Zou Rong (1885-1905), alias ShaoTao and Gui Wen, was a famous bourgeois revolutionary propagandist in modern China. In the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu (1903), he was imprisoned in the British Concession in Shanghai for writing "Revolutionary Army" as a "pawn in the revolutionary army", and Guangxu died in Shanghai prison on April 3, 1905. After the success of the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen posthumously awarded Zou Rong the honorary title of "Army General" and revered the Martyrs' Shrine.
Chinese name is Zou Rong
Date of birth 1885
Place of birth: Fuba County, Chongqing (present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing)
Name Wei Dan (Wei Dan)
He died on April 3, 1905
Juvenile years
Zou Rong was born into a family of commercial capitalists in Fuba County, Chongqing (present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing), and his ancestral home was Macheng, Hubei. In the seventeenth year of Guangxu (1891), Zou Rong followed his eldest brother Yun Dan into a private school. When he was eleven or twelve years old, he was already familiar with the Four Books and Five Classics, and could recite such historical masterpieces as the "Records of History" and the "Book of Han". At this time, just as the Restoration Movement was on the rise, Zou Rong gradually came into contact with books and periodicals that mainly promoted "new learning" and "Western studies." He then began to receive another kind of enlightenment education, and thus to a certain extent, he developed a perceptual understanding of contempt for feudal culture and the imperial examination system, became aware of the corruption of qing dynasty rule, and was deeply worried about the danger that China was facing by the frenzy of imperialist division of China. In this way, Zou Rong's thoughts and interests,
Works
Revolutionary
Biography
The father's expectations were at odds, and the conflict between the old and the new soon broke out between father and son. His father wanted him to go to high school, but he hated the staleness of scripture, despised the eight merits, liked to read new books and periodicals such as "Theory of Heavenly Speech" and "Shi Ji Bao", and set his heart on a new trend of thought for restoration and reform. [1]
In the twenty-third year of Guangxu (1897), Zou Rong turned 12 years old and was ordered by his father to take the ba county boy exam with his eldest brother. As soon as he entered the first field, because the test questions were very strange, he immediately collided with the main examiner, so he angrily quit the exam and left. Back at home, he was beaten by his father. But Zou Rong was not convinced, and stubbornly defended his father: "Stinky eight strands are unwilling to learn, and full of children are unwilling to enter." What is the use of the name of the world? Afterwards, although his father Zou Zipan forced his son to enter chongqing Jingxue Academy to continue his education in Confucian classics, Zou Rong still did not obey, and in the academy "pointed to the heavens and the earth, not Yao Shun, Bo Zhoukong, and had no way to avoid." "Attacking Cheng Zhu and the Qing Confucian doctrine, especially the body is incomplete." As a result, he was expelled from the Academy.
In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu (1898), the Penghu Reform Law failed, and when he heard the news that Tan Si and the other six gentlemen had been killed, he was indignant and composed a poem: "The morale of Xianghu Lake is weakened. But those who come after, will not be discouraged. To express his regret and ambition for change. At this time, Zou Rong was not yet an adult. Later, when he entered the Chongqing Madrasa College to study, he still cared about major state affairs, was determined to save the country and the people, and often talked about political affairs, so that he was removed. [2]
Dongdu studied
In the 27th year of Guangxu (1901), Sichuan Province sent students to study in Japan for the first time and held examinations in Chengdu. Zou Rong asked to go to the examination. Zou Zipan felt that he could not make his son linger on the road of the imperial examination, so he promised him to try it, the purpose of which was to let him return from studying abroad and obtain the meritorious title of a scholar and a soldier from the imperial court, and still enter the official field. Because the Qing Dynasty had already issued an edict to "change the law," it was rumored that there were measures to confer meritorious and official positions on international students. In June of that year, Zou Rong braved the summer to walk from Chongqing to Chengdu to take the exam. After the examination, he was admitted, and was led by Li Liyuan, the alternate prefect who presided over the examination, to meet with The Governor of Sichuan, Kui Jun. Kui Jun "encouraged a few words, returned to Yu zhi's suit, and went to Japan in mid-August." However, just before leaving, Zou Rong was slandered by some diehards as "intelligent and unscrupulous" and removed from his list. However, Zou Rong was not discouraged, and with the desire to get rid of the shackles of tradition and explore new knowledge, he fought in front of his father and asked to stay in Japan at his own expense. In the late autumn of that year, he borrowed travel expenses from relatives, took a boat from Chongqing, crossed the Three Gorges, and went down the river to Shanghai. Soon after, he entered the HirokataKan attached to the Gangnam Manufacturing Bureau to learn Japanese. Zou Zipanxuan was persuaded by relatives to agree to pay the cost of staying in Japan.
