In 1982, with the approval of the Ministry of Education, the Institute of Chinese Historical Geography of Fudan University was established. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the Institute, Fudan Shidi Institute launched the "Alumni Lecture Hall" series of academic lectures. On the afternoon of April 8, 2022, the first session of the "Alumni Lecture Hall" kicked off, which was led by Hu Axiang, a 1984 undergraduate (major in historical geography) of the Department of History of Fudan University, a 1987 master's degree from the Institute of History, a professor of the School of History of Nanjing University, and a doctoral supervisor, entitled "Changes in the Huai River in the Vision of "Yellow Invasion and Force"" "Yellow Invasion and Force". Professor Hu Axiang is currently the director of the Institute of Six Dynasties of Nanjing University, the director of the Nanjing Six Dynasties Museum, a member of the Historical Geography Professional Committee of the Geographical Society of China, an editorial board member of Historical Geography Research, and an honorary vice president of the Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties History Society of China. The chair was Chaired by Professor Han Zhaoqing of Fudan Institute of History and Geography, Professor Yang Weibing, Professor Zhu Haibin, Professor Duan Wei, Professor Xu Jianping, Professor Bao Junlin, Yang Xiao Youth Associate Researcher and other teachers attended the lecture. Online, more than 350 listeners from Fudan University, Nanjing University, Chinese Min University, Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Southeast University and other people listened to the lecture during peak hours.
Professor Yang Weibing, deputy director of the Institute of Chinese Historical Geography of Fudan University, made an opening speech, saying that the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Institute is of great significance to the Fudan Institute of History and Geography and Chinese Historical Geography, and the Institute will commemorate and celebrate through a series of activities such as academic lectures, academic conferences, and exhibitions on the history of fudan university, and the "Alumni Lecture Hall" is the beginning. He especially thanked Professor Hu Axiang, an alumnus of "Old Fudan", for being invited to give the first lecture.
Professor Han Zhaoqing presided over and introduced Professor Hu Axiang's academic resume and academic achievements, and commented on the topic of the lecture, combined with the intensive cultivation and important contributions of several generations of Fudan Historical Land Institute in the field of historical river geomorphology research such as the Yellow River, huaihe river and canal.
At the beginning of the lecture, Professor Hu Axiang first showed everyone a precious "original archive", a diary of his own June 4, 1982, and shared the story of the Shidi Institute, congratulating the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the Shidi Institute.
Professor Hu's diary is shared
Subsequently, Professor Hu introduced the reasons for his research on the changes of the HuaiHe River: First, the proximate cause, that is, the care for the characteristics of the historical geography discipline, he also went to the "first gate of the HuaiHe River" Wangjiaba Lock, mengwa flood storage area Xitianpo Zhuangtai to investigate. Professor Hu recalled his own story of reading with Mr. Zhang Xiugui, who had suggested that he do research on the Huai River, so his current research on the Huai River is also "a coursework that is 41 years late" to express his feelings for Mr. Zhang.
Then, entering the theme of the lecture, he told the transformation process of the Huaihe River from "worthy of the name" to "unworthy of the name" to the re-entry of "nominal and real" from four aspects, and then thought about the complex relationship between huang, Huai and yun reflected in the process of the change of the Huai River in the traditional imperial era, as well as the insoluble contradictions between manpower and nature, politics and people's livelihood contained in it.
First, the original "Huai": "worthy of the name" of the Huai River
What is the "veritable" Huai River? Teacher Hu used the Yin Shang oracle bones, Zhou Jinwen and the "Huai" character in the "Shuowen Jiezi" to say the name of the "Huai River", from the "Hanshu Gou Huanzhi" "China Chuanyuan is a hundred, Mo wrote in the four ducts, and the river is the zong" and other records to argue the status of the Huai River, and by combing historical documents to conclude that before the Yellow River invaded the Huai River in the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1128), the "Huai" in the period of flowing into the sea alone was a "veritable" Huai River, with blue waves, water birds floating, mighty and rushing forward. At this time, the Huai Shui, the trough is deep and clear, which is quite beneficial to navigation, and also gives birth to the economy of the Huai River Basin from a relatively primitive natural state to gradually prosperity.
How did the Huai River become a "worthy of the name" and suffering after 1128? With such a question in mind, Teacher Hu continued to talk about the entangled "grudges" between the Huai River and the Yellow River, the Huai River and the Canal, which are mixed with many human factors, that is, the "yellow invasion and transportation force" suffered by the Huai River and the Huai River Basin.
Second, the "yellow": from a short period of seizure to a long period of seizure
On "Yellow Invasion and Luck Force", first talk about the relationship between the Yellow River and the Huai River, Teacher Hu used the Yuanren Chen Fu's "Ballad of the Yellow River" with a picture graphic, onomatopoeia painting description: "Changhuai is as green as moss, flying down Tongbai Mountain." The Yellow River suddenly came to the west, and it was chaotic and chaotic. Feng Yi drummed wild waves, and Zhengrong snow cliffs fell. Shocked and unsupported, salivating and iron locks. The two males did not die, and shouted loudly. Shake the bones of the mountains and grind the soul of the sun and the moon. When the Yellow River does not stop, Huai also flows endlessly... Thousands of years and present confluence, the god Hunel..." As the entry point, we told everyone about the "grudge" between the Yellow River and the Huai River. Teacher Hu pointed out that from the "scientific" point of view of physical geography, the Huai River has no shortage of "internal worries", but the biggest "external trouble" lies in the Yellow River, a close neighbor with a large sand content, good siltation, good decision-making, and good migration.
