The origin of the Zhou people does not seem to be as confusing as that of the merchants, but nothing more than tradition
Shaangan said
With the rise of the thirties
Jinnan said
Two, but carefully thought out, but also quite thoughtful, full of fun.
so
Guanzhong
and
Jinnan
？ Where is the first Zhou Zheng body?
To explore the origin of the First Zhou, it is necessary to first identify the culture of the First Zhou, and then step by step, so as to unveil the mystery of the origin of the Zhou people.
A beautiful woman dressed in Qiang costumes
In the early 1980s, a large number of Shang Dynasty sites in Guanzhong and neighboring areas reappeared under the shoveling of Luoyang, and the core factors and connotations of the cultural core of these sites were deeply studied, which were roughly divided into three types:
Shang culture, Zhengjiapo culture, Liujia culture
。 Among them, the Shang culture does not include the pre-Zhou culture, which is regarded as an archaeological definition theory and is not discussed in this article.
There are two important points to highlight:
In Guanzhong and adjacent areas of the Shang Dynasty, according to the connotation and location distribution of the remaining cultures that have been discovered, the possibility of the discovery of new cultures that may be pre-Zhou cultures in parallel with the above three types of archaeological cultures has been excluded.
Since ancient times, the Shaanxi-Gansu region has been a place of mixed residence of many ethnic groups, and the interaction and integration of various sites has led to a complex archaeological outlook, and this article only discusses the main archaeological remains in the region that may be pre-Zhou culture or have obvious influence on pre-Zhou culture.
Let's focus
Zhengjiapo culture
。
Zhengjiapo culture is a type of archaeological cultural relics represented by the Zhengjiapo site, so it is more appropriate to name it
Zheng Jiapo class remains
。 Mainly located in the east and west of Guanzhong, to the west but the Zhouyuan area, the era from the Yin Ruins II period is early, to the Wen Wang Zuofeng (the upper limit of the Zhengjiapo culture, the academic circles have different voices, but generally believed not earlier than the Yin Ruins Phase I), most of the pottery types of Zhengjiapo, bone tools, stone tools, bones production and burning, etc. are closest to the cultural outlook of the Western Zhou, (the construction of houses is also similar to the early Western Zhou, but because the ruins of houses in Guanzhong are similar, so it is not a factor for comparison. There is a clear and organic inheritance relationship with the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and even some cultural factors continue to the late Western Zhou Dynasty, so there is no problem in saying that the remains of Zheng Jiapo are pre-Zhou cultures, and they have been unanimously recognized by scholars in the archaeological community. There are many archaeological reports about Zheng jiapo, interested partners can search for themselves, this article will not be repeated.
in order to
Liu Family Cemetery
Represented
Liu family cultural relics
, is not the focus of this article, because of the close relationship with Zhengjiapo culture, to make a brief introduction:
Liujiapo culture is located about 15 kilometers north of Fufeng, similar to the changwu Nianzipo culture, but some scholars attribute the Nianzipo to the remnants of Zhengjiapo, and the upper limit of Liujia culture is in the late Erlitou period, and the lower limit can be reached by the time of King Wu of Zhou.
In the early days of the Liu family tombs, there were strong and unique burial customs, and the distinctive characteristics were obviously different from other archaeological tombs, while the later period was influenced by the Zhengjiapo culture, symbolizing the infiltration of the Zhengjiapo cultural forces into the Liu family culture.
There is more evidence to prove it
Liu family culture
belong
The mysterious Qiang Fang described in the oracle bones
：
From the bird to the white stone, the ancients those strange, cute little worship
First of all, the literature records that the Baoji area is the origin of ancient Jiang Rong, and Jiang Qiang is of the same origin.
The Qiang people have the custom of worshipping Baishi,
In recent years, in the sarcophagus burial of Beilizhai in NanxinXiang, Maowen County, it has been found that the ancient Qiang people were buried with white stones, and the archaeologist Mr. Xia Nai found that he was buried with large gravel in the excavation of Gansu Temple in the early years, indicating that the Qiang people who lived in the Tao River Basin in ancient times used stones to bury them.
The Liu family cemetery, both adults and children, buried river pebbles, and the mouth of the pottery was often pressed with stones, and this custom may be a reflection of the Qiang people's worship of white stone.
