Jin Heng, Cicada, Jin Yan Examination
Zhu Chaolong
(Yangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology)
In 1965, three pieces of gold ornaments were excavated during the excavation of the tomb of Feng Sufu of Beiyan in Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, which attracted the attention of many scholars. According to the briefing, 1 of the three gold ornaments is a mountain-shaped figure pattern, which is a "hat" before the crown, and its embossing is a sitting Buddha and two standing attendants, 6.8 cm high and 6.5 to 8.4 cm wide; the other 2 are yamagata cicada patterns, all engraved with patterns, welded filaments and gold millet on one side as cicadas, and embellished with two gray stone beads at the eye sockets to think that the cicadas, each with a plain gold pad of the same size on the back, 7.1 high and 6.4 to 6.9 cm wide [1].
The tomb of Feng Sufu unearthed a cicada-patterned golden dragon
In addition to the tomb of Feng Sufu, gold ornaments similar to its shape have been found in various places, such as Dunhuang Xindiantai in Gansu, Gaotaidi Ganpo, Zhangzhen Tomb in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, Beiyuan Tomb of Nanjing University, Nanjing XianheGuan, Nanjing Guojiashan, Nanjing Jiangning Shangfeng, Pizhou Pan medicine temple, Shandong Linyi Washing Yanchi, Zoucheng Liu Bao Tomb, Hubei Echeng Six Dynasties Tomb, etc. The era is concentrated in the period of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Sixteen Kingdoms. Taking the largest number of excavations and the more representative linyi washing yanchi Jin tomb M1 as an example, the tomb unearthed 5 pieces, different sizes, the upper width between 3.7 and 4.2 cm, the bottom width between 3.0 and 3.4 cm, the height between 3.8 and 4.4 cm, the shape is the top point, the round shoulder slightly downward arc, the bottom is slightly concave, the upper decoration cicada pattern, the cicada eye is raised, the inner inlay has fallen off, and the main body is covered with fine gold millet grains. It has a copper sheet on the back, which is covered with a layer of gold leaf on the surface of the copper sheet and inlaid with ornamentation on the gold leaf.[2]
The tomb of The Jin Dynasty of Wash yanchi was excavated with cicada patterns
What is the nature of the above gold ornaments, the author of Feng Sufu's tomb said: "It may be the golden urn worn in the service since the Qin and Han dynasties." Mr. Shen Congwen quoted the "Later Han Shu Youfu Zhi" in his "Study of Ancient Chinese Costumes": "Tongtian crown, nine inches high, upright, top less evil, but straight down for the iron scroll beam, there is a mountain in front, the exhibition is described, and the public opinion is often served." He also quoted the "Jin Shu Youfu Zhi": "There is an exhibition in front of it, and the crown is described by Jin Boshan before it." It is argued that the gold ornaments from Feng Sufu's tomb, that is, the "Jin Bo Mountain" since the Han and Jin dynasties, belong to the unique decoration of the royal family [[3]]. Combined with the literature and image data since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Housun Ji determined that the above-mentioned gold ornaments were actually the golden ornaments with cicadas attached to the crown contained in the history books[[[4]].
The so-called Jin Hun, according to the literature, it appeared in the Zhao State during the Warring States period, and the Later Han Shu Youfu Zhi quoted Hu Guang's note as saying: "King Wuling of Zhao followed Hu Fu, with Jin Heng as the head, and the front mink tail, as a noble position." Qin destroyed Zhao and gave his vassals the crown of his king. As for the Han Dynasty, Jin Hun was already an important part of the public opinion system, "Wu Guan, a wu ben grand crown, the military attaché crown." Shizhong and Zhongchang are often served with gold, with cicadas as texts and mink tails as ornaments, which is called 'Zhao Huiwen Crown'. "This is the most basic information about the gold-shaped system and the wearing group, and it is also the basis for many discussions."
The problem is that when commentators compare archaeological data with documentary records, they are inconsistent in more specific and in-depth research. Specifically, it is to confuse Jin Heng, Cicada Heng and Jin Yan, and confuse the different components of Jin Heng, and the following is a preliminary analysis of the three concepts involved in Jin Heng.
In fact, the record of related concepts in the literature is relatively clear. Kingdom Wei Shi said: "Dangye, before the crown, before the Ugwa Dangdang tile." "The so-called Jin Heng, judging from its designation, can be seen as a generic term for a class of utensils. Corresponding to the archaeological discovery, Mr. Sun Ji has long said: "This gold medal (referring to the cicada pattern gold from Feng Sufu's tomb) also has a gold piece of the same size behind the perforated ornament, and now it seems that the so-called gold fence is suspected of referring to this object." "It is accurate to point out that the body of the goldenrod is actually a gasket behind the cicada-shaped ornament. At present, some of the cicada pattern gold leaf found is composed of two parts, such as the 9 pieces excavated from the Jin Tomb of the Wash yanchi, all of which are snapped on the copper gasket by the cicada pattern gold leaf edge, and we can see the same type of cicada gold leaf in some museums, which were originally attached to a metal gasket. Book XXV of the Book of Jin reads: "WuGuan ... The left and right attendants and the military attaches of the generals obeyed. In the middle of the waiter and the regular waiter, the golden hun is added, the cicada is attached as the ornament, the mink hair is inserted, the gold is used as the rod, the waiter is inserted into the left, and the chang waiter is inserted into the right. This is called "attached to the cicada". This reminds us that in addition to the traditional ornamental perspective, the discussion of jinheng should also focus on the type of metal gasket.
