[Summary] In the high-grade tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, there is a kind of sheep-patterned gold ornament, which, from the available data, originated in the Yanzhao region of the late Warring States period, and was a product designed and produced by the Yanzhao Gongguan under the influence of grassland culture. The early and middle western Han Dynasties were its main popular period, and the production institutions were mainly the officials of the princely states, and the users included princes and high-ranking nobles. Its original use may have been as an ornament such as a sword scabbard, and later became an ornament for masks and lacquered yarn crowns in tombs. The process of acceptance and dissemination of sheep-patterned gold ornaments reflects the tolerance of the Han people for the northern grassland culture from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, and some changes in its ornamentation and use are the specific manifestations of localization.
In the tombs of Liu Fei, the King of Jiangdu in the Western Han Dynasty, the tomb of Liu Sheng, the King of Zhongshan, and the tomb of Zhao Xuan, the King of South Vietnam, there is a kind of gold ornament with sheep pattern unearthed. Excavators have discussed its ornamentation, use, style, etc., and some scholars have made special investigations and achieved certain results. In recent years, the author has collected some information on sheep-patterned gold ornaments, and intends to make a brief discussion of their cultural origins, origins and producers, and specific uses.
First, the general situation of discovery
In the past, excavators and researchers have noticed that the tombs of Liu Sheng, the tombs of the King of Nanyue, and the tombs of Liu Wuzhi of the Western Han Dynasty in Yangzhou have all unearthed pieces of gold ornaments with sheep patterns, in addition to some scattered, for ease of comparative analysis, they are listed below.
One piece of Liu Wuzhi's tomb was unearthed (Figure 1, 1). Due to the theft and excavation of the tomb, the original number, location and combination form are unknown. Peach-shaped, hammered with gold leaf, with two holes pierced up, down, left and right. The motif is two opposite side portraits of sheep's heads, with huge horns curved, eyes and ears, and nostrils spraying, as if they are offset by horns. At the apex is a two-horned curled lamb's head. Measuring 4.8 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, Liu Wuzhi was a family member or relative of Liu Hao, the King of Wu, whose tomb dates from 195 BC to 154 BC.
4 pieces of Maohu tomb were excavated. The shape system is exactly the same (Figure 1, 2). Peach-shaped flakes. The front is embossed with two side sheep heads, with the sheep heads facing each other and a square eagle head on the upper part of the horns. The horns, ears and hammers around the sheep's face have fine lines. There is a set of small perforations on each side. 4.9 to 5 cm long and 4.7 to 4.8 cm wide, Mao Hu was a high-ranking official of the Chengyang State, and his tomb age was early in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty.
16 pieces of the tomb of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, were excavated. Peach-shaped, with a hammered hammer in the center of the front decorated with a set of sheep's heads. The edges are decorated with two strands of twisted gold thread, which are decorated with gold beads and oval gold threads, and some of the ellipses have perforations. M1K1: 327-6, length 2.6, width 2.5 cm (Figure 1, 3); M1K1: 327-9, length 4.4, width 4.1 cm, Liu Fei was buried in the year of his death (128 BC) or later.
Eight pieces of the tomb of Zhao Xuan, king of Nanyue, were unearthed. The shapes and ornaments are the same (Fig. 1, 4). Peach-shaped, hammered with gold leaf, the theme is decorated with two pointed horned sheep's head patterns, the sheep's head is opposite, there is a spike-like pattern in the lower part to do the interval, and there is a patterned sheep's head at the top, with a pair of small holes on the upper and lower sides, and a continuous dotted line pattern is produced around the periphery. 4.6 to 4.7 cm long and 4.3 to 4.4 cm wide, the Nanyue king was buried around 122 BC or later.
Five pieces of the tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan, were unearthed (Figure 1, 5). The front is a symmetrical sheep's head pattern of hammering, with a pair of small holes at the top and two lower horns. 1: 4362 is smaller, surrounded by two circles of double-stranded gold thread, 3.9 long, 3.7 wide and 0.03 cm thick; the remaining 4 pieces are 4.7 long, 4.3 wide and 0.02 cm thick, and Liu Sheng was buried in the year of his death (113 BC) or later.