In the spring of the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (1902), he broke through many obstacles and crossed to Japan at his own expense and entered the Tongwen Academy in Tokyo. After arriving in Japan, Zou Rong studied assiduously, he read a large number of Western bourgeois enlightenment works, he once "compared himself to France Rousseau", and at the same time he also participated extensively in various activities of students studying in Japan, and he had to attend lectures at every rally. In Japan, Zou Rong had a large number of contacts with Western bourgeois democratic ideas and culture, and his revolutionary tendencies became increasingly apparent, and he became acquainted with some revolutionary volunteers and actively participated in the patriotic activities of students studying in Japan. He was resolute and courageous, often rushed to give speeches and state his own views, and his words were sharp and tragic, and he was recognized as a revolutionary. At that time, the Qing government sent army students stationed in Japan to supervise Yao Wenfu's moral corruption, and seduced the students studying in Japan to supervise Qian's little wife. Zou Rong and a few other international students broke into Yao Wenfu's residence with scissors, slapped him several times when they met, and Zou Rong cut his braids again. Afterwards, Yao Wenfu accused Zou Rong with Cai Jun, the Qing government's minister in Japan. Zou Rong's wild rebellious behavior caused great anger in the Qing court, and under the dual pressure of the Qing court and the Japanese side, Zou Rong was forced to leave Japan and return to China.
Revolutionary activity
In March of the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), when it was rumored that Wang Zhichun, the governor of Guangxi, would use the French soldiers to quell the party uprising in the provincial capital, the students studying in Japan in Tokyo immediately called the Patriotic Society and the Chinese Education Association, hoping to respond to each other and resisting each other. On April 28 (April 25), Shanghai patriots held a "law rejection" conference in Zhangyuan. Without hesitation, news came that Russia had breached the contract and not fulfilled the second phase of the withdrawal agreement, in a vain attempt to monopolize the rights of the three eastern provinces. On the first day of April (April 27), People from Shanghai will call Zhang Yuan to "reject Russia." In the surging anti-Russian movement, Zou Rong actively participated in Zhang Yuan's rally and the exercise of the anti-Russian volunteer team. On April 28 (May 24), the China Education Association held a Monthly Meeting in ZhangYuan, and Zou Rong delivered a speech entitled "On the Current Trend of Reforming China." At the same time, he also proposed the initiative of organizing the "Chinese Student League", calling on students from all over the country to form a large group. Zou Rong eagerly hoped that the emerging and most conscious intellectuals would take advantage of the time to perk up and shoulder the historical task of opposing the Qing-democratic revolution. It was precisely under the impetus of this patriotic passion that Zou Rong wrote the book "Revolutionary Army", signed it as "Zou Rong, a former pawn in the revolutionary army", and asked Zhang Taiyan to revise it. After reading the chapter, he praised the knot and thought that it was precisely such a straightforward and bold and popular text that could play a wide propaganda role, so he did not make any embellishments, and wrote a preface with a pen, praising the "Revolutionary Army" as the "first voice of the righteous teacher". Subsequently, Liu Yazi and others raised printing costs, handed over to Datong Bookstore for typesetting, and published and distributed in early May.
Taking the "natural human rights" and "freedom, equality, and fraternity" put forward during the period of the Western bourgeois revolution as the guiding ideology, Zou Rong expounded the necessity of opposing feudal autocracy and carrying out a bourgeois democratic revolution, and pointed out that the "revolution" is a process of eliminating corruption by preserving good from evil, beauty to ugliness, and goodness to corruption in ancient and modern times, religion, morality, politics, scholarship, and daily things. Revolution also. Emperor! Revolution also. He also exposed the Qing government's oppression of the Chinese people and analyzed the inevitability of the revolution from the corruption of the Qing Dynasty's official system, criminal trials, and the greed of officials, the policies toward intellectuals, the peasants, overseas Chinese workers, merchants, soldiers, and a series of foreign policies. The great righteousness of clearly declaring revolutionary independence lies in: "Never break free from the shackles of Manchuria, regain the rights lost, and be between the powers of the earth", "the position of equality and freedom of all my talents", "the great power to protect my independence", that is, to overthrow the feudal autocratic dynasty and establish the "Republic of China"!