The Later Han Shu Xi Qiang Biography records that the Qiang people wore hair, and the head of the deceased in the Liu family tomb had unearthed a copper double small hair card, which should be the ornament used by the tomb owner when wearing hair.
Ya is surnamed Jiang, and the Yaguo cemetery has unearthed high-necked milky bags and foot-divided manes belonging to the Liu family culture, which is also another proof that the Liu family cultural clan belongs to Jiang Rong.
In fact, the archaeological culture of Shaanxi, Gansu and Qingqing, such as Dadiwan, Majiayao to Xindian, Siwa, Liujia tombs, etc., most of them show a unique archaeological appearance, this area is the birthplace of the ancient Qiang, about six or seven thousand years ago, the ancient Huaxia people evolved from the ancient Qiang differentiation, to all parts of the Central Plains, in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin burst out of the spark of civilization.
Regarding the shawl hair, the ancient Qiang people said that they had something to say
and
For a long time, the changes in the spheres of influence of the two reflected in archaeology, the interaction and integration of cultural features, etc., are in line with the ancient historical records.
On both sides of the Qishui River, the remnants of the Zheng family culture are relatively dense, while in the west and north are the spheres of influence of the Liu family cultural relics. The two cultures have a border zone, first of all, in
Around the first phase of Yin Ruins
The Shang cultural forces once spread to the junction of Zhengjiapo and Liujia cultures, indicating that the Yin Shang forces were strong at this time, according to the records in the oracle bones, Wuding used a large number of Qiang sacrifices to be buried, and the number reached the peak of the entire Yin Shang Dynasty, so the archaeological phenomenon seems to correspond to the Shang King Wuding period.
And to
The second phase of Yin Xu is late
At the junction, the ruins of the Zhengjiapo culture and a large number of factors appeared, and the "Xiaobang Zhou" at this time was expanding westward.
Phase III of Yin Ruins
In this area, there are mainly characteristics of the Liu family cultural relics, and Zheng Jiapo has a tendency to retreat to the east, and the author believes that the corresponding event of this phenomenon may be the ancient GongGong Father's migration.
And here we go
Late Yin Ruins
Not only has the junction area become a remnant of Zhengjiapo culture, but Zhengjiapo culture has also been pushed west to further areas, and The Liujia culture has been integrated and assimilated, while the Shang culture has obviously retreated to the east. During this period, the zhou people's power developed rapidly, and it should be the time when Wang Jili came to King Wen, and the strong expansion of Xiaobang Zhou attracted the attention of the Shang King, which led to the occurrence of Wen Ding's killing of Ji Li.
It has to be said that the ancient Gong Gong Father is worthy of being the most outstanding politician in the pre-Zhou Era, the early Zhou people and the Qiang Fang mixed together, often competing for each other's survival resources, at the same time the Qiang Fang is also the object of bullying by the merchants, the ambitious and determined Gong Gong Father saw this, determined to ally with the Qiang Fang, he first moved a part of the land, claiming that "can't bear to compete with the Qiang people", in order to win friendship with the Qiang people, and then marry the qiang's daughter Tai Jiang as a wife, and did not hesitate to drive away his eldest son Tai Bo and second son Zhongyong. The Ji Calendar, who regarded Ji Li, the son of Tai Jiang, as the legal heir to the throne and had Qiang ancestry, tied the interests of the Zhou people and the Qiang side closely together, thus becoming the main force of the Zhao merchants.
I always feel that "The Second Son of the Book of Poetry Rides on the Boat" has an inexplicable connection with Taibo Zhongyong Ben Wu
Having said so much, where is the origin of the first week? Where did the Zhou people come from?
In Shaanxi and Gansu, there are also several cultural relics that predate the Zhengjiapo culture, or are related to the Zhengjiapo remains:
Mill slope
Temple
: The human bone specimens of the Siwa tomb are later than Zhengjiapo, the lower limit is as late as the early Western Zhou, and its typical vessel type - saddle-shaped amphora is not found in the pre-Zhou, and the pre-Zhou vessel is not found in the siwa, obviously the siwa and the pre-Zhou have no inheritance, in fact, the siwa and the Liu family tomb have more similarities, both belong to the Qiangrong culture, the Liu family culture should be a branch of the siwa. The other Xindian culture is similar to the situation of Siwa, Xindian is not earlier than Siwa, the two belong to two parallel cultures in the same period, both related to Qiangrong.