One piece was unearthed from the stolen tomb of Gaozhai Ancient City in Hezhou, Guangxi (Figure 1, 6). In 1998, the Pumen police station seized at the scene of the tomb robbery, Tao Hongyun and Hu Qingsheng's text attached monochrome photos are relatively blurry, but it can still be seen that the shape and ornaments of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments excavated from the tombs of Liu Wuzhi and others are the same, and it is inferred that the ancient city of Gaozhai was the frontier barrier against the Western Han Dynasty on the northwest side of the South Vietnamese state.
Five pieces of tombs were unearthed from the western area of Handan Iron and Steel General Plant in Hebei Province (Figure 1, 7). The size and shape of gold jewelry are basically the same. The circumference is decorated with four pairs of small holes, and the central embossed beast and the relief sheep's head are eraed in the Western Han Dynasty.
Two pieces were unearthed in Daiwang Town, Lintong County, Xi'an, Shaanxi. The size, shape, and weight are the same (Fig. 1, 8). Peach-shaped, decorated with two sheep heads symmetrical on the left and right, the lower jaws of the sheep's heads are close to each other, rhinoplasty, sipping, large eyes are round, behind the ears, huge horns protrude from the top of the head, around the sheep's ears, bent forward, and there are two small holes on each side. Length 4.64, width 4.31 cm, the era should be the Han Dynasty.
One piece was unearthed from Ordos, Inner Mongolia (Figure 1, 9). It is gilded on a sheep-patterned plaque. To the left and right are decorated with a back-facing horned sheep's head. Above the head of the double sheep is an eagle-like head, with a pointed beak downwards, ears rolled upwards, and two circular perforations at the upper and lower ends. It is 3.8 cm long and 3.6 cm wide, and the era is Han Dynasty.
Hong Kong Dream Butterfly Collection 1 (Fig. 1, 10). The motif is decorated with the heads of two rams and the bear's head at the top, each with a pair of circular perforations on each side, and the details are carved in a hammered manner, presumably sewn on a piece of silk fabric. It is 4.4 cm long and 4.3 cm wide, and was of the Western Han Dynasty.
Hebei Yanxia du Xinzhuangtou M30 excavated 3 pieces. The plan is slightly oval in shape, with a bull's head in the middle of the upper end, and the main body is a double-curled horned sheep's head pattern with a vertical direction, and a circular perforation on both sides and the lower part of the upper end (Fig. 1, 11). 3.2 cm long and 2.9 cm wide, the tomb is from the late Warring States period.
Judging from the excavation of sheep-patterned gold ornaments, they were mainly found in the Zhongshan Kingdom, the Wu Kingdom-Jiangdu Kingdom, the Chengyang Kingdom, the Nanyue Kingdom, and the Chang'an, with the Han Court and the capital of the princely kingdoms as the center. According to the more explicit tombs of the era, the main popular era was in the early and middle western Han Dynasty, and the users were mainly princes and high-ranking nobles.
2. Cultural origins
The shape and ornamentation of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments are obviously different from the traditional gold ware in the Central Plains, so the academic community has long realized that it should originate from outside the territory and have some connection with the grassland civilization. For example, Zheng Tong once pointed out that the sheep with sheep pattern should be a pan sheep, and the shape of the sheep's head facing each other often appears on the metal plaques of the northern steppe culture of the Warring States, and its pattern should be developed from this type of metal plaque. However, this process of development is not discussed in detail. Now, we can combine Xinzhuangtou M30 and other materials to further explore.
Xinzhuangtou M30 is a large-scale Warring States tomb, the owner of the tomb is a Yan nobleman. There are many burial items in the tomb, including gold-handled iron swords and a large number of gold and silver animal ornaments, most of which are decorated with cattle, sheep, deer, bears and other ornaments, which have a typical northern grassland culture style. According to the analysis of the gold and silver inscriptions, it can be confirmed that they are artifacts made by the Zhao Official's Palace. Among these gold vessels, in addition to the pair of sheep-pattern gold ornaments molded with gold leaf, there are also a variety of curly horn sheep-pattern gold ornaments (Fig. 2). Although the shape of the curly horn sheep pattern gold ornament is slightly different, or nearly oval, or nearly round, or nearly rounded rectangular, the main ornament is a sheep's head, and there are 3-5 round wear on the edges. Compared with the sheep-grained gold ornaments, the ornamentation is only slightly different. This kind of curly horn sheep pattern gold ornament is also very similar to the sheep pattern round gold ornament excavated from Aru Chaiden in Inner Mongolia.
