On this day in history, on May 30, 1903, Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army" was published.
Zou Rong (1885-1905), formerly known as Shao Tao, was a native of Ba County, Sichuan. He was intelligent and studious since he was a child, and he was concerned about the major affairs of the country, determined to save the country and the people, and often talked about political affairs, so he was expelled from the college.
Change the prodigy poem
Zou Rong
Little time off to study, the article was mistaken.
Corrupt officials and corrupt officials are all readers.
In the summer of 1901, in order to find the truth of saving the country and the people, Zou Rong decided to go to Japan to study at his own expense. In the spring of 1902, Zou Rongdong traveled to Japan to study at the Tongwen Academy in Tokyo, where he eagerly read a large number of new books, such as the bourgeois Enlightenment thinker Rousseau's "TheOry of the Civil Covenant", Montesquieu's "The Essence of All Laws", John Müller's "TheOry of Freedom", and the history books of the French bourgeois revolution and the American War of Independence.
Zou Rong envisioned the Democratic Republic of Europe and the United States, and while studying, he actively participated in the anti-Qing propaganda of students studying in Japan, and was soon forced to leave Japan and return to Shanghai in the spring of 1903. After returning to China, he joined the Patriotic Society presided over by Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Taiyan, and others, and actively participated in the anti-Russian movement.
When Zou Rong was in Japan, he had already begun to write the Revolutionary Army, and when he returned to Shanghai, he focused his main energy on the final draft. Because Liu Yazi and others helped raise the cost of publication, it was officially published on May 30, 1903, with Zhang Taiyan writing the preface and Zhang Shizhao signing it.
"Revolutionary Army", with the Western theory of national revolution as the main weapon, expounds the justice and necessity of the revolution from the front, and propagates the main theme of the revolution and the democratic republic.
In "Revolutionary Army", Zou Rong took "natural human rights", "freedom, equality, and fraternity" as the guiding ideology, and openly proposed to overthrow the Manchu Qing imperial power by revolutionary means and establish a democratic country " Republic of China " , which sounded the death knell for more than two thousand years of feudal despotism and sounded the clarion call for the democratic revolution.
The book is more than 20,000 words and is divided into seven chapters:
I. Introduction;
(b) the causes of the revolution;
(c) Revolutionary education;
(4) The revolution must dissect the race;
(v) The revolution must first remove the roots of slavery;
(6) The great righteousness of revolutionary independence;
VII. Conclusion.
At the beginning of "Revolutionary Army", the greatness of the revolutionary cause is enthusiastically praised:
"One of the great aims is revolution. Wow! Revolution also. Emperor! Revolution also. ”
The book clearly states: "Revolutionaries, the public practice of heavenly performance is also." Revolutionaries, the axioms of the world also. Revolutionaries, the essence of the transitional era of survival and survival. Revolutionaries, according to heaven, but also to people. Revolutionaries, to corrupt and to save the good also. Revolutionaries, from barbarism to civilization also. Revolutionaries, except slaves and masters also. ”
Zou Rong pointed out that since Qin Shi Huang unified the world, called the emperor, and established an autocratic political system, this feudal autocratic system of treating the country as the private property of one family and one surname has been the root cause of the combination of military disasters, the poverty of the country and the people, and all evils. Thus, he concluded: "Revolution! revolution! To gain is to live, not to die, not to retreat, not to be neutral, not to wander. ”
Zou Rong wrote a very different view from the royalists of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao: "If you want to insult the outside world, first clear the internal troubles." When exposing the qing government's greed and ruthlessness and the absurdity and shamelessness of the rulers, he said: "The Yuanmingyuan of Qianlong has been reduced to ashes and cannot be relied upon. For example, in the recent Chonglou Jie Pavilion, the majestic summer palace, asked a rubble and a gravel, why not carve the anointing grease of the Han Chinese for a prostitute Nala's pride. Husbands are violent and qin have no way, as Afang Palace, the world in the hereafter, still called it unkind, how is it in the Yuanmingyuan? What about the Summer Palace? My compatriots do not dare to speak of their evildoers, but they know the extreme of the dictatorship of the Manchurian government. ”
The book not only ruthlessly exposes the Qing Dynasty as a prison for the oppressed nations in The country, but also a loyal lackey of imperialism: "'Measuring the material strength of China and the joy of forming friends' is not the words of the Huanghuang Emperor!" China, Chinese China also. Cutting the land of my compatriots, robbing the property of my compatriots, in order to buy the comfort of their family and five million slaves in one day, this cut the heart of Taiwan Jiaozhou, so I felt five in the middle! ”
Zou Rong advocated using revolutionary means to overthrow the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty: "sharpen my blade and build my banner", "gallop in the rain of bullets and bullets" with the Qing Dynasty, and then sweep away the "foreign demons" that interfered in China's sovereignty.