Died in prison
Just when the "Revolutionary Army" came out, the "Su Bao" announced "great reforms" on the sixth day of may (June 1) because Zhang Shizhao took over as the main writer, and the speech became more radical, and the words "full of platoons" and "qiu man" were published one after another. On the sixth day of the first month, an article entitled "Kang Youwei" was published, denouncing Kang Youwei's words and deeds of vigorously advocating royalty and resisting the revolution. On the fourteenth (9th), it published "Reading the Revolutionary Army," which praised it as "the first textbook of national education today," and commented in the "Introduction to the New Book" column that the "Revolutionary Army" "has a purpose dedicated to expelling the Manchus and restoring China. If this book can be used to popularize the minds of 40 million people, China will also flourish." On the fifth day of the first month of leap may (June 29), with the title of "The Relationship between Kang Youwei and Jue Luojun", Deng Zhang Taiyan's "Refuting Kang Youwei's Book" denounced "carrying a clown and not discerning the wheat", and bitterly refuted Kang Youwei's royalist fallacy. "Su Bao" quickly became a revolutionary newspaper that attracted national attention and stood alone. On the fifth and sixth day of the first lunar month, Cheng Jifu and Zhang Taiyan, the accountants of the Su Bao, as well as Chen Fan's son Chen Zhongyi and the clerk Qian Baoren were arrested. On the seventh day of the first month (July 1), Zou Rong threw himself into the house to share the suffering with Zhang Taiyan. Cai Yuanpei left Shanghai for Qingdao beforehand, and Chen Fan, Huang Zongyang, Wu Zhihui, and others took refuge and went abroad. Subsequently, the consular mission, at the request of Shanghai Road, closed the Su Bao on the thirteenth.
Since Zou Rong was imprisoned, he had the determination to sacrifice for the revolution. He and Zhang Taiyan gave poems to Ming Zhi in prison and forged ahead with each other. On may 28, Zhang Yin wrote a poem "Giving Zou Rong in Prison": "Zou Rongwu's younger brother was sent down to Yingzhou. Quick scissors to remove braids, dried beef as a rice. As soon as the hero goes to prison, the heavens and the earth are also miserable. It is advisable to mix hands when it comes to fate, and qiankun is only two ends. Zou Rong immediately gave "Answer to the Western Hunt in Prison" to sing and said: "My brother Zhang Ming Uncle, the heart of the country is burning. And the world is ignorant of myself, and I am miserable. Once hell, when will you sweep away the atmosphere of the demon! Last night dreamed of Peace, with the revival of the revolutionary army. "It fully demonstrates the noble sentiments and heroism of revolutionaries who are not afraid of danger, have the courage to dedicate themselves, and are full of confidence in the future."
Unfortunately, Zou Rong was only a little more than two months away from his release, that is, he was tortured and became ill, and died in prison on February 29, 1905 (April 3, 1905) in Guangxu, at the age of 20. When the bad news came out, the China Education Association immediately held a memorial service for him. The remains were ventured out by the revolutionary Liu San (Ji Ping) and buried in Huajing Township, Shanghai. After the establishment of the Provisional Government in Nanjing, the Provisional President Sun Yat-sen instructed Zou Rong to "give a sympathy in accordance with the example of the death of a major army general."
Major achievements
In May of the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), a book signed "Zou Rong, a former pawn of the Revolutionary Army Zou Rong", was officially published by the Shanghai Datong Bookstore. In this book, Zou Rong explicitly proposed that it should overthrow the imperial power of the Qing Dynasty by revolutionary means, establish a bourgeois democratic state, and name the country the "Republic of China." "Revolutionary Army" sounded the death knell for more than two thousand years of feudal autocracy, sounded the clarion call for the bourgeois democratic revolution, and became a veritable anti-imperialist and anti-feudal battle article.
Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army" was popular at home and among overseas Chinese, selling 1.1 million copies, and played an immeasurable role in instigating the revolutionary upsurge in the late Qing Dynasty. After sun yat-sen saw "The Revolutionary Army", he was full of appreciation, believing that "this book is very moving, and its effect is really incomparable." He was extremely concerned about Zou Rong and Zhang Taiyan being imprisoned. In the early winter of the twenty-ninth century, he went to Honolulu again, reorganized the Xingzhong Association, established the "Chinese Revolutionary Army", and determined that "in the future, comrades should call themselves soldiers, so they should remember Zou Rong's merits." From 1917 to 1919, Sun Yat-sen wrote "The Strategy for the Founding of the People's Republic" and said it sincerely: "The book 'Revolutionary Army' is extremely popular with overseas Chinese in order to fill the most fierce speeches; its enlightenment of the overseas Chinese atmosphere is greatly enhanced." ”
Anecdotal allusions
Against eight shares
When he was a child, Zou Rong was very intelligent and sensitive, "known as a child prodigy in the people", but he had a wild and uninhibited personality, and he was dismissive of the way to become famous. "Stinky eight strands of children are unwilling to learn, full of children do not love to enter, fading the name of the subject, what is the use of getting it?" At a young age, the idea of anti-Manchu and anti-feudalism has sprouted. This stubbornness played an important role in his later dedication to the revolution. Zou Lu recalled: "If you are young, you are willing to be careful, and I am determined that he will not be able to achieve this miracle today." When he read history books, he was often moved by the achievements of national heroes such as Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan. He carefully read the works of Huang Zongxi and others and absorbed the essence of his nationalist ideas. The deeds and ideas of national heroes in Chinese history are the rudiments of Zou Rong's nationalist thought.
Contact New School
When he was a teenager, Zou Rong was exposed to some new books and newspapers, and the new trend of bourgeois reform and restoration deeply influenced him. "Rong admired Tan Sitong the most, and often hung his portrait on the side of the seat, praising himself as a poet." Hehe Tan jun was old, and Hu Xiang's morale was weakened. But those who come after, will not be discouraged. Zou Rong once copied a poem in the "Qinghui Bao" edited by the reformists: "Whoever falls behind repays the great revenge, sinking into the past and weeping for a long time." Desolate to read the history of China, a few boys are not horses and cattle. Zou Rong absorbed the reformists' patriotic ideas of salvation, and on the basis of absorbing patriotic ideas, he came into contact with and understood the propaganda of some reformists on bourgeois freedom and equality.
In addition to reading the works of the Chinese bourgeois reformists, Zou Rong also read some works by Western bourgeois thinkers. For example, Rousseau's "TheOry of the Civil Covenant", Montesquieu's "The Essence of All Laws", John Müller's "TheOry of Freedom", "History of French Independence", "American Independence" and so on. He accepted the Western bourgeois theory of democratic revolution and understood freedom, equality, and natural human rights more deeply, which injected new factors into his nationalist ideas, enriched the content of nationalist ideas, and was also the characteristic of Zou Rong's nationalist ideas. During his stay in Japan, Zou Rong became acquainted with many revolutionaries, was deeply influenced by the revolutionaries ideologically, accepted the slogan put forward by Sun Yat-sen to "drive out the Tartars and restore China", moved closer to the revolutionaries in thought and action, and truly became what he called "the pawn of the revolutionary army", and his nationalist ideas also rose to a new height at this time. The publication of the book "Revolutionary Army" represents the maturity of his nationalist ideas.
Modify the name
Before Zou Rong and Zou Rong studied in Japan, his family called him Guiwen or Shaotao, and in the family letters with his parents, he dropped money and called himself "Guiwen". Among the titles of relatives and friends, Zou Rong is called Wei Dan. In 1903, Zou Rong first obtained a publicly-funded study quota with excellent results, and together with a number of local young talents at that time, led by Li Liyuan, the governor of Chongqing (the supervisor of the public students sent by Chongqing at that time), to Chengdu to meet the governor of Sichuan, Kui Jun. This was expressed in Zou Rong's autographed family letter, and their party was summoned and encouraged by Kui Jun.
In August 1903, zou Rongyi arrived in Tokyo and was infected by the patriotic atmosphere of salvation that was in full swing here, so he renamed himself "Zou Rong", implying that his face had changed and he had been reborn. Since then, the name "Zou Rong" has been widely spread among students studying in Japan, and his anti-imperialist and anti-feudal battle essay "Revolutionary Army" was officially signed by Zou Rong for the first time. It can be said that changing his name is an important symbol of Zou Rong's self-image reconstruction, and it is also the shining starting point of his short and glorious life.
Family members
Father: Zou Zipan, often traveling between Chongqing, Hankou and Shanghai, engaged in cotton yarn, cotton cloth and grocery business, and also traveled to Guangzhou, Chengdu and Xi'an. He opened a business name "Lichuan sheng" in Temple Street, a county in Chongqing, and also cooperated with others to open "Tongyi Garden".