Xinzhuangtou M30 also unearthed 6 pieces of turquoise bear and sheep pattern gold ornaments (Fig. 3). The plane is slightly peach-shaped, and the shape is the same. The front is slightly drummed, the upper end is the middle of the bear's head, and its lower symmetrical carving is decorated with sheep patterns, and the bear's eyes, eyebrows, mouths, sheep's eyes, ears and other places are inlaid with turquoise. The back is inscribed with a heavy inscription, one of which is "Two Twenty-One Zhu", weighing 38.5 grams, and the other is "Twenty-Two Eighteen Zhu", weighing 43.1 grams. Length 4.9, width 3.8 cm. Compared with the sheep-grained gold ornaments, the main ornamental content and layout are roughly the same. A similar pair of sheep patterns can also be seen on the iron sword gold ornaments excavated from the Xinzhuangtou M30, but they are two sheep in relief opposite each other, and the sheep's eyes are inlaid with turquoise (fig. 4).
In the gold ware excavated from Xinzhuangtou M30, the sheep pattern is more common, and quite characteristic: first, the production technique is not single, both embossed gold ornaments and molded gold ornaments; second, the use is more diverse, can be used for sword handles, can also be used for other utensils decoration; third, the production of fine and coarse, inlaid turquoise bear and sheep pattern gold ornaments are exquisitely made, and the sheep pattern gold ornaments are relatively rough. As a high-grade tomb of the Yan nobles in the late Warring States period, the Xinzhuangtou M30 is influenced by the northern grassland culture and has its own characteristics. The inlaid turquoise bear and sheep pattern gold ornaments obviously originated from the northern grassland culture, and the molded sheep pattern gold ornaments are not found in the grassland cultural relics, which should be a new creation carried out by the people of Yan Zhao under its influence. For the sheep-patterned gold ornaments, the bear's head is extremely simplified, slightly in shape, and the horns and spike-like patterns are relatively simple, which also indicates that it is still in the initial stage.
In addition, in the tomb of Liu Fei, the King of Jiangdu, there are 4 A-type gold ornaments and 2 B-type gold ornaments with the sheep-pattern gold ornaments (C-type gold ornaments), all of which are from the red silk fabrics of the front chamber robbery cave, which obviously have the same decorative purpose. Similar gold ornaments have also been found in Xinzhuangtou M30, A-type gold ornaments are similar to dragon-eating tiger pattern gold ornaments, and B-type gold ornaments are similar to umbrella-shaped gold ornaments. The two pieces of wheel-shaped gold ornaments (1:4353 and 1:4392) in Liu Sheng's tomb are similar in size and shape to the umbrella-shaped gold ornaments in Xinzhuangtou M30. This also confirms from the side that the sheep-patterned gold ornaments unearthed from Liu Fei's tomb and others should originate from the Yanzhao region in the late Warring States period, forming a relatively stable combination of accessories with some other gold ornaments.
From the late Warring States period to the early Western Han Dynasty, with the strength of the Xiongnu and the expansion of Cultural Exchange between Han and Hungary, the princes and nobles of the Han Dynasty were very fond of gold and silver artifacts with the characteristics of northern grassland art, and the large number of animal-patterned gold medallions (buckles) found in high-grade Han tombs during this period is the best proof. The appearance of gold ornaments with sheep grain in Han tombs should be related to the customs of this era. At the same time, the sheep has an auspicious meaning, "Commentary on the Interpretation of the Text": "Sheep, Xiangye." "Spring and Autumn Saying Inscription": "The sheep, Xiangye, live together to raise the king, so the sheep are three feet tall." These ideas made the sheep pattern more acceptable to the Han Chinese. Liu Wuzhi tomb excavated on the sheep pattern gold ornament pieces, the top bear head has become a sheep head, in addition to molding, in the sheep horn and other places also carried out fine hammering, engraving, Liu Fei tomb on the sheep pattern gold ornament pieces added two stranded gold thread decoration and inlay, these are in the inheritance of the late Warring States Yanzhao region on the sheep pattern gold ornaments, style on the basis of further transformation, in order to adapt to the cultural and aesthetic needs of the princes and nobles of the Han Dynasty.
