Do you know how the silver silk mushroom is cultivated and how to make the mushroom more valuable?
First, the current situation and economic value of cultivation
The scientific name of the mushroom [Siiky (vaddLa)] Voiundiakombydna (Prcs; Fr,) Sing, also known as the silk-covered small bud foot mushroom, silver silk mushroom. Taxonomically, it belongs to the subphylum Basidiomycetes, The Order Laminae, the Family Pterophyllaceae, the Family Psilocycetes, and the genus Bulbophyllum (Bulbophyllum). It is a new variety of edible mushrooms that has been domesticated and cultivated in China in recent years. The fruiting body is tender and fresh, the flavor is unique, the nutrition is rich, and it is favored by consumers for the silver silk grass mushroom is a medium-temperature fungus, and the temperature required for its growth and development is lower than that of the grass mushroom, which is not suitable for cultivation in southern China, and is also suitable for cultivation in the northern region. At present, the scope of cultivation in China is still small, and the supply of products is in short supply, which is very promising for development.
Second, the biological refinement of the essence
(-) Morphological characteristics
Fruiting bodies are medium to large, multi-clustered, generally 3 to 5 one from, more than one from up to 20 to 30, weighing about 500 grams. The shape of the fruiting body before the umbrella is mostly oval or stick-shaped, with a slightly larger base. After the umbrella is opened, the cap highlights the outer fungus curtain, and the outer fungus curtain remains at the base of the stalk to become a bacterial support. The cap is initially bell-shaped, flattened, slightly concave in the center, pale yellow, shiny villi, and the diameter of the cap is 5 to 15 cm. The flesh is white and thinner. The folds are detached, dense, unequal in length, narrow in the middle of the wide ends, initially white, and later become tan stalk mesophytic, white, 5 to 18 cm long, diameter 0. 7 to 2 cm, fibrous, solid, smooth surface, cylindrical, often curved, tapering upwards, large and thick ring-shaped pallets at the base, bacterial filth stains white with light brown, with cracks or linear hairy scales. The spores are nearly colorless, smooth, broadly oval to ovoid, and (4 to 5) micron X (E. spores) in size. 58． 5) Micron, spore print pink or brown.
(2) Life habits
1． Nutrition: Silver silk mushroom is a wood rot fungus, wild, often occurs in summer and autumn on broad-leaved tree rot, can grow fruiting bodies continuously for many years. It can also grow well on mixed medium such as straw and cotton shells. When artificial cultivation, straw, cottonseed husks, etc. are used as the main culture materials to meet their nutritional needs.
2． Temperature: Silver silk grass mushroom is a medium temperature type of fungus, slightly more resistant to low temperature than the general grass mushroom, hyphae growth temperature of 15 °C-35C, the optimal temperature of 2 °C ~ 28 °C, 35 °C above to 40 °C, most of the hyphae shrink and die. The growth temperature of the fruiting body is 12 °C ~ 28 °C, and the optimal temperature is 15 °C ~ 20 °C. Above 30 °C, the fruiting body stops growing, and even the dead diamond dies. The overall temperature requirements of the growth stage are lower than those of ordinary grass mushrooms, so they can be cultivated for 3 seasons a year.
3． Moisture and humidity: the water content of up to 60% of the culture material to meet the growth requirements of hyphae, the relative humidity of the ambient air when the mushroom is produced is 80% to 85%. The humidity is too low, there are few mushrooms, and the mushroom buds are easy to shrink and die.
4． Air: The hyphae of the mushroom grow vigorously, the growth rate is fast, and the metabolism is strong, so sufficient oxygen is needed during the germination period and when the mushroom is produced.
5． Light: Hyphal growth does not require light, but different spectra have different effects on the hyphal growth potential and primordial formation of the silver filament mushroom, and blue light and green light have obvious effects on the formation of primordial groups. When the mushrooms are produced, they should absolutely avoid direct light, so as not to dry out the culture material or cause the death of the young mushrooms.
6． pH: The pH value is suitable for fruiting body development and hyphal growth at 7-7.2.
3. Production of strains
(1) Maternal seed
1． Medium formulation and preparation: The medium of the mother species of the silver silk grass mushroom is basically the same as that of the grass mushroom. The following types of enrichment medium formulations are available. Recipe 1: Potato 200 g, glucose 20 g, agar 20 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 g, magnesium sulfate 2 g, ammonium sulfate 3 g, vitamin B25 mg, water 1000 ml. Recipe 2: Potato 200 g, glucose 20 g, agar 20 g, yeast paste 6 g, water 1000 ml. Recipe 3: 200 g of straw (chopped and boiled juice), 20 g of sucrose, 20 g of agar, 3 g of ammonium sulfate, 1000 ml of water. Formula: 4 glucose 20 g, Qiong Yang 15 ~ 30 g, protein Chen 2 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0. 6 g, magnesium sulfate 0. 5 grams, vitamin B125 mg, water 1000 ml or more choose one party, the preparation method is the same as the conventional.