In fact, from the archaeological exploration of the cultural origins of the pre-Zhou Dynasty, we can see that the evidence of morphology is vague, and the subjective factors of human beings account for a relatively high proportion in the determination of cultural genealogy, resulting in benevolent people seeing benevolence, wisdom seeing wisdom, and even having a completely different interpretation of an archaeological outlook, coupled with the fact that there will inevitably be mutual influences between neighboring ethnic groups in the region, and the exchange and integration of various aspects of culture and customs, thus presenting a similar and different vague archaeological outlook, resulting in divergent opinions and bringing difficulties to our exploration.
Ancient Qiang village
Nineties
Molecular Anthropology
Applied to archaeology, it provides new ideas and evidence for uncovering the unsolved mysteries of the archaeological community, especially in terms of human migration and the determination of ethnic groups, which has unique advantages.
Applying molecular anthropological tools to explore the origins of zhou people, one of the first questions that needs to be clarified is:
Patrilineal haplogroup type of the Zhou royal family
Fortunately, this patrilineal haplogroup has yielded a basically clear result thanks to the efforts of scientists.
Before determining the paternal line of the Zhou royal family, let's first look at the conditions that should be met for this branch that has been glorious for hundreds of years:
In the late Yin Shang period, there was a rapid growth of small populations.
During the continuation of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were rapid population outbreaks
Its main distribution area is northern China, especially in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin
Taking the patrilineal haplogroup of the Liu Bang family (the haplogroup of the Liu Han family has been determined as O-F492) as a reference, the haplogroup accounts for about 1.8% of the male population in China today, according to historical records, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the children of the Liu family were everywhere, and as a reference, the proportion of the haplogroup of the Zhou royal family would not be too far away.
Patrilineal haplogroups that meet the above criteria were quickly investigated:
N-M128。
This patrilineal type most likely belonged to the Zhou royal family.
The two noble samples excavated from the tomb of Lihou Xiguan in the Spring and Autumn Period of Shanxi are N-M128. Li Hou was a descendant of Bi Gonggao, the fifteenth son of King Wen of Zhou, confirming scientists' previous speculations about the paternal lineage of the Zhou royal family.
Those magnificent migration epics written by the ancients
The patrilineal type of the Zhou royal family is clarified, so is there any trace of the migration of N-lineage humans? When observing the migration path of the N lineage, we found a very interesting phenomenon, we know that the ancient humans who set foot in East Asia nearly 20,000 years ago were mainly O and N lineages, of which the O2 subtype was the mainstay, and this group of ancient humans who took the southern route quickly spread out and expanded after entering East Asia from the southwest region, creating a relatively independent and distinctive ancient culture in various regions of Kyushu.
From Liangzhou to Yongzhou, and then from Yongzhou to Hezhou, under the continuous influence of the bottleneck effect, the genetic structure of the population has also changed, and the people who arrived in Hezhou about 10,000 years ago.
Due to the occurrence of a certain bottleneck effect, the O series that originally accounted for the majority became less and less, while the N series that did not have the advantage gathered more and more here
Some of the later ones spread to Siberia and Europe, while those that remained became the mainstream of the N series in China.
And this area of the state, just in
A region centered on the Taiyuan region in Shanxi
, let us involuntarily think of what Jinnan said points to
Guangshe culture in the northern suburbs of Taiyuan
There is reason to believe that it was here that the earliest pre-Zhou ethnic groups gathered, survived, and grew, and then a group of ethnic groups moved to Guanzhong, bringing to Guanzhong a common custom that has been passed down for many years.
Of course, the rough path outlined by molecular anthropology does not provide clear evidence for the origin of the previous weeks, but this conclusion is unquestionable
The strong support of the Jinnan theory of the origin of the Zhou people has opened up new ideas for the mystery of the origin of the Zhou people.
I have to admire the vast knowledge and superb eyes of those top archaeologists, and with the continuous progress of molecular anthropological research, I believe that more ancient mysteries will be continuously unveiled and look forward to it.
——— welcome friends to pay attention to and leave messages to discuss———
References: Haplogroups of the Y Chromosome and The Evolution of East Asian Populations
"Exploration of Pre-Zhou Culture" Niu Shishan
"Discussion on the Connotation and Origin of Pre-Zhou Culture" Li Feng
"Preliminary Research on the Culture of the Pre-Zhou Dynasty" Yin Shengping