3. Origin and producer
According to the inscription, the author of the gold artifact unearthed from the Xinzhuangtou M30 was a Zhao Gongguan of the late Warring States period. Although there is no inscription on the sheep-patterned gold ornaments of the Han Dynasty, it is natural to speculate that its producers should also be Han Chinese. Zheng Tong once believed that the sheep-patterned gold ornaments excavated from the tombs of Liu Wuzhi, the king of Nanyue, and Liu Sheng were "probably craftsmen under the jurisdiction of the Han court", and the excavators of Liu Fei's tombs also believed that "it was most likely processed and produced by the central craftsmen in Chang'an City, and then rewarded by the imperial court for the use of the princes of various places." In short, it presumed the producer of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments as the central worker of the Han Dynasty.
However, with the increase in the information I saw, the author has developed some new views, that the vast majority of the sheep-pattern gold ornaments unearthed so far are not the products of the central workers. First of all, the users of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments are not limited to the princes, the identity of the stolen tomb owners of Liu Wuzhi, Maohu and Gaozhai Ancient City is obviously lower than that of the princes, and the users of the gilded sheep head ornaments unearthed in Ordos cannot be the princes. The possibility of these people being given gold objects by the Han court is very low, especially Liu Wuzhi, who now has a more accurate view, believing that the tomb is dated to the late Wu dynasty, during which Liu Hao, the king of Wu, was killed by Liu Qi, the crown prince of Han Wen, because the crown prince Liu Xian entered the dynasty and was killed by Liu Qi, the crown prince of Han Wen, saying that the disease was not in the dynasty, and the state of Wu and the imperial court had been at odds for many years, which finally led to the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms. It is hard to imagine that in this situation, Liu Wuzhi would be given a gold ornament with a sheep pattern by the Han court. Secondly, if the sheep-pattern gold ornament pieces are made by the central workers, then there should be more discoveries in the imperial tombs, the tombs of other princes and kings, and even the tombs of the important courtiers, which is not consistent with the existing archaeological findings. Finally, the tombs of Liu Fei, Liu Sheng, and Nanyue kings are similar in age, but the excavated pairs of sheep-patterned gold ornaments have some significant differences in ornamentation and craftsmanship, such as the oval grooves around the excavators of Liu Fei's tombs, which are originally embedded with ornaments such as gems, and the continuous dotted lines engraved around the excavators of the Tomb of the South Yue King and the horns of the sheep are different from others. To say they come from the same production site is hardly convincing. The author believes that the nuances of sheep-patterned gold ornaments unearthed in various places are not only due to the early and late times, but also related to the difference in production areas and producers.
Some of the animal ornaments with grassland culture styles unearthed from the tombs of the early and middle Western Han Dynasties are believed by scholars to be locally made, such as Zhang Zengqi pointed out when discussing the animal patterns of the Bronze Age in Yunnan: "The 'animal pattern' plaques of sacrifice, hunting and other themes in the Bronze Culture of Yunnan are obviously the product of foreign cultural influences from the perspective of their artistic conception and physical characteristics. However, in terms of its theme, as well as the hairstyles and costumes of the characters, there is no doubt that it is a local product of Yunnan. Luo Feng believes: "In the past, animal patterns and ornaments, which were regarded as the symbols of the north, actually a considerable part of them were produced and manufactured by the settled peoples of the Central Plains. Lu Yan and Shan Yueying also believe that "these animal-patterned waist ornament plates unearthed in western Han tombs are a kind of inheritance of previous culture, and there is no doubt that they are locally produced by Han Dynasty craftsmen and are authentic Chinese products." "Xin Zhuangtou M30, the tomb of the King of Nanyue, liu Sheng's tomb of the sheep pattern gold ornament and the animal pattern plate ornament, although Liu Fei's tomb did not see animal pattern plate ornamentation, its funerary tomb M9 unearthed 2 pieces of a dragon and two turtles gold belt plate. Considering that both sheep-patterned gold ornaments and animal-patterned plaques are influenced by the northern steppe culture, they should have a similar acceptance and production process.