2． Inoculation: Culture the test tube seeds of the silver fir mushroom that will be introduced or isolated, and insert them into the prepared inclined medium according to the sterile operation, place it at about 24 °C for culture, after about 7 days, when the hyphae are covered with inclined medium, it is the mother seed of the expanded silver filament mushroom.
(2) The production of original and cultivated seeds
1． Medium formulation: The medium of the original and cultivated seeds can be the same. The following are commonly used as options. Recipe 1 Straw (chopped) 78%, skin (or rice bran) 20%, sugar 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, water to taste, pH 7~ 7. 4 formula 2 cottonseed husk 93% ~ 95%, 3% or rice bran 3% ~ 5%, calcium carbonate 2%, water appropriate amount, pH 7 ~ 7. 5。 Formula 3 Cottonseed 78%, 20% Of The Wheat Skin, 1% of Sucrose, 1% of Gypsum Powder, Appropriate Amount of Water, Natural pH. Recipe 4 Straw (chopped) 74%, Cotton will be 25%, Gypsum Powder 1%, Water to taste, pH natural. Any of the above parties, the preparation method is the same as the conventional.
2． Inoculation culture: the mother seed is picked up in the prepared culture bottle and bag according to the sterile operation. Placed in 24 °C incubation, 15 to 20 days of hyphae can be full of bottles, bags, if there is no bacteria contamination, can be used for production
Fourth, cultivation technology
(1) Production season
The growth temperature of the hyphae of the mushroom is wider, and the temperature of the mushroom is lower than that of the mushroom, and the mushroom can be produced at 15 °C to 30 °C. Except for winter, it can be cultivated along and south of the Yangtze River in other seasons, and can be sown from May to October: the Yellow River and the northern region, and the best cultivation period is from June to September.
(2) Cultivation of raw materials and preparation
1． Cultivation raw materials: Practice has proved that the straw culture medium has good ventilation and rapid growth of hyphae after sowing, but due to the loose texture, poor nutrients, weak hyphal growth, which is not conducive to high yield. The shell of cottonseed is compact, the germ density is large after inoculation, the tip is neat, but the air permeability is poor, the hyphae grow slowly, and it is easy to infect with miscellaneous bacteria. Mixing medium with straw and cottonseed husks can overcome these drawbacks. The following formulas can also be selected, the formula is: (1) straw 30%, cottonseed husk 60%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 5%, grass and wood ash 4%, gypsum powder 1%, material-to-water ratio 1:1. 3－1． 4。 (2) 39% of straw, 39% of waste cotton, 20% of wheat bran (or rice bran), 1% of gypsum, 1% of magnesium sulfate, and an appropriate amount of water. (3) Cottonseed husk 39. 5%, bagasse 39. 5%, sister skin 20%, plaster 1%, water to taste.
2． Treatment and inoculation of culture materials: Silver silk grass mushrooms can be planted in clinker bags or licensed material beds, of which the clinker cultivation yield is higher, and the biotransformation rate can reach 45% to 60%; the yield of the cultivation of hair alcohol is low, and the biotransformation rate is only about 40%.
(1) Hot material culture will cut the straw into 1 to 2 cm long segments, soak in 3% 5% lime water for 12 hours, mix well with the pre-wet cotton cup shell, and then add other accessories to mix well and pack the bag, the plastic bag is 17 cm × 33 cm cylinder film bag, each bag is about 350 grams of dry material, sterilization can use high pressure or atmospheric pressure steam, inoculate the culture according to the conventional method.
(2) The straw is soaked in 3% to 5% lime water for 12 to 24 hours, drained to remove excess water, and then other raw materials are added and stirred evenly and then built into a pile for fermentation. The material pile was built into a trapezoidal pile, with a width of 2 meters at the bottom and a width of 1. 5 meters, height 1. 3 ~ 1,5 meters, the length is limited by the amount of material. After the pile is built, 2 to 3 rows of ventilation holes with a diameter of 3 to 4 cm deep to the bottom of the material are built on the pile to facilitate ventilation. The pile is covered with grass curtains, insulation and moisturizing to facilitate germination. 3 days after the construction of the pile, when the temperature in the material reaches 60 ° C ~ 90 ° C, it is maintained for 24 hours and then turned over, and the material will be shaken loose when turning over, and the materials above and below, inside and outside will be displaced and re-stacked to make it ferment evenly to kill some of the miscellaneous bacteria and pests. The pile was turned over twice, and on the sixth day, the pile was pushed away to facilitate the removal of harmful gases and the cooling of seeds.