The Museum of East Asian Art in Bath, UK, holds gold, leaving only gold leaf
However, the perimeter has triangular serrations, which should have been snapped on the gasket
The above discussion also shows that jinheng is a relatively broad concept, referring to the decoration before the crown, the main body of which is a plain metal ornament, and the cicada pattern, Buddhist figure pattern, sacred beast pattern and Boshan pattern found by archaeology are all attached decorations. That is to say, the cicada is not the same as the cicada, which is only a type of the cicada and cannot be confused. At present, in addition to the cicada pattern gold, there are other ornaments, and some do not have metal gaskets, they are all gold. The difference in ornamentation should be related to the identity of the owner of the tomb. In this way, the use of jinhun is still relatively strictly distinguished, and the use group of cicada-patterned jinhun is concentrated in close subjects such as shizhong, zhongchangshi, and female shangshu, as for other types, there should also be specific use groups, which needs to be further clarified by later archaeological findings.
The concept related to Jin Heng is also "Jin Yan", and the historical materials often cited by commentators include the "Jin Shu Youfu Zhi": "(TongtianGuan) is nine inches high, upright, the top is less oblique, it is straight down, the iron is a roll beam, there is an exhibition flute in front, and the crown is preceded by Jin BoShanshu, and the public opinion is often served." The Sui Shu Li libiography quotes Liu Song Xu Ye's "Interpretation of Questions": "TongTianguan, nine inches high, Hei Jie, Jin Boshan, also known as: BoShan attached to the cicada, called the golden face." Shen Congwen has already pointed out that "Jin BoShan" means "Jin Heng". Zhang Xuefeng combined with the "Map of Emperors of Past Dynasties" drawn by Yan Liben of the Tang Dynasty, and deduced that the "Jinbo Mountain Face" on the heavenly crown of Tianzi was "Cicada Pattern Golden Dragon". Yes, yes. However, from the later discussion, Mr. Zhang Xuefeng equated the cicada from the Tomb of The Washed Yanchi with the Golden Face, which the author believes is inappropriate, which is also the general understanding of most of the current discussions. However, this article believes that "Golden Face" should be a kind of "Cicada", and cannot be equated with "Cicada".
First of all, there are subtle differences in the expression of the gold used in the "Book of Later Han" and the Book of Jin, the former is "Golden Dragon", the latter is "Golden Dragon", or it can be explained that the "Gold" of the "Golden Dragon" of the Two Jin Dynasty And Zhongchang Waiter is no longer gold, but may be "copper". The previous theory has pointed out that the main body of the golden hun is the plain cushion behind the ornament, and most of the known cushions of the Cicada during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty are copper, only the 2 pieces of cicadas excavated from the tomb of Feng Sufu of northern Yan are gold, and unlike others, their size is significantly larger than that of other cicadas. We know that the most important way to reflect the grade distinction is the size of the material and the size, one gold and one copper, one large and one small, I think it has been able to clearly show the difference in rank between the two. Examining Feng Sufu's deeds can help us understand the special status of Feng Sufu and then understand the particularity of his cicadas. Feng Sufu was the younger brother of The Northern Yan Wencheng Emperor Feng Bao, and the Biography of Feng Bao in the Book of Jin says: "The pseudo-industry of The Book of Jin, founded by Su Fu. "Such a revered position, it is entirely possible to use the costume of the public opinion by permission before his death, and the cicada-patterned gold ring in his tomb is the embodiment of his special status, not only that he was a constant attendant in his early years. That is to say, the 2 cicadas from Feng Sufu's tomb should be the "golden face" of the Heavenly Son's Heavenly Crown that can be basically defined at present. In addition, the Tomb of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Nanjing North Park is regarded as the mausoleum of an emperor in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, of which a set of 4 pieces of gold has been excavated, 1 piece is a cicada pattern of gold, 1 piece is a square animal face pattern, and the other 2 pieces are mountain-shaped immortal dragon patterns, and their shape system does not belong to a category with other gold dragons[5], and it should also be "golden face".
Nanjing University North Park Eastern Jin Tomb unearthed Jin Yan (?) ）
The record of "Boshan attached to the cicada, called the golden face" also clearly tells us that the name of the golden gasket is "Boshan", so that there is a saying of "attaching the cicada". From the Boshan furnace, we can imagine the shape of "Boshan", and the current description of the jinhun shape system is more than "yamagata", and from this record, it is in line with the actual situation of jinhun. It seems that people at the time actually borrowed the shape of Jin Hun directly as the name of Jin Heng, "Bo Shan" is "Heng", the name of "Heng" focuses on the location, and the name of "Bo Shan" focuses on the form system. Combined with archaeological findings, it is known that "BoShan" or "珰" can be divided into "Jinbo Mountain" and "Tongbo Mountain" according to the material, and the cicada attached to Jinbo Mountain is "Jinyan", which is used by Tianzi Tongtianguan; the cicada attached to Tongbo Mountain is "Cicada", which is used by close subjects such as Shizhong, Zhongchangshi, and Nushangshu; and other ornamental Jinhun should also have a specific use group.
[1] "The Tomb of Feng Sufu of Beiyan, Xiguan Yingzi, Beiguan Yingzi, Beiping County, Liaoning", Cultural Relics, No. 3, 1973.
[2] "Linyi Wash Yanchi Jin Tomb", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2016, pp. 43-47.
[3] Shen Congwen, Studies on Ancient Chinese Costumes, The Commercial Press, Hong Kong Branch, 1981, p. 105.
[4] Sun Ji, "Jin Xianguan and Wu Ben Daguan", Journal of China History Museum, Nos. 13 and 14, 1989.
[5] Zhou Wen, "Research on Golden Crown Ornaments", Master's Thesis of Nanjing University, 2014, pp. 25-26.
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