As mentioned earlier, the capitals of the princely kingdoms and the surrounding areas are the main places where sheep-patterned gold ornaments are found, so the production institutions are most likely the workers of the princely states. Due to the differences in the craftsmanship level of each craftsman and the source of imitation objects, there are naturally some differences in the details of the ornamentation and the degree of roughness. In the early and middle periods of the Western Han Dynasty, the utensils used by the princes were often produced by the domestic special gongguan institutions, such as the tomb of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan, there were copper woks, the inscription "Zhongshan Inner Province copper wok, Rong Shi Dou, heavy swastika, 1 pound, 9 september 2001, Gong C manufacturing", the tomb of the King of Nanyue has a copper hammer, the inscription "Emperor Wen nine years of Lefu gong made the first", the tomb of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, unearthed a large number of artifacts made by the "Southern Gongguan" of Jiangdu Kingdom, which can be used as confirmation.
The lacquer ear cup excavated from Liu Wuzhi's tomb has the inscription "Houjia of Guoyang" and "Wujia", "Wujia" is Liu Hao, the king of Wu, and "Marquis of Guoyang" refers to Liu Zhong, the father of Liu Hao. This type of ear cup should be a gift from Liu Hao, the king of Wu. Through rewards and other means, the group of owners and users of the craftsmen's production utensils expanded. The same should be true for sheep-patterned gold ornaments, after the production of the princely state workers, the princes gave the closely related Liu Wuzhi and Mao Hu this kind of person, and eventually became the burial items in their tombs.
Fourth, the specific use
In Xinzhuangtou M30, there are a total of 20 pieces of sheep-pattern gold ornaments and curly horned sheep-pattern gold ornaments, which were excavated in robbery caves and collapsed soil, and the original condition is unknown. The author believes that its use is decorative, but not applied to the covering. Inner Mongolia Ao Han Banner Zhoujiadi Cemetery M45 tomb owner has sackcloth remnants on the top of his head and face, which should be covered, and the top of the head and face are decorated with 3 copper bubbles on each nail. This is the tomb of the Eastern Hu people during the Spring and Autumn Period. However, there are still considerable differences between the sheep-patterned gold ornaments and the copper bubbles, and the gold ornaments with round wear around them are more common in the northern grasslands of the Warring States period, such as the double animal pattern and other gold ornaments excavated from the M2 on the west ditch of the Zungel Banner in Inner Mongolia, and the double dragon pattern gold ornaments excavated from the milling house canal cellar in Dongsheng City, with a small hole or double hole in the four corners. Although the specific ornamentation is different, the era, style, size, etc. are generally the same, and the uses should be similar. The use of the double dragon gold ornament excavated from the Mill House Canal is unknown, but due to the cellar, it is obvious that it cannot be a covering ornament, and excavators speculate that it is an ornament. Seventeen gold ornaments, such as double animal pattern, crouching deer pattern, lying horse pattern, double horse pattern, and double beast bite bucket pattern unearthed by M2 on the bank of the West Ditch, are sword scabbard decorations. The iron sword in the Xinzhuang head M30 mentioned above, the hilt of the sword is decorated with a pair of sheep patterns in a round relief, the position of the sword grid is decorated with a curled horn sheep's head, and the wooden sword sheath is inlaid with inverted "concave" glyph gold leaf, with holes on both sides, each inlaid with round gold leaf, and the sheath body is inlaid with bird-shaped and round gold leaf. The same should be true for sheep-grained gold ornaments, which are decorative accessories such as sword scabbards.
The sheep-patterned gold ornaments in Liu Sheng's tomb were excavated in the middle chamber, which was not disturbed, and the middle chamber was its original burial location, with a total of only 5 pieces. Since Liu Sheng's coffin and jade robe were placed in the main room, the sheep-patterned gold ornaments should have nothing to do with burial utensils such as masks. Zheng Tong believes that it is "not specifically used as a burial tool, but is sewn on a certain silk fabric for decoration", which is generally derivable. The middle room of Liu Sheng's tomb has unearthed draperies, iron swords, iron knives and other objects. The drapery is very delicate and ornate, the copper tent is hooked with gilded, and the sheep-patterned gold ornament may be its ornament. However, with reference to the fact that the iron sword wooden sword sheath unearthed by M2 on the west ditch is decorated with various gold ornaments such as double animal patterns and double horse patterns, we are more inclined to be ornamental for sheep pattern gold ornaments such as iron sword sheaths. The Western Han Dynasty Zhongshan Kingdom was deeply influenced by the northern grassland culture, and may also continue the original use of animal-patterned gold ornaments.
