At the end of 1690, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty tried not to let the Dzungar state continue to expand. Kangxi personally led his troops to block Gardan in Ulanbutong between Zhangjiakou and Kulun, and hit him with artillery, and Gardan fled in a hurry, and the whole territory of Khalkha was returned to the hands of the Khalkha Khans. Subsequently, the Khalkha Khan recognized the suzerainty of the Qing Dynasty.
In 1695, Kaldan made a comeback and crossed the entire territory of Khalkha into the Krullen River Valley in an attempt to plot against the Horqin, but the Horqin people soon informed the Beijing court. In the spring of 1696, the Kangxi Emperor again marched in person. In June of the same year, the Qing general Fei Yanggu defeated Kaldan again with artillery and foreign guns at Zhaomoduo. In 1697, just as the Kangxi Emperor was preparing to take advantage of the victory, Gardan fell ill and died shortly afterwards.
Kaldan's death allowed the Dzungar state to continue to exist in Tarbahatai, as Kangxi was content to enjoy the right to protect the Khalkhas; It was also because the court in Beijing regarded Gardan's nephew, the son of the Sangha, as an ally of Alabutan.
However, after defeating the Kyrgyz-Kazakh provocation, Tserry Alabutan did not wait for the full consolidation of its western territory to implement the anti-Qing policy of his uncle Kaldan. In June 1717, taking advantage of the political and religious turmoil in Tibet at that time, Tse-delving Alabutan sent his eldest brother Tsering Tun Dob to invade Tibet with troops, and after defeating Lhazang Khan and the Central Plains defenders, he captured Lhasa on December 2 of that year.
The Lamaist Dzungars ransacked their own holy shrine, the Potala Palace. This barbaric invasion greatly annoyed Kangxi, who would never allow the Dzungars to extend their power to Tibet. In 1718, he ordered the governor of Sichuan to march into Tibet, but the commander was defeated and killed in Nagqu.
In 1720, Kangxi ordered two more soldiers and horses to enter Tibet and attack the Dzungar army from Xinjiang and Sichuan. The Dzungars, who had long aroused the hatred of the Tibetans, were defeated and fled Tibet in a hurry in the autumn of that year, leaving only a small number of soldiers and horses.
The situation in the Gobi was also tight. In 1715, the Dzungar army attempted to capture Hami, but the following year the Qing army captured Balikun, which was adjacent to Hami. Subsequently, the Qing army divided into two routes, defeated the Dzungar army in Turfan and Urumqi successively, and established a military tun district in Turfan. During this period, the War of turpan Muslims against Dzungar rule facilitated the Actions of the Qing Dynasty.
The victory of the expedition made it very likely that the Kangxi Emperor would launch a local conquest of Dzungar, however, with the death of the Kangxi Emperor in December 1722, the Qing Dynasty's policy towards the Dzungars changed. In 1724, the yongzheng emperor who succeeded to the throne made peace with Ceyu Alabutan. In 1727, the disobedient Dzungars took advantage of the situation to occupy Turfan and resumed their attacks on the Qing Dynasty.
In 1727, Tse-da-Alabutan died and was succeeded by his son Gardan Tsering. Kaldan Celing was very hostile to the Qing Dynasty, and the two sides re-entered each other in 1731. A group of Qing troops traveled from Balikun to Urumqi and crushed the Dzungar army that had gathered there, but they did not stay there. Another Qing army penetrated deep into the hinterland of Dzungar, but due to the lack of support, this Qing army was almost completely destroyed, and in the end, they had to evacuate Kobdo and Turfan. The victorious Dzungars invaded the Khalkha region with their troops, but they were met with stubborn resistance from the Khalkhas and gained little. From 1731 to 1734, the Qing army recaptured Uriasutai and Kobdo and took the Black Ertysh River.
In 1735, the Yongzheng Emperor proposed a peace agreement with Kaldan Celing, and on the basis of retaining the area east of Hangai Mountain in the Central Plains and the Dzungars receiving the area west and southwest of the mountain range, the two sides reached a truce. After the death of the Yongzheng Emperor, his son the Qianlong Emperor also endorsed the agreement. This peace lasted until the end of 1745, when Kaldan Tsering died.
In 1754, king Huite, who had lost the civil strife in Dzungar, Amir Sana, the son-in-law of Gardan Tseling, and many leaders of the Durbert and Heshuo tribes all defected to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qianlong Emperor received them graciously and sent troops to help him retake Gurza and drive away Dawazi, the grandson of Tsering Dun Dob. Dawazi was later captured by the Qing general Bandi and died in 1759 after several years of preferential treatment in Beijing.
Bandi was guarding the town of Gurza, and he announced the dissolution of the Dzungar political system, and Amir Sana, who was ready to get a piece of the pie, was extremely disappointed. He escaped on his way back to Beijing and returned to Gurza to incite the Dzungars to rebel. In 1755, Bandi, besieged by the Dzungars, committed suicide in despair because he had no hope of being rescued. In the spring of 1757, the Manchu general Zhaohui led his troops deep into the Yemili River, while other Qing troops were sent to retake Gurza. Amir Sana, who was attacked on all sides, fled to Russia for refuge.
At this point, the rule of the Dzungars came to an end, and all of their territories were occupied by the Qing Dynasty, almost all the local residents were killed, and the areas were filled by immigrants from other areas.
Before 1757, Kashgar was an Islamic state under the protection of the Dzungar state. After the destruction of Dzungar, the situation in Kashgar was in dire straits. In 1758, the Qing general Zhaohui marched into Tarim from the Ili River and engaged in repeated siege battles with Xiaohe Zhuohuo jizhan at Yeerqiang. In early 1759, he joined forces with the Qing general Fude to capture Yarkand, Kashgar subsequently surrendered, and Dahe zhuo fled to the Badak Mountains for refuge.
Under the threat of the Qing army, the two asylum-seekers were executed by the local Muslim chief, and their heads were sent to General Fude. Zhaohui incorporated Kashgar into the Qing dynasty, which became the "new frontier" of the Manchu Qing Empire, namely Xinjiang.
The Qing Dynasty's annexation of the Ili River Valley and Kashgar showed that the steppe nomads had lost the advantage of bows and strong horses under the attack of advanced weapons of the settled peoples. At the same time, it marked the victory of sedentary peoples over nomadic peoples, and agricultural land over grasslands.