it to the military command post: "Tell the song political commissar that after noon, invite him to enter Sanjiao Town to drink victory wine!" ”
Liu Zhidan, who was full of confidence, deployed while observing, and personnel were sent out one after another, leaving only Liu Zhidan, Pei Zhouyu, and Xie Wenxiang on the mountain bag. Pei Zhouyu recalled: Suddenly, an enemy machine gun strafed the mountain, Liu Zhidan hugged his chest with both hands, and his body fell backwards. Pei Zhouyu was shocked, hugged Liu Zhidan, and shouted urgently: "Guard, go and call the doctor!" Xie Wenxiang recalled: He was about to pull Liu Zhidan down, Liu Zhidan held a telescope in both hands, climbed down a little later, was shot in the left chest, and immediately passed out.
Xie Wenxiang hurried to find a doctor, and Pei Zhouyu carried Liu Zhidan to the back of the hillside and found a flat place to put it down. On the left chest of Liu Zhidan's gray cotton military uniform, there was a hole pierced by bullets, and there was very little bleeding from the wound; Liu Zhidan was unconscious, his face was sallow, his breathing was weak, and his heart was beating slightly. After a while, Liu Zhidan opened his eyes, looked around, took Pei Zhouyu's hand, and said in a weak voice: "Let Commissar Song ... Command the troops, hurry up... Destroy the enemy. At this time, the doctor arrived, but Liu Zhidan had stopped breathing.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="51" >3, "unexpected" is not unexpected</h1>
Later, the "New Public Knowledge" inherited the mantle of "Husband Zhi" and continued to smear Liu Zhidan's sacrifice incident. For example, they cite Chairman Mao's words: "His (Liu Zhidan's) heroic sacrifice was accidental. Therefore, he grasped the word "accident" said by Chairman Mao and linked the word "accident" with "conspiracy" in a sharp and untied way. As everyone knows, this sentence comes from Chairman Mao's inscription in 1942 to commemorate the sixth anniversary of Liu Zhidan's sacrifice, and the full text is: "I only met Comrade Liu Zhidan once in northern Shaanxi, and I knew that he was a very good Communist Party member." His heroic sacrifice was unexpected, but his spirit of loyalty to the party and the country will always remain among the party and the people and will not be erased. "Look, a good "take it out of context" method!
Liu Zhidan's body was transported to Wayao Fort, and Zhou Enlai said in tears: "Zhidan is a very good comrade, his sacrifice is a heavy loss to the Red Army, and we must always commemorate him." He also said: Sister-in-law Liu (Mrs. Liu Zhidan and GuiRong) is seriously ill and hospitalized, and she will hold a memorial service after a few days when she is well.
In 1970, Pei Zhouyu had a casual conversation with Premier Zhou in Beijing, recalling the conversation in Wayaobao that year, and Premier Zhou repeatedly reminded the cadres who went to work in the Red 28 Army to respect the Red Army and Comrade Liu Zhidan in northern Shaanxi. Speaking of Liu Zhidan's sacrifice, Premier Zhou said: Guns and cannons have no eyes, and it is difficult to avoid touching anyone's head, and we have sacrificed millions of good comrades, and they are immortal.
Among the millions of comrades who sacrificed their lives mentioned by Premier Zhou, there is also a familiar name: Xie Zichang. Xie Zichang and Liu Zhidan are the two brightest red stars of the Northwest Revolution. On August 26, 1934, when the Red Army in northern Shaanxi attacked the town of Hekou, the attack was difficult to achieve because the enemy was holding the bunker. Xie Zichang's command position was originally at the top of the mountain, and after seeing that the long attack had not been conquered, he personally came to the forward position. Wang Shitai, the commander of the Red 3 Regiment who was commanding, recalled: "At that time, I reported to the sub-commander about 50 meters behind a ridge about 50 meters from the enemy bunker that the reason for the failure to attack the stronghold was unsuccessful, and the sub-commander listened to it and leaned outside the hurdle to check the terrain, and I quickly reached out to pull him and pulled his upper body back 90 degrees to the left, and at this moment, the enemy shot a bullet from the bunker, rubbed the chest of the sub-commander from the right side, and finally injured a local militiaman who temporarily participated in the battle. ”
The process of Xie Zichang's injury was so similar to the scene of Liu Zhidan's sacrifice! This Hekou village, on the west side of the Yellow River, is only about 35 kilometers away from Sanjiao Town in hedong! If it were not for Wang Shitaila, Xie Zichang would have died on the spot. After being injured, Comrade Xie Zichang died six months later due to lack of medical treatment and medicine. In order to commemorate the two heroes of the Northwest Revolution, the central government decided to rename Anding County to Zichang County and Baoan County to Zhidan County.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="52" >4</h1>
Is there a different way of saying it? Yes. Let's look at the recollection of Li Shengyou, a guard of Qian Xinzhong, minister of health of the Red 15Th Army: Towards the end of the battle against Sanjiao Town, Liu Zhidan, Xu Haidong, Song Renqian, Qian Xinzhong, and other chiefs stood on the top of the mountain to observe the battle under the mountain, and suddenly, a criminal bullet hit Liu Zhidan, and he shook and fell to the ground. With the bright light of the flashlight, it was found that the bullet was penetrated from the left side of the buttocks and came out of the lower abdomen, and the injury was very serious.
Lo and behold, this is what the "conspiracy theorists" need to "get shot in the back", and then the three of them become tigers, deducing Sima Lu's "bullet is shot in from the back of the head". Is it only heroic to be shot in the front on the battlefield? Can't you turn sideways and turn around? The public knows deduce from this that the bullet came from their own people behind them, which is also a brain hole and a clear thinking.
Comrade Li Shengyou recalled that there was a big problem -- when the Red 28Th Army attacked Sanjiao Town, Xu Haidong and Qian Xinzhong could not be present. Let's go and see the memoirs of Cheng Zihua, political commissar of the Red 15th Army: "On April 12, our 223rd Regiment fought fiercely with the defending 392nd Regiment in the area of Shangqiao and Dashi village, killing and wounding more than 400 enemies, capturing more than 300 enemy regiments, and capturing the enemy regiment leader Guo Dengying. Our army marched to the outskirts of Damai to rest. On April 14, the Red 15th Army was reorganizing and splitting the 75th Division under its jurisdiction into two divisions, the 73rd and 75th Divisions. In fact, the risks of wartime are everywhere. Just a month before Liu Zhidan's sacrifice, Xu Haidong almost had a big incident: the headquarters called a meeting of the leaders of the legion, Xu Haidong returned from the meeting, passed through the village, the horse he rode was chased and bitten by a dog, the horse was frightened and threw Xu Haidong off the horse' back, his head landed first, and he was suddenly unconscious...
There are still some small loopholes in Li Sheng's statement. For example, he said that Qian Xinzhong was the health minister of the Red 25 Army, and the actual red 25 Army number no longer existed, and it was reorganized into the 75th Division of the Red 15th Army half a year ago. He also said that after Liu Zhidan was shot, Qian Xinzhong immediately called a doctor for first aid, and Qian Xinzhong himself was a doctor with excellent medical skills.
In fact, no matter how the public knows interpret it, it is difficult to deduce from Li Shengyou's statement that Liu Zhidan's shooting was a conspiracy - even if Pei Zhouyu wanted to fight the "black gun", when Liu Zhidan, Xu Haidong, Song Renqian, and Qian Xinzhong stood together, he would choose this time? Fools don't believe it either! Moreover, the Security Bureau has the right to dispose of senior generals through the Central Committee. Some claims also "traveled" through time and space to involve Kang Sheng, which is even more nonsense, and Kang Sheng's return to China was a year and a half after Liu Zhidan's sacrifice.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="54" >5</h1>
As for the public knowledge of the development of "shot in the back" to "shot in the back", it is even more contrary to common sense, you can imagine how much trauma will be formed on the head when the bullet is shot out of the back of the head!
Pei Zhouyu, who was responsible for the burial of Liu Zhidan's body, recalled: In a compound in Sanjiao Town, after several twists and turns, I found a ferry, "I scrubbed the dirt on Liu Zhidan's remains, sorted out my clothes and hats, carried the body into the coffin, nailed the coffin lid, and transported it to the Yellow River ferry. At 12:00 p.m., the ferry quietly moved toward the Su District on the west bank of the Yellow River. ”
And that's not all. Guo Hongtao, then secretary of the Northern Shaanxi Border Region, preached in the article "In Memory of Liu Zhidan": Comrade Zhidan's body was escorted to Wayao Fort by his comrades-in-arms. Many leading comrades of the Party Central Committee, the Red Army, and the villagers of northern Shaanxi came to greet the spirit. Comrade Zhou Enlai, Liu Zhidan's sister-in-law (Liu Zhidan's wife and Guirong) and I personally sent the coffin down to the burial chamber, and Zhou Enlai presided over the memorial service, at which I introduced Comrade Zhidan's revolutionary life. After Comrade Zhidan's sacrifice, in order to commemorate him forever, the Party Central Committee decided to change Baoan County to Zhidan County, giving him a very high evaluation. Chairman Mao's inscription: "Mass Leader, People's Hero"
And that's not all. Liu Zhidan's daughter Liu Lizhen said in "Remembering My Father": "When I moved my father's soul in 1943, my mother collected his bones and found that he was still wearing the old army coat she made for him. "Let's see, Liu Zhidan's wife later opened the coffin to pick up bones, can't you see whether he was shot in the chest or in the head?"
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="55" >6, novel "Liu Zhidan"</h1>
The novel "Liu Zhidan" describes the process of sacrifice as follows:
Liu Zhidan's telescope did not leave his hand, crouched on the mountain bag to observe, and clearly saw that the Red Army had occupied the outer bunkers. The enemy is fleeing into the town. He stood up again, and the commissioner (based on Pei Zhouyu) also stood up. Suddenly, a shuttle of bullets flew out from the northeast bunker, and Liu Zhidan was heard whispering, "Hey, Quansheng, take this!" The commissioner helped Quansheng (Xie Zixiang, a guard based on Liu Zhidan) to take the telescope and found That Zhidan's body was sliding down the hillside. The commissioner was shocked: "The commander is injured!" Quansheng jumped over, and the two of them hugged Zhidan and put him in a hidden place. While calling the guard, he said, "Get a doctor for first aid!" Inform commissar Song! Hao Ke (the character in the book, the commander of the military communications squad) rushed to touch Zhi Dan's face, unbuttoned it again, and listened to the heart, Hao Ke was stupid: Zhi Dan's chest was full of bullet holes. Busy put on the cover and said, crying: "The bullet penetrated the left chest, not one!" There is no blood, all into the heart! ”
Some people may ask: When you talk about history, how can you use novels as historical materials? "Liu Zhidan" is not a novel in the ordinary sense. First, the author of the novel is not ordinary, she is Liu Zhidan's sister-in-law - Liu Zhidan's younger brother Liu Jingfan's wife Li Jiantong. Li Jiantong is a literature lover, she collected materials, fieldwork, and wrote a 300,000-word biography. However, considering the external influence, the second draft blured the characters in the book and changed it to a historical novel. Second, the novel has not yet been published, which has caused an uproar. Because writing About Liu Zhidan and writing about Northern Shaanxi inevitably involves the evaluation of various characters and historical events. In this regard, some veteran cadres in the base areas of northern Shaanxi have put forward different opinions. In that particular era, Liu Zhidan was set as "the use of novels for anti-party activities was a major invention," and several cadres were implicated.
In the 1980s, a set of three volumes of Liu Zhidan was published, and the controversy did not diminish. Although the author Li Jiantong has repeatedly claimed that this book is a novel, not a party history, this "novel" is widely considered to be historical material.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="56" >7</h1>
Are the public known to be "uneven" for Liu Zhidan? Non also. To portray Liu Zhidan's sacrifice as a conspiracy is a great insult to Liu Zhidan!
Liu Zhidan has strong skills and great achievements, and is dependent on the people of northern Shaanxi. His comrade-in-arms Zhu Zixiu said in "Memories and Trivia": "He (Liu Zhidan) was amiable and loved by his subordinates. He often went to the company to play, and the soldiers saw him as if they were seeing their relatives, greeting him, asking long questions and short questions, and they rarely called him the commander-in-chief or the chief of staff, and they all called him 'Old Liu'. ”
In early October 1935, during the erroneous purge in northern Shaanxi, Liu Zhidan received a notice from the Rear Security Bureau to return to Wayao Fort, and met a messenger on the way. Since Liu Zhidan was the deputy commander of the Red 15th Army and had high prestige, the correspondent naturally handed the letter to Liu Zhidan. Liu Zhidan opened the letter and looked at it, but it was a secret order to arrest him. At this time, Liu Zhidan did not show his face, but still ordered the messenger to send the letter to the regimental headquarters, and asked the guards to follow him back to the troops, and he calmly rode back to The Wayao Fort by himself, making mental preparations for being imprisoned or even beheaded. As soon as I arrived at The Wattau Fort, I was arrested. If the central authorities had not arrived in time, another unjust case would have occurred!
Liu Zhidan is so high-spirited, how can there be the so-called struggle for power and profit in the "conspiracy theory"?
To say that the central government is afraid that Liu Zhidan's connections are too good is even more a big joke. From the arrival of the Central Red Army in northern Shaanxi to the sacrifice of Liu Zhidan, it was only half a year before and after, and the Red Army's foothold was unstable, and it was in need of comrades in northern Shaanxi to contribute their efforts. Including the aforementioned, some people who participated in the wrong crackdown were still entrusted with heavy responsibilities in the early stage, which is not "affirmation" as Sima Lu said, but for stability!
Those who slander Pei Zhouyu should understand a basic logic: if Pei Zhouyu carries out such a major task, there will inevitably be two endings, either rising high or accidents. In fact, Comrade Pei Zhouyu was a stable man, he was a cadre of the Long March, and later after the War of Resistance Against Japan, the War of Liberation, and the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, he had seniority and meritorious achievements, and was basically awarded the rank of major general according to his position.
Is Liu Zhidan's sacrifice good for the cadres sent by the central government to the Red 28Th Army? The answer is still no. Song Renqiang preached: After the battle of Sanjiao Town, there were only more than 700 people left in the Red 28Th Army, and the commander was also sacrificed, and the red 28th Army was ready to be abolished. Later, the General Political Department specially sent people to the Red 28 Army to inspect, and seeing that the morale of the troops was strong and the quality was good, they decided to retain the red 28 army structure and appointed Song Renqian as the commander and Cai Shufan as the political commissar.
The more important historical fact is that the Central Red Army had just arrived in northern Shaanxi, heard that many cadres had been arrested, and immediately realized that it might have made the mistake of suppressing and expanding the system, and Chairman Mao immediately ordered: "Keep people under the knife" and "stop arresting people." Then the central government sent Wang Shoudao, Liu Xiangsan, and Jia Tuofu to The Wayao Fort to save people. Wang Shoudao recalled: "We personally visited Comrade Zhidan, who was the 'first offender', with handcuffs and shackles. After the Battle of Zhiluo Town, Chairman Mao came to Wayao Fort, listened to the reports of Wang Shoudao and others, and sternly pointed out: The arrest of Liu Zhidan and other comrades is completely wrong, it is a false accusation, it is opportunism, and it is crazy disease!
Later, the veteran cadres recalled: "If the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao were four days late, our group would be buried alive." If the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao take action a few days late and the unjust case is completed, will "infighting" still be used? Zhang Xiushan, a veteran cadre in northern Shaanxi, said: "Chairman Mao said: It was the central authorities that saved northern Shaanxi, and it was also northern Shaanxi that saved the central authorities. But for our comrades in the northwest, what we must never forget in our hearts is that the Party Central Committee saved northern Shaanxi. ”
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="57" >8, for victory</h1>
In order to maintain the party's leadership and authority, Liu Zhidan ignored his own life and death. However, the absurdity and cruelty of the "repression" made him feel deep pain in his heart. Zhang Xiushan's memoir "My Eighty-Five Years" records that just before the Eastern Expedition to cross the river, Liu Zhidan led the Red 28th Army to the Shenfu, and that night, Zhang Xiushan and Liu Zhidan slept on a kang and had a long conversation. When they recalled the heavy damage caused by the "purge" to the base areas in northern Shaanxi, the two were indignant in their hearts. Although the central authorities came to northern Shaanxi and rescued Comrades Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, Zhang Xiushan, and other comrades, because of the tight time, it was too late to draw conclusions (it was not until the convening of the Northern Shaanxi High-Level Cadres Conference in 1942 that they made conclusions, and there were still many repetitions later), and they still carried various "crimes" and were not rehabilitated. Liu Zhidan said to Zhang Xiushan: "Whether we are right-wing counter-revolutionaries or not, let them see on the battlefield!" Chairman Mao of the Party Central Committee will one day make these things clear. ”
If you are bent on winning the battle, you must command from the front, which cannot but be said to be one of the reasons for Liu Zhidan's sacrifice. Although the Red 28th Army claims to be an army, there are actually only about 1200 people, and it is not a strange thing that Liu Zhidan went to the forward position as a military commander, right? Will this small force have the problem of "too heavy a task"? In fact, the main force was the Red 1st Army on the middle road (crossing the Yellow River from Sanjiao Town), followed by the Red 15th Army on the Right Road, which crossed the river at 20:00 on February 20; the Red 28th Army on the left road crossed the river at 20:00 on February 20; the Red 28th Army on the left road crossed the river on March 31, and its main role was to contain and mobilize the enemy. If you do not understand these details and interpret history far-fetchedly, you will get farther and farther away from the truth, you will insult the qualities and sentiments of your ancestors, and you will fall into the trap of the public knowledge to smear everything!
The author of this article: Ma Si, "This is the war" joined the author.
Editor's Profile: Wang Zhengxing, former officer of a field unit of the People's Liberation Army, has served in infantry detachments, headquarters, logistics departments and other units, is committed to the study of war history and tactics, and has a unique understanding of military tactics and non-war operations. His book "This is War" was recommended in two issues in May and June 2014 by Phoenix TV's "Eight Minutes of Open Volume" column. His public account name is also "This is war", welcome to pay attention