Liu Wuzhi's tomb also unearthed an iron sword, the first end of the lacquer sheath is inlaid with gilded copper hoops, one side of the hoop is attached to a square wear with a tie, the sheath body needle is engraved with deformed bird head pattern, cloud gas pattern, between the cloud pattern depicted in black paint, the two ends of the needle carved string pattern and diamond pattern, the length of 34.6, width 4.8, thickness of 2.1 cm. The width of the iron sword sheath is slightly larger than the width of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments produced by the tomb. Since the tomb of Liu Wuzhi is relatively early, it is not excluded that the tomb is decorated with sheep-patterned gold ornaments, that is, iron sword lacquer sheaths.
Excavators have made a complete and accurate description of the excavation of the sheep-patterned gold ornaments excavated from the tomb of the King of Nanyue: when excavated, it was covered with a jade coat head cover, 4 pieces in the middle, 2 pieces on each side; the right 2 pieces were pressed on the transparent carved jade pendant, and the left 2 pieces were slightly slipped off, which was caused by the coffin falling down and smashing the coffin. According to this speculation, the sheep-grained gold ornament is a decoration of the mask, and the round holes around it are used for consecutive embellishments. The sheep-pattern gold ornaments excavated from Liu Fei's tomb were unearthed in the front chamber robbery cave, all attached to the red silk fabric, the original location of the silk fabric has been stolen, and the original combination of gold ornaments is unknown, but with reference to the latest research results, the gold ornaments are most likely to be ornaments on the lacquered yarn crown. In the tomb in the western part of the Handan Iron and Steel General Plant, excavators believe that the sheep-patterned gold ornament was combined with a helmet. The author speculates that the so-called helmet may also be an artifact such as a crown. That is to say, by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the use of sheep-patterned gold ornaments had undergone obvious changes, becoming one of the ornaments such as coverings and lacquered yarn crowns in high-grade tombs.
As mentioned earlier, sheep-patterned gold ornaments were mainly popular in the early and middle Han Dynasty, and were almost absent after that. However, a cirrus pattern gold ornament (Fig. 5) excavated from changsha black slot door M2, 2.75 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, is speculated to be from the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The Jiangning Museum has a collection of gold ornaments with phoenix patterns from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which are 2.2 cm long and 2.8 cm wide (Fig. 6). Hong Kong's Mengdixuan also houses a double dragon pattern gold crown ornament from the Six Dynasties period (Fig. 7), which is 4.8 cm long and 4 cm wide. The shape, size and details of this type of gold ornament, as well as the perforations set around it, and the two gold threads decorated on the outer edges, are more similar to the sheep-patterned gold ornaments excavated from the tomb of Liu Fei, the king of Jiangdu, but the theme ornamentation either becomes a cirrus pattern, or becomes a phoenix pattern, or becomes a double dragon pattern. They also have some similarities with crown ornaments such as cicada-patterned gold bells in the Six Dynasties period, and may have some kind of evolutionary relationship with the sheep-patterned gold ornaments of the Warring States period, of course, this speculation is more pedantic, has gone beyond the scope of this article, and requires more and more explicit physical data verification.
In summary, according to the available data, it is inferred that the sheep-grained gold ornaments originated in the Yanzhao region of northern China in the late Warring States period, and were designed and produced under the influence of grassland culture, and may have originally been ornaments such as sword scabbards. In the early and middle period of the Western Han Dynasty, it was loved by the princes and nobles, and in addition to decorating the sword scabbard, it also became an ornament for the mask and lacquered yarn crown in the tomb. Its main institution of production was the princely state workers, and the users were both princes and nobles of a lower rank. The process of acceptance and dissemination of sheep-patterned gold ornaments reflects the tolerance, ornamentation, and use of some changes in the northern grassland culture during the Warring States and Western Han Dynasties, that is, the specific expression of localization.
Author: Yu Guojiang, Yangzhou City Ruins Conservation Center
Originally published in: Northern Cultural Relics, No. 1, 2022
Comments are omitted here, please refer to the original text for the full version.
Reprinted from: Archaeology Heilongjiang