Zou Rong declared that he would fight a bloody battle against imperialism to the end, "endure the order of the kingdom to be crowned, fall to Yidi, lead Zhongyuan Haojie, and return my rivers and mountains."
Zou Rong also put forward a specific plan for the establishment of a bourgeois democratic republic, "designating the Republic of China," "establishing the central government as the general organ for the affairs of the whole country," "voting in the provinces to elect a general assembly, and one of the provincial general councilors to be elected as the provisional president, the representative of the whole country, and another as vice president, and the prefectures and counties to raise a number of deputies," "all men and women are equal to each other, and there is no distinction between the superior and inferior," "no encroachment on the freedom of others, such as speech, thought, publication, and so on," and so on.
Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army" and Zhang Taiyan's "Refuting Kang Youwei's Book on Revolution" are both brilliant, with different styles and different effects. Zhangwen's words are high and ancient, very praised by the literati and inkers, and are widely spread in the upper cultural circles and have a great influence; while Zou Wen's words are simple in meaning, fierce in words, and more popular in the lower-level civil society, of course, it is easier to enlighten and mobilize ordinary people to engage in anti-Qing struggles.
At that time, people rushed to read the Revolutionary Army, praising it as "the first textbook of national education" and the "Declaration of Human Rights" in modern China. This book made the Qing government panic and uneasy, colluded with imperialism to shut down the Patriotic Society and the "Su Bao", arrested Zhang Taiyan, and created the "Su Bao" case that shocked China and foreign countries.
Zhang Taiyan was arrested, and Zou Rong, in solidarity with Zhang Taiyan, voluntarily surrendered to share the charges and suffered with friends, and in May of the following year, he was sentenced to 2 years in prison.
In prison, zou rong was given
Zhang Taiyan
Zou Rongwu's younger brother was sent down to Yingzhou.
Quick scissors to remove braids, dried beef as a rice.
As soon as the hero goes to prison, the heavens and the earth are also miserable.
It is advisable to mix hands when it comes to fate, and qiankun is only two ends.
Zhang Taiyan was ready to fight with death, and Zou Rong was also determined to fight to the end with life and death.
In prison, he answered xi hunting
My brother, Uncle Zhang, is worried about the country.
And the world is ignorant of myself, and I am miserable.
Once hell, when will you sweep away the atmosphere of the demon!
Last night dreamed of Peace, with the revival of the revolutionary army.
The two wrote poems and sang harmony in prison, which also became a beautiful conversation.
Desperate words
Zou Rong Zhang Binglin
Pingsheng Yukou Yufengzhi (邹), nearly dead heart does not return to Yang (chapter).
May the power be able to give birth to a thousand warriors (Zou), and the prison may not hate the dead sheep (chapter).
In prison, Zou Rong fell ill after being tortured, but the prison authorities did not allow him to go out to see a doctor. It was not until April 3, 1905, that his condition was already very dangerous, and he was allowed to go out to get medicine and return to prison to take it. Zou Rong vomited blood and died after returning to prison to take medicine, and people thought that he was poisoned, but there was nothing he could do. At this time, Zou Rong was only 20 years old, and he was still two months away from being released from prison. Because of the long distance in Sichuan, the revolutionary Liu San (Ji Ping) "sacrificed the vacant land next to his house as the tomb of Zou Rong".
On June 29, the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), Zhang Binglin was released from prison, and the League sent personnel to Shanghai to welcome Zhang Taiyan to Japan. He joined the League in Japan, edited the people's newspaper, and from then on, he used articles as weapons and ideas as a clarion call, and embarked on the road to overthrow the Manchu Qing.
The book "Revolutionary Army", which sounded the death knell for the decadent Qing Dynasty, is an important battle article in the history of the anti-Qing revolution, and its value will forever be remembered in history.
Although the decadent Manchu Qing Dynasty killed Zou Rong and strangled free speech, it did not stop its demise. Seven years later, in 1912, Xuantong abdicated and the feudal autocracy ended completely.
It is wise to learn from history.
Thank you for your support and interest.