Before 1128 AD, the repeated seizures of the Yellow River were both temporary or short-term seizures, so why did this seizure of Huai after Du Chong's decision on the river reached the point where it was impossible to control? Starting from the two historical materials in the Compilation of the Northern League of the Three Dynasties and the Chronicle of the Jin Dynasty, Teacher Hu concluded that in addition to the natural environment, the root cause of the earth-shaking reversal and continuous deterioration of the Huang-Huai relationship in 1128 was mainly "man-made disaster".
Third, argue "luck": store and brush yellow, and save the transport and protect the water
Then Mr. Hu continued to lead us to understand the intricate relationship between the HuaiHe River, the Yuanming, Qing, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the Yellow River. Storing clear and brushing yellow, that is, storing the water of the Huai River to release the yellow, borrowing the water potential of the Huai River to flush the sand, the purpose is to protect the water in Jiyun. Since the Yuan Dynasty descended, the theory and practice of Borrowing Huai brush huang jiyun have made Huai, Huang, and Yun more complexly entangled, and the Huai River has undergone tremendous changes since then, the Yellow River has taken Huaihuai for a long time, and the canal has been unimpeded by force, and whether the canal can be smoothed is related to whether the imperial court can operate normally. The basic principle of the Ming Dynasty's governance of the river and Huaihuai is to combine "Baocao" and "Protecting the Tombs", and the "Guardian Tombs", which is related to the rise and fall of the emperor's family business, also takes precedence over the "Baocao" where the lifeline of the country is located, as for the so-called "people's livelihood", "its harm is not bad mintianlu", and its disease is only "brotherhood", so in the case of "difficult to balance the three, the people's livelihood is naturally completely abandoned". As far as the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Ming and Qing Dynasties changed hands, the "guardian tombs" naturally became insignificant, and all the measures to control the Huai River, including gaojiayan and Hongze Lake, which negatively affected the main tributaries of the Huai River and the people's livelihood of Huaiyang, were all subordinated to and served the national policies of Jiyun Baocao.
It can be seen that the Huai River and the Huai River Basin have not only been more and more "invaded" since the Southern Song Dynasty, but also more and more "forced by transportation" since the Yuan Dynasty, and the result of "forced transportation" has even lost its river shape, lost its downstream, and lost its channel into the sea. As far as the "huaihe river change" is concerned, the influence of "manpower" in the Ming and Qing dynasties has doubled compared with the past, and the form of the Huaihe River under the influence of "manpower" has become unrecognizable.
Iv. Enlightenment of the Tao: Literary Metaphors and Philosophical Concerns
Finally, Teacher Hu summed up the history of the changes of the Huai River for more than 3,000 years, from the word "Huai" found in the oracle bones of Yin Shang to more than 2,000 years before the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty Jianyan, which was "worthy of the name" and flowed into the sea alone; from the 727 years of the Yellow River in the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty to the 727 years of the Yellow River Copper Tile Box In the fifth year of Qing Xianfeng, this is the Huai River that is "unworthy of its name" and cannot be autonomous, of which the 418 years of the Southern Song Jianyan 2nd year to the 25th year of Ming Jiajing were the 418 years of the Yellow River multi-stranded Huaihuai, and the 309th of the Yellow River was seized by the Yellow River in the 25th year to the 5th year of Qingxianfeng In the past 160 years since the five years since the Qing Xianfeng, the Huai River has started from the early stage (1855-1951) to the process of "matching the name and reality" but is still full of devastation, and in the later period (after 1951) the comprehensive management has rapidly moved towards the journey of "matching the name and the reality", and in the later period (after 1951), the comprehensive treatment has rapidly moved towards the journey of "matching the name and the reality", which vividly proves the strength and even the greatness of "manpower".
Teacher Hu imitated the Yellow River as the "Father River" in the traditional imperial era, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal as the "Rich and Noble Son", the Yangtze River as the "Mother River", and the Huai River as the "Hidden Ninja", reviewing the history of the changes of the Huai River, and remembering the law of "the change of ancient and modern times at the time of the investigation of heaven and man", that is, the enlightenment at the level of "instrument" and "Tao", which triggered a wide range of literary metaphors and deep philosophical concerns of today's people.
After Mr. Hu's wonderful lecture, Mr. Han Zhaoqing summarized the report and talked about his experience. Finally, when we entered the question and discussion session, the online students raised a lot of interesting questions, and Mr. Hu exchanged views with the online students on why he turned to the direction of literature at that time, the reasons for the yellow river to seize Huaihuai several times before 1128, the measures and methods for the treatment of the HuaiHe River after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the impact of the Yellow River Garden Mouth breach on the Huai River in 1938.