Mother: Wu Shi.
Stepmother: Yang.
Uncle: Liu Huating, who has been running between Chongqing and Shanghai for a long time, opened a big business called "Deshengli"
Zou Rong
Big brother: Zou Yundan.
Second sister: Zou Lan.
Sixth brother: Zou Danyang.
Stepson: Zou Ming, originally the son of Zou Yundan.
Grandchildren: Zou Chuanshan, Zou Chuande.
Great-grandson: Zou Xiaogu, a member of the China Zhi Gong Party.
Posthumous commemoration
Character graveyard
Zou Rong died in prison on April 3, 1905, at the age of 21. His body was buried in Huajing after being buried by the "China and Foreign Daily" library. After the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated as the provisional president and posthumously awarded Zou Rong the rank of grand general of the army. Later, the coffin was moved by Huajing Liu Jiping (Liu San) to the west side of Huangyelou in Huajing Town (200 meters to the right of the heqiao bridge in the center of Huajing Road, near the intersection of Yulu Road). The tombstone was inscribed by Cai Yuanpei, and in order to avoid the eyes and ears of the Qing court, it was written as "The Tomb of Zhou Rong". The south of the tomb is a circular stone tomb, 2.36 meters high and 2.48 meters in diameter, and the bluestone inscription "Tomb of Zou Rong" on the spire in front of the tomb is written. There is a stone stele on the shinto stone steps, which is engraved with the seal book "Gift to the Great General Ba County Zou Rong".
After the tomb is a bluestone tomb table written by Zhang Taiyan and written by Yu Ren. Behind the monument, there is a tall and beautiful stone screen, which is majestic, and a stone pavilion is erected on the east and west sides. Destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1980, in order to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution, the Shanghai Municipal Cultural Relics Administration Committee rebuilt the tomb of Zou Rong. The cemetery covers an area of more than one acre, the tomb pedestal is facing north and south, facing the avenue, surrounded by evergreen pines and cypresses, solemn and solemn, and on both sides are square green areas, widely planted with flowers and plants. Zou Rong's tomb has now been renovated and built into a garden-style cemetery, which is free to the public.
Place-name commemoration
In honor of Zou Rong, there are Zou Rong Road named after him in Chongqing, the birthplace of Chongqing, and Shanghai. On May 3 and 4, 1939, for two consecutive days, Japanese aircraft bombed Chongqing, blowing up almost all the bustling streets in Chongqing's urban areas, killing and injuring 6,000 or 7,000 residents. During this bombing campaign, five bustling streets from the intersection of Daliangzi (now Xinhua Road) Central Park (now People's Park) to Linjiangmen——— the Three Kings Temple, Cangping Street, Tianguan Street, Chaijia Lane, and Confucius Pond were all destroyed. Because these 5 streets are connected from end to end, it is also the most important commercial district in Chongqing, and later rebuilt, it was widened and straightened as much as possible, and merged with it. Therefore, the road was rebuilt and named Xinsheng Road.
In December 1943, the then municipal government renamed Xinsheng Road to Zou Rong Road in honor of Zou Rong. Today's Zourong Road runs from the intersection of the park road from south to north to Linjiangmen. The Liberation Monument stands in the center of the street at the intersection of Zourong Road, Minzu Road and Minquan Road.
monument
It is located in the park of the south district of Yuzhong District, Chongqing City. Monument by Han Hongshun
Construction of the construction plant began on January 26, 1946, and was inaugurated on June 29, 1946. The stele is octagonal tower, the stone stele is 5.5 meters high, the height of the stele is 3.52 meters, and the east, south, west and north sides of the stele are engraved with seven gilded large characters of the Zou Rong Martyrs Monument, and the inscriptions are engraved on all eight sides. The inscription is slightly modified according to the article "Table of the Tomb of The Great General Zou Jun" written by Zhang Taiyan in the eleventh year of the Republic of China (1922) for the construction of the tomb of Zou Rong in Shanghai, which mainly describes the life of the martyr. The inscription is a lishu, and the inscription reads: "Chongqing Mayor Zhang Dulun Jingli." Thirty-five years of the Republic of China. In order to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution, the Standing Committee of the Chongqing Municipal People's Congress decided to repair the Zou Rong Martyrs Monument, and the Zou Rong Martyrs Monument was